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Can national forest city construction mitigate air pollution in China? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment

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Abstract

As air pollution in Chinese cities becomes a growing concern, measures to alleviate air pollution have attracted the attention of all sectors of society. By using the data for 283 prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2016, we utilized the quasi-natural experiment of the national forest city construction (NFCC) and employed the difference-in-differences approach to examine the effects of NFCC on air pollution. The results show that the NFCC led to a 12.14% and 4.29% reduction in PM2.5 concentrations and SO2 emissions, respectively. A series of robustness tests such as instrumental variable estimates, placebo tests, and eliminating disturbing policies all supported these findings. In addition, we provided evidence that the environment benefits of the NFCC could be explained by increasing green spaces, strengthening environmental regulations, and forming green development models. Furthermore, the results from heterogeneity analysis indicate that the NFCC was more effective in smaller cities, southern cities, and western cities. Our findings are of significance to Chinese cities on the road to sustainable development and provide some insights for other developing countries and emerging markets to control air pollution.

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Data availability

All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

Notes

  1. In 2018, the National Forestry Administration was changed to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.

  2. Information source: http://www.forestry.gov.cn/zlszz/4249/20190807/091811888773590.html.

  3. Data source: https://www.sohu.com/a/340348611_329129.

  4. Since city- and year-fixed effects are added in the model, dummy variables measuring the time of NFCC policy and the treatment and control groups do not need to be controlled for again. That is, we can use the reduced form DID models (Duflo, 2001).

  5. Information source: http://www.forestry.gov.cn/zlszz/4249/index.html.

  6. The eastern region includes eight provinces, namely Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan. There are eight provinces in the central region, and they are Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan. The remaining 11 provinces or autonomous regions belong to the western region, namely Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Shaanxi.

  7. The south and the north are divided by the Qinling-Huaihe line (Almond et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2021).

  8. Data source: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-08/23/content_5423736.htm.

  9. The original data of city innovation index comes from Kou and Liu (2017) and the data related to green patents are compiled in accordance with the "Green List of International Patent Classification" issued by the World Intellectual Property Office.

  10. Data source: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-11/20/content_9225.htm.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. QCDC-2020-21).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Economics and Management, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, China

    Xing Li

  2. College of Economics and Management, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

    Chunkai Zhao

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  1. Xing Li
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XL done conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, supervision, and writing—original draft, writing—review and editing draft; CZ performed formal analysis, methodology, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing draft.

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Appendix

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Table 11 Green spaces and SO2/PM2.5
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11,

Table 12 Environmental regulations and SO2/PM2.5
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12 and

Table 13 Green development models and SO2/PM2.5
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13.

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Li, X., Zhao, C. Can national forest city construction mitigate air pollution in China? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment. Environ Geochem Health 45, 3003–3024 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01386-7

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