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Understanding the cell survival mechanism of anoikis-resistant cancer cells during different steps of metastasis

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Abstract

Anchorage-independent survival of cancer cells is associated with metastasis as it enables cells to travel to secondary target sites. Tissue integrity is generally maintained by detachment-induced cell death called ‘anoikis’, but cancer cells undergoing the multistep metastatic process show resistance to anoikis. Anoikis resistance enables these cells to survive through the extracellular matrix (ECM) deprived phase, which starts when cancer cells detach and move into the circulation till cells reach to the secondary target site. Comprehensive analysis of the molecular and functional biology of anoikis resistance in cancer cells will provide crucial details about cancer metastasis, enabling us to identify novel therapeutic targets against cancer cell dissemination and ultimately secondary tumor formation. This review broadly summarizes recent advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular events leading to anoikis and anoikis resistance. It further elaborates more about the signaling cross-talk in anoikis resistance and its regulation during metastasis.

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Abbreviations

CSC:

Cancer stem cell

CTC:

Circulating tumor cell

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

EpCAM:

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule

G-CSF:

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

IL:

Interleukin

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MET:

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

NET:

Neutrophil extracellular traps

p53:

Tumor protein p53

PDAC-:

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

PCAM-1:

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1

PEA15:

Proliferation and Apoptosis Adaptor Protein 15

PD-1:

Programmed cell death protein 1

PD-L1:

Programmed death-ligand 1

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

PPP:

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

Smac/DIABLO:

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI

SMAD:

Small mothers against decapentaplegic protein 1

T reg:

Regulatory T-cell

TCIPA:

Tumor cell-induced platelet aggregates

TF:

Tissue Factor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TOPK:

T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TRAIL:

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Wnt:

Wingless-related integration site

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Acknowledgements

We would also like to thank -Dr. Abubakar Wani and Dr. Cherise Guess (St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital) for critically reading the manuscript, our colleagues particularly Dr. Baseerat Hamza, Dr. Reyaz Hassan, Dr. Asiya Batool and Yasir Dar (University of Kashmir) for their fruitful discussions and for keeping our science moving forward during pandemic times. Figures 1 and 2 was created with BioRender.com.

Funding

for FM laboratory was provided by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India fellowship, a grant from the Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology (DBT) (BT/IN/Swiss/48/FM/2018-19). CSIR-SRF budget head for providing fellowship to SUK. Institutional publication number (CSIR-IIIM/IPR/00368).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, 190005, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Sameer Ullah Khan, Kaneez Fatima & Fayaz Malik

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India

    Sameer Ullah Khan & Kaneez Fatima

Authors
  1. Sameer Ullah Khan
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  2. Kaneez Fatima
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  3. Fayaz Malik
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Contributions

FM contributed to the direction and guidance of this review. SUK drafted, conceptualized the study and wrote the manuscript. SUK and KF prepared the Figures. All authors provided intellectual contributions and edited and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fayaz Malik.

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The author declares there are no competing interests.

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Council of Scientific and Industrial research- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM) Sanat Nagar Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir-190005; India. Sameer Ullah Khan, Kaneez Fatima, Fayaz Malik.

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Khan, S.U., Fatima, K. & Malik, F. Understanding the cell survival mechanism of anoikis-resistant cancer cells during different steps of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 39, 715–726 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-022-10172-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-022-10172-9

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