Skip to main content
Log in

Harnessing the Power Within: The Consequences of Salesperson Moral Identity and the Moderating Role of Internal Competitive Climate

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the notion of salesperson moral identity as a prosocial individual trait and its associated effects on customer and coworker relationships. In addition, this study examines the underlying processes in which these effects occur as well as the moderating role of internal competitive climate. Our empirical investigation of business-to-business (B2B) sales professionals reveals that moral identity has both direct and indirect effects on a salesperson’s customer- and team-directed outcomes. Specifically, our results demonstrate that salesperson moral identity positively affects both salesperson-customer identification and organizational identification, which, in turn, impact customer service provision and teamwork. Our findings also indicate that internal competitive climate exacerbates the positive effects of salesperson moral identity on customer service provision and teamwork.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In business-to-business (B2B) sales settings, customers are buying organizations represented by individual buyers that salespeople work with and sell their product or service offerings to.

  2. This response rate is in line with what is reported in other similar studies in the context of B2B sales (e.g., Chakrabarty et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2013) and business ethics (e.g., Bacha and Walker 2013; Brik et al. 2011; Schwepker and Good 2011).

  3. Findings show that social desirability has a nonsignificant effect on the results found. Moreover, a nonsignificant correlation was found between salesperson moral identity and the social desirability construct (r = 0.08, p > 0.1).

References

  • Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. European Review of Social Psychology, 1(1), 195–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnihotri, R., Yang, Z., & Briggs, E. (2019). Salesperson time perspectives and customer willingness to pay more: Roles of intraorganizational employee navigation, customer satisfaction, and firm innovation climate. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 39(2), 138–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnihotri, R., Gabler, C. B., Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., & Krush, M. T. (2017). Salesperson ambidexterity and customer satisfaction: Examining the role of customer demandingness, adaptive selling, and role conflict. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 37(1), 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnihotri, R., Rapp, A., Kothandaraman, P., & Singh, R. (2012). An emotion-based model of salesperson ethical behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(2), 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahearne, M., Haumann, T., Kraus, F., & Wieseke, J. (2013). It’s a matter of congruence: How interpersonal identification between sales managers and salespersons shapes sales success. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(6), 625–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of customer-company identification: Expanding the role of relationship marketing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 574–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Algesheimer, R., Dholakia, U. M., & Herrmann, A. (2005). The social influence of brand community: Evidence from European car clubs. Journal of Marketing, 69(3), 19–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alnakhli, H., Singh, R., Agnihotri, R., & Itani, O. S. (2020). From cognition to action: The effect of thought self-leadership strategies and self-monitoring on adaptive selling behavior. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-06-2019-0302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ameer, I., & Halinen, A. (2019). Moving beyond ethical decision-making: A practice-based view to study unethical sales behavior. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 39(2), 103–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anaza, N. A., & Nowlin, E. L. (2017). What’s mine is mine: A study of salesperson knowledge withholding & hoarding behavior. Industrial Marketing Management, 64, 14–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed, A., Lim, V. K., & Felps, W. (2009). Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 97(1), 123–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, K., & Reed, I. I. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83(6), 1423–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, T., Flaherty, K. E., Voss, K. E., & Mowen, J. C. (2009). Role stressors and retail performance: The role of perceived competitive climate. Journal of Retailing, 85(2), 194–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., Schinoff, B. S., & Rogers, K. M. (2016). “I identify with her”,“I identify with him”: Unpacking the dynamics of personal identification in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 41(1), 28–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacha, E., & Walker, S. (2013). The relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ perceptions of fairness. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 667–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badrinarayanan, V., Ramachandran, I., & Sreedhar, M. (2019). Mirroring the boss: Ethical leadership, emulation intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(3), 897–912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badrinarayanan, V., & Laverie, D. A. (2011). Brand advocacy and sales effort by retail salespeople: Antecedents and influence of identification with manufacturers’ brands. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 31(2), 123–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2006). Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(1), 45–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahrami, H., & Evans, S. (1997). Human resource leadership in knowledge-based entities: Shaping the context of work. Human Resource Management, 36, 23–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 132–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beehr, T. (1998). An organizational psychology meta-model of occupational stress. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress. (pp. 6–27). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeler, L. L., Chaker, N. N., Gala, P., & Zablah, A. R. (2020). The divergent effects of organizational identification on salesperson and customer outcomes in a friend-selling context. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 40(2), 95–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 555–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bill, F., Feurer, S., & Klarmann, M. (2020). Salesperson social media use in business-to-business relationships: An empirical test of an integrative framework linking antecedents and consequences. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(4), 734–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1995). Moral understanding and the moral personality: The process of moral integration. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Moral Development: An Introduction. (pp. 229–253). Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (2004). Moral functioning: Moral understanding and personality. In D. K. Lapsley & D. Navaez (Eds.), Moral Development, Self, and Identity. (pp. 335–347). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1983). Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental Review, 3(2), 178–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brik, A. B., Rettab, B., & Mellahi, K. (2011). Market orientation, corporate social responsibility, and business performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(3), 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum, J. W., Jr. (1998). Effects of trait competitiveness and perceived intraorganizational competition on salesperson goal setting and performance. Journal of Marketing, 62(4), 88–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. P., & Peterson, R. A. (1993). Antecedents and consequences of salesperson job satisfaction: Meta-analysis and assessment of causal effects. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(1), 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, P. J., & Reitzes, D. C. (1981). The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(2), 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush, V., Bush, A., Oakley, J., & Cicala, J. (2017). The sales profession as a subculture: Implications for ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(3), 549–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardador, M. T., & Pratt, M. G. (2018). Becoming who we serve: A model of multi-layered employee–customer identification. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2053–2080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarty, S., Oubre, D. T., & Brown, G. (2008). The impact of supervisory adaptive selling and supervisory feedback on salesperson performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(4), 447–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasekar, K. (2011). Workplace environment and its impact on organisational performance in public sector organisations. International Journal of Enterprise Computing & Business Systems, 1(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., Zhu, J., & Zhou, M. (2015). How does a servant leader fuel the service fire? A multilevel model of servant leadership, individual self-identity, group competition climate, and customer service performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 511–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, W. J., & Winterich, K. P. (2013). Can brands move in from the outside? How moral identity enhances out-group brand attitudes. Journal of Marketing, 77(2), 96–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, R. (2017). Emotional intelligence and consumer ethics: the mediating role of personal moral philosophies. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(3), 527–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, R., & Fernando, M. (2014). The relationships of empathy, moral identity and cynicism with consumers’ ethical beliefs: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 677–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daikeler, J., Bošnjak, M., & Manfreda, K. L. (2020). Web versus other survey modes: An updated and extended meta-analysis comparing response rates. Journal of Survey Statistics & Methodology, 8, 513–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCelles, K. A., DeRue, D. S., Margolis, J. D., & Ceranic, T. L. (2012). Does power corrupt or enable? When and why power facilitates self-interested behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 681–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeConinck, J. B. (2011). The effects of ethical climate on organizational identification, supervisory trust, and turnover among salespeople. Journal of Business Research, 64(6), 617–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, M., Wingreen, S., & Blanton, J. (2015). Social cognitive theory: The antecedents and effects of ethical climate fit on organizational attitudes of corporate accounting professionals: A reflection of client narcissism and fraud attitude risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(2), 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R. (1988). Becoming an ex: The process of role exit. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, K. R., McFarland, R. G., Dietz, B., & Jaramillo, F. (2012). Advancing sales performance research: A focus on five under researcher topic areas. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(1), 89–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fajardo, T. M., Townsend, C., & Bolander, W. (2018). Toward an optimal donation solicitation: Evidence from the field of the differential influence of donor-related and organization-related information on donation choice and amount. Journal of Marketing, 82(2), 142–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W., & Ferrell, L. (2019). A new direction for sales ethics research: The sales ethics subculture. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 27(3), 282–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, T. D., Major, D. A., & Davis, D. D. (2008). The interactive relationship of competitive climate and trait competitiveness with workplace attitudes, stress, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 899–922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fombelle, P. W., Jarvis, C. B., Ward, J., & Ostrom, L. (2012). Leveraging customers’ multiple identities: Identity synergy as a driver of organizational identification. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(4), 587–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, M. R., Desphande, R., & Reed, A., II. (2002). Identity salience and the influence of differential activitation of the social self-schema on advertising response. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1086–1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabler, C. B., Agnihotri, R., & Itani, O. S. (2017). Can salesperson guilt lead to more satisfied customers? Findings from India. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 32(7), 951–961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabler, C. B., Rapp, A., & Richey, R. G. (2014). The effect of environmental orientation on salesperson effort and participation: The moderating role of organizational identification. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 34(3), 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerpott, F. H., Van Quaquebeke, N., Schlamp, S., & Voelpel, S. C. (2019). An identity perspective on ethical leadership to explain organizational citizenship behavior: the interplay of follower moral identity and leader group prototypicality. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 1063–1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guenzi, P., Rangarajan, D., Chaker, N. N., & Sajtos, L. (2019). It is all in good humor? Examining the impact of salesperson evaluations of leader humor on salesperson job satisfaction and job stress. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 39(4), 352–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 19(2), 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 40, 414–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannah, S. T., Thompson, R. L., & Herbst, K. C. (2020). Moral identity complexity: Situated morality within and across work and social roles. Journal of Management, 46(5), 726–757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A. (2006). Identity, reasoning, and emotion: An empirical comparison of three sources of moral motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30(3), 205–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity. Handbook of Identity Theory & Research. (pp. 495–513). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Moral Education, 34(2), 231–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., Krettenauer, T., & Hunt, N. (2020). Moral identity formation. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., Bean, D. S., & Olsen, J. A. (2015). Moral identity and adolescent prosocial and antisocial behaviors: Interactions with moral disengagement and self-regulation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(8), 1542–1554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., Bhattacharjee, A., Reed, A., II., & Aquino, K. (2010). Moral identity and psychological distance: The case of adolescent parental socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., Woodbury, R. D., & Hickman, J. R. (2014). Moral identity as moral ideal self: Links to adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 45–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Ford, D. (1998). Urban America as a context for the development of moral identity in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 54(3), 513–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, N. N., Wieland, H., & Vargo, S. L. (2018). Converging on a new theoretical foundation for selling. Journal of Marketing, 82(2), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, H., Zhu, W., & Zheng, X. (2014). Procedural justice and employee engagement: Roles of organizational identification and moral identity centrality. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 681–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegtvedt, K. A., & Scheuerman, H. L. (2010). The justice/morality link. In S. Hitlin & S. Vaisey (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. (pp. 331–360). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, S. G., & Krettenauer, T. (2016). Does moral identity effectively predict moral behavior? A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 20(2), 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, K. D., Howe, V., & Hardigree, D. W. (1991). Ethical dilemmas faced in the selling of complex services: Significant others and competitive pressures. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 4(11), 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. I., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58(4), 255–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1985). Interpersonal attraction, social identification and psychological group formation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15(1), 51–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X., & Jiang, Z. (2018). Employee-oriented HRM and voice behavior: A moderated mediation model of moral identity and trust in management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(5), 746–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. E., & Ahearne, M. (2010). Energizing the reseller’s sales force: The power of brand identification. Journal of Marketing, 74(4), 81–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., & Chonko, L. (2019). Achieving top performance while building collegiality in sales: It all starts with ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(2), 417–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., & Paesbrugghe, B. (2020). Between a rock and a hard place: Seizing the opportunity of demanding customers by means of frontline service behaviors. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53, 101978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itani, O. S., & Inyang, A. E. (2015). The effects of empathy and listening of salespeople on relationship quality in the retail banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(6), 692–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo, F., Bande, B., & Varela, J. (2015). Servant leadership and ethics: A dyadic examination of supervisor behaviors and salesperson perceptions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 108–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Boles, J. S. (2013). Bringing meaning to the sales job: The effect of ethical climate and customer demandingness. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2301–2307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Solomon, P. (2006). The role of ethical climate on salesperson’s role stress, job attitudes, turnover intention, and job performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 26(3), 271–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasmand, C., Blazevic, V., & de Ruyter, K. (2012). Generating sales while providing service: A study of customer service representatives’ ambidextrous behavior. Journal of Marketing, 76(1), 20–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, R., & Ahearne, M. (2006). The enemy within: Examining salesperson deviance and its determinants. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 26(4), 327–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, P. L., Mitchell, M. S., & Hannah, S. T. (2015). The moral self: A review and integration of the literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(51), 104–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. A., & Ashforth, B. E. (2008). Externalization of employment in a service environment: The role of organizational and customer identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3), 287–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. H., & Umphress, E. E. (2019). To help my supervisor: Identification, moral identity, and unethical pro-supervisor behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 519–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, A., Agnihotri, R., Chaker, N. N., Singh, R. K., & Das, B. K. (2017). Connect within to connect outside: Effect of salespeople’s political skill on relationship performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 37(4), 332–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, A., Agnihotri, R., Talwar, S., Rostami, A., & Dwivedi, P. K. (2020). Effect of internal competitive work environment on working smart and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of time management. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-02-2019-0094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., & Loewenstein, J. (2020). Analogical encoding fosters ethical decision making because improved knowledge of ethical principles increases moral awareness. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04457-w.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (2005). Moral psychology at the crossroads. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character Psychology and Character Education. (pp. 18–35). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E.-S., Park, T.-Y., & Koo, B. (2015). Identifying organizational identification as a basis for attitudes and behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 1049–1080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 443–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loveland, J. M., Lounsbury, J. W., Park, S.-H., & Jackson, D. W. (2015). Are salespeople born or made? Biology, personality, and the career satisfaction of salespeople. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 30(2), 233–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lussier, B., Hartmann, N. N., & Bolander, W. (2019). Curbing the undesirable effects of emotional exhaustion on ethical behaviors and performance: A salesperson-manager dyadic approach. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04271-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallin, M. L., Gammoh, B. S., Pullins, E. B., & Johnson, C. M. (2017). A new perspective of salesperson motivation and salesforce outcomes: The mediating role of salesperson-brand identification. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 25(4), 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. A., & Bush, A. J. (2006). Psychological climate, empowerment, leadership style, and customer-oriented selling: An analysis of the sales manager-salesperson dyad. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 419–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69, 175–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClaren, N. (2013). The personal selling and sales management ethics research: Managerial implications and research directions from a comprehensive review of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 112, 101–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClaren, N. (2000). Ethics in personal selling and sales management: A review of the literature focusing on empirical findings and conceptual foundations. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 285–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menguc, B., & Boichuk, J. P. (2012). Customer orientation dissimilarity, sales unit identification, and customer-directed extra-role behaviors: Understanding the contingency role of coworker support. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1357–1363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merkle, A. C., Hair, J. F., Jr., Ferrell, O. C., Ferrell, L. K., & Wood, B. G. (2020). An examination of pro-stakeholder unethical behavior in the sales ethics subculture. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2020.1777434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulki, J., & Lassk, F. G. (2019). Joint impact of ethical climate and external work locus of control on job meaningfulness. Journal of Business Research, 99, 46–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, R., Agnihotri, R., & Hall, Z. (2020). The ambidextrous sales force: Aligning salesperson polychronicity and selling contexts for sales-service behaviors and customer value. Journal of Service Research, 23(1), 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narvaez, D. (2001). Moral text comprehension: Implications for education and research. Journal of Moral Education, 30(1), 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowlin, E. L., Walker, D., & Anaza, N. A. (2018). How does salesperson connectedness impact performance? It depends upon the level of internal volatility. Industrial Marketing Management, 68, 106–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2011). Moral differentiation: Exploring boundaries of the “monkey see, monkey do” perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(3), 379–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, R. L., & Anderson, E. (1994). An empirical test of the consequences of behavior-and outcome-based sales control systems. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 53–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. . Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pastoriza, D., Arino, M. A., Ricart, J. E., & Canela, M. A. (2015). Does an ethical work context generate internal social capital? Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 77–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plouffe, C. R., Bolander, W., Cote, J. A., & Hochstein, B. (2016). Does the customer matter most? Exploring strategic frontline employees’ influence of customers, the internal business team, and external business partners. Journal of Marketing, 80(1), 106–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plouffe, C. R., Sridharan, S., & Barclay, D. W. (2010). Exploratory navigation and salesperson performance: Investigating selected antecedents and boundary conditions in high-technology and financial services contexts. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(4), 538–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R., & Baker, T. L. (2015). Competitive intelligence collection and use by sales and service representatives: How managers’ recognition and autonomy moderate individual performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(3), 357–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, A., & Aquino, K. F. (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(6), 1270–1286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, A., Aquino, K., & Levy, E. (2007). Moral identity and judgments of charitable behaviors. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 178–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reicher, S., Haslam, S. A., & Rath, R. (2008). Making a virtue of evil: A five-step social identity model of the development of collective hate. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1313–1344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S. J., & Miller, J. A. (2015). The recognition of moral issues: Moral awareness, moral sensitivity and moral attentiveness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 114–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richard, E. M., & McFadden, M. (2016). Saving face: Reactions to cultural norm violations in business request emails. Journal of Business & Psychology, 31, 307–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, W. T., & Robertson, D. C. (2003). A Typology of situational factors: Impact on salesperson decision-making about ethical issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousselet, E., Brial, B., Cadario, R., & Beji-Becheur, A. (2020). Moral intensity, issue characteristics, and ethical issue recognition in sales situations. Journal of Business Ethics, 163, 347–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20(4), 523–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrock, W. A., Hughes, D. E., Fu, F. Q., Richards, K. A., & Jones, E. (2016). Better together: Trait competitiveness and competitive psychological climate as antecedents of salesperson organizational commitment and sales performance. Marketing Letters, 27, 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. S. (2016). Ethical decision-making theory: An integrated approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 755–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwepker, C. H. (2019). Strengthening customer value development and ethical intent in the salesforce: The influence of ethical values person-organization fit and trust in manager. Journal of Business Ethics, 159, 913–925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwepker, C. H., & Good, D. J. (2011). Moral judgment and its impact on business-to-business sales performance and customer relationships. Journal of Business Ethics, 98, 609–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seevers, M. T., Skinner, S. J., & Kelley, S. W. (2007). A social network perspective on sales force ethics. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 341–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serpe, R. T., & Stryker, S. (2011). The symbolic interactionist perspective and identity theory. Handbook of Identity Theory & Research. (pp. 225–248). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, R., Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. (2008). Beyond moral reasoning: A review of moral identity research and its implications for business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18(4), 513–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skarlicki, D. P., van Jaarsveld, D. D., Shao, R., Song, Y. H., & Wang, M. (2016). Extending the multifoci perspective: The role of supervisor justice and moral identity in the relationship between customer justice and customer-directed sabotage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 108–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, J. R. (2015). A social cognitive explanation of situational and individual effects of moral sensitivity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(1), 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, J. R., & Johlke, M. (1996). Factors influencing student perceptions of unethical behavior by personal salespeople: An experimental investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(8), 871–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I. H., Aquino, K., Koleva, S., & Graham, J. (2014). The moral ties that bind… even to out-groups: The interactive effect of moral identity and the binding moral foundations. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1554–1562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stets, J. E. (2010). The social psychology of the moral identity. Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. (pp. 385–409). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stets, J. E., & Carter, M. J. (2006). The moral identity: A principle level identity. Purpose, Meaning, & Action. (pp. 293–316). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stets, J. E., & Carter, M. J. (2011). The moral self applying identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(2), 192–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steward, M. D., Walker, B. A., Hutt, M. D., & Kumar, A. (2009). The coordination strategies of high-performing salespeople: Internal working relationships that drive success. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(5), 550–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J. E., & Wills, T. A. E. (1991). Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research. . New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunder, S., Kumar, V., Goreczny, A., & Maurer, T. (2017). Why do salespeople quit? An empirical examination of own and peer effects on salesperson turnover behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(3), 381–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 500–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakor, M. V., & Joshi, A. W. (2005). Motivating salesperson customer orientation: Insights from the job characteristics model. Journal of Business Research, 58(5), 584–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • To, C., Kilduff, G. J., & Rosikiewicz, B. L. (2020). When interpersonal competition helps and when it harms: An integration via challenge and threat. Academy of Management Annals. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, L.-M. (2019). How implicit ethics institutionalization affects ethical selling intention: The case of Taiwan’s life insurance salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 158, 727–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, S., Godkin, L., Fleischman, G. M., & Kidwell, R. (2011). Corporate ethical values, group creativity, job satisfaction and turnover intention: The impact of work context on work response. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), 353–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Gils, S., & Horton, K. E. (2019). How can ethical brands respond to service failures? Understanding how moral identity motivates compensation preferences through self-consistency and social approval. Journal of Business Research, 95, 455–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeke, W., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). Sales call anxiety: Exploring what it means when gear rules a sales encounter. Journal of Marketing, 64(3), 88–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 93(5), 845–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Xing, L., Xu, H., & Hannah, S. T. (2019). Not all followers socially learn from ethical leaders: The roles of followers’ moral identity and leader identification in the ethical leadership process. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04353-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, G. R. (2006). Virtue in organizations: Moral identity as a foundation for moral agency. Organization Studies, 27(3), 341–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wieseke, J., Ahearne, M., Lam, S. K., & van Dick, R. (2009). The role of leaders in internal marketing. Journal of Marketing, 73(2), 123–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld, B. M., Raghuram, S., & Garud, R. (1999). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. Organization Science, 10(6), 777–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T., Jr. (2009). Donation behavior toward in-groups and out-groups: The role of gender and moral identity. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2), 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1999). Youth service and moral-civic identity: A case for everyday morality. Educational Psychology Review, 11(4), 361–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, A. L., Baxter, R., & Glynn, M. S. (2013). How salespeople facilitate buyers’ resource availability to enhance seller outcomes. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(7), 1121–1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, X., Qin, X., Liu, X., & Liao, H. (2017). Will creative employees always make trouble? Investigating the roles of moral identity and moral disengagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(3), 653–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., Riggio, R. E., & Sosik, J. J. (2011). The effect of authentic transformational leadership on follower and group ethics. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(5), 801–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zollo, L., Pellegrini, M. M., & Ciappei, C. (2017). What sparks ethical decision making? The interplay between moral intuition and moral reasoning: Lessons from the scholastic doctrine. Journal of Business Ethics, 145, 681–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Omar S. Itani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

See Table 4.

Table 4 Sample characteristics

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Itani, O.S., Chaker, N.N. Harnessing the Power Within: The Consequences of Salesperson Moral Identity and the Moderating Role of Internal Competitive Climate. J Bus Ethics 181, 847–871 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04794-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04794-4

Keywords

Navigation