Abstract
Manganese oxidizing bacteria, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus subtilis were isolated from mangrove soils and optimized for the removal of Mn(II) with simultaneous production of biogenic manganese oxide (BioMnOx). The removal rate of Mn(II) was 90% in 48 h for B. mycoides and 72 h for B. subtilis under the optimized conditions at pH 7, temperature 37 °C, 120 rpm, with 1% inoculum containing 10 mM MnCl2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the synthesized biogenic manganese oxide. BioMnOx by Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus subtilis were identified as Bixbyite (Mn2O3) and Hausmannite (Mn3O4), respectively, with nano-sized monocrystalline nature. BioMnOx of Bacillus subtilis strain was more efficient in the removal of metals Zn and Co than BioMnOx of Bacillus mycoides except for mercury. The removal property of synthesized BioMnOx could be applied to treat multi-metal containing wastewater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
References
Adams LF, Ghiorse WC (1988) Oxidation state of Mn in the Mn oxide produced by Leptothrix discophora SS-1. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52(8):2073–2076
Antony R, Sujith PP, Fernandes SO, Verma P, Khedekar VD, Bharathi PL (2011) Cobalt immobilization by manganese oxidizing bacteria from the Indian Ridge System. Curr Microbiol 62(3):840–849
Anouti FA (2014) Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals within Mangrove Ecosystems. J Biodivers Endanger Species 2:e113
Banh A, Chavez V, Doi J, Nguyen A, Hernandez S, Ha V, Johnson HA (2013) Manganese (Mn) oxidation increases intracellular Mn in Pseudomonas putida GB-1. PLoS ONE 8(10):e77835
Barboza NR, Morais MM, Queiroz PS, Amorim SS, Guerra-Sá R, Leão VA (2017) High manganese tolerance and biooxidation ability of Serratia marcescens isolated from manganese mine water in Minas Gerais. Brazil Front Microbiol 8:1946. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01946
Baykal A, Kavas H, Durmuş Z, Demir M, Kazan S, Topkaya R, Toprak M (2010) Sonochemical synthesis and chracterization of Mn3O4 nanoparticles. Open Chem 8(3):633–638. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0037-8
Boogerd FC, De Vrind JP (1987) Manganese oxidation by Leptothrix discophora. J Bacteriol 169(2):489–494. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.2.489-494.1987
Bohu T, Santelli CM, Akob DM, Neu TR, Ciobota V, Rösch P, Küsel K (2015) Characterization of pH dependent Mn (II) oxidation strategies and formation of a bixbyite-like phase by Mesorhizobium australicum T-G1. Front Microbiol 6:734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00734
Bressuire-Isoard C, Broussolle V, Carlin F (2018) Sporulation environment influences spore properties in Bacillus: evidence and insights on underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 42(5):614–626. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuy021
Cerrato JM, Falkinham JO III, Dietrich AM, Knocke WR, McKinney CW, Pruden A (2010) Manganese-oxidizing and-reducing microorganisms isolated from biofilms in chlorinated drinking water systems. Water Res 44(13):3935–3945
Chao TT (1972) Selective dissolution of manganese oxides from soils and sediments with acidified hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Soil Sci Soc Am J 36(5):764–768. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600050024x
Cheng C, Huang Y, Wang N, Jiang T, Hu S, Zheng B, Xiao D (2015) Facile fabrication of Mn2O3 nanoparticle-assembled hierarchical hollow spheres and their sensing for hydrogen peroxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(18):9526–9533. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00884
Chen H, He J (2008) Facile synthesis of monodisperse manganese oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112(45):17540–17545. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp806160g
Cui XL, Li YL, Li SY, Sun GC, Ma JX, Zhang L, Ma RB (2014) Mn3O4 nano-sized crystals: Rapid synthesis and extension to preparation of nanosized LiMn2O4 materials. J Chem Sci 126(3):561–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-014-0592-1
Daryapurkar AS, Kolte JT, Gopalan P (2013) Growth and characterization of Na0. 5Bi0. 5TiO3 thin films with BaTiO3 buffer layer (Study of Au/Na0. 5Bi0. 5TiO3/BaTiO3/Pt Capacitor). Ferroelectrics 447(1):46–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2013.821859
Dhaouadi H, Ghodbane O, Hosni F, Touati F (2012) Mn3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and dielectric properties. International Scholarly Research Notices 2012:1–8. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/706398
Dick GJ, Lee YE, Tebo BM (2006) Manganese (II)-oxidizing Bacillus spores in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments and plumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(5):3184–3190. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.5.3184-3190
Dick GJ, Torpey JW, Beveridge TJ, Tebo BM (2008) Direct identification of a bacterial manganese (II) oxidase, the multicopper oxidase MnxG, from spores of several different marine Bacillus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 74(5):1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01240-07
Divekar M (2010) Isolation and characterization of a manganese oxidizing bacterium from the Mediterranean marine sponge Suberites domuncula. Fachbereich Biologie, 13.
Donkor ES, Dayie NT, Adiku TK (2014) Bioinformatics with basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and fast alignment (FASTA). Journal of Bioinformatics and Sequence Analysis 6(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2013.0086
Eschlbeck E, Bauer SA, Kulozik U (2017) Effect of cultivation pH on the surface hydrophobicity of Bacillus subtilis spores. AMB Express 7(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0458-2
Ertas OS, Tezel H (2004) A validated cold vapour-AAS method for determining mercury in human red blood cells. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 36(4):893–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.014
Francis CA, Tebo BM (2002) Enzymatic manganese (II) oxidation by metabolically dormant spores of diverse Bacillus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(2):874–880. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.2.874-880.200
Francis CA, Tebo BM (1999) Marine Bacillus spores as catalysts for oxidative precipitation and sorption of metals. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1(1):71–78
Hassan KH, Mahdi ER (2016) Synthesis and characterization of copper, iron oxide nanoparticles used to remove lead from aquous solution. Asian journal of applied sciences 4(3).
Hastings D, Emerson S (1986) Oxidation of manganese by spores of a marine Bacillus: kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50(8):1819–1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90141-9
Hazarika KK, Goswami C, Saikia H, Borah BJ, Bharali P (2018) Cubic Mn2O3 nanoparticles on carbon as bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. Molecular Catalysis 451:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2017.12.012
Hennebel T, De Gusseme B, Boon N, Verstraete W (2009) Biogenic metals in advanced water treatment. Trends Biotechnol 27(2):90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.00
Hosseinkhani B, Emtiazi G (2011) Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Extracellular Biogenic Manganese Oxide (Bixbyite-like Mn2O3) Nanoparticle by Isolated Acinetobacter sp. Curr Microbiol 63(3):300–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-011-9971-8
Hossain MD, Nuruddin AA (2016) Soil and mangrove: a review. J Environ Sci Technol 9(2):198–207. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2016.198.207
Hu Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Wang G, Liao S (2016) Activated carbon doped with biogenic manganese oxides for the removal of indigo carmine. J Environ Manag 166:512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.043
Jain AN, Udayashankara TH, Lokesh KS (2012) Review on bioremediation of heavy metals with microbial isolates and amendments on soil residue. Int J Sci Res 6:2319–7064
Jegadeesan G, Al-Abed SR, Sundaram V, Choi H, Scheckel KG, Dionysiou DD (2010) Arsenic sorption on TiO2 nanoparticles: Size and crystallinity effects. Water Res 44(3):965–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.047
Jiang L, Jia G, Wang Y, Li Z (2020) Optimization of sporulation and germination conditions of functional bacteria for concrete crack-healing and evaluation of their repair capacity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(9):10938–10948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077835
Jiang S, Kim DG, Kim JH, Ko SO (2010) Characterization of the biogenic manganese oxides produced by pseudomonas putida strain MnB1. Environ Eng Res 15(4):183–190. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2010.15.4.183
Katsoyiannis IA, Zouboulis AI, Jekel M (2004) Kinetics of bacterial As (III) oxidation and subsequent As (V) removal by sorption onto biogenic manganese oxides during groundwater treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(2):486–493. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie030525
Kalhorn S, Emerson S (1984) The oxidation state of manganese in surface sediments of the deep sea. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48(5):897–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90182-0
Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I (2019) Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem 12(7):908–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011
Khodabakhshi A, Asgarian H (2019) Removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with manganese oxide. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 21(6):258–264. https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2019.45
Knauer K, Jabusch T, Sigg L (1999) Manganese uptake and Mn (II) oxidation by the alga Scenedesmus subspicatus. Aquat Sci 61(1):44–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00001321
Krekeler MP (2008) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations of Mn-oxide rich cathodic material from spent disposable alkaline batteries. Waste Manage 28(11):2061–2069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.005
Lee Y, Tebo BM (1994) Cobalt (II) oxidation by the marine manganese (II)-oxidizing Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Appl Environmental Microbiol 60(8):2949–2957
Liao S, Zhou J, Wang H, Chen X, Wang H, Wang G (2013) Arsenite oxidation using biogenic manganese oxides produced by a deep-sea manganese-oxidizing bacterium, Marinobacter sp. MnI7-9. Geomicrobiol J 30(2):150–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2011.654379
Lisha KP, Maliyekkal SM, Pradeep T (2010) Manganese dioxide nanowhiskers: a potential adsorbent for the removal of Hg (II) from water. Chem Eng J 160(2):432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.031
Lockwood RA, Chen KY (1973) Adsorption of mercury (II) by hydrous manganese oxides. Environ Sci Technol 7(11):1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60083a006
Miyata N, Maruo K, Tani Y, Tsuno H, Seyama H, Soma M, Iwahori K (2006a) Production of biogenic manganese oxides by anamorphic ascomycete fungi isolated from streambed pebbles. Geomicrobiol J 23(2):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450500533809
Miyata N, Tani Y, Maruo K, Tsuno H, Sakata M, Iwahori K (2006b) Manganese (IV) oxide production by Acremonium sp. strain KR21–2 and extracellular Mn (II) oxidase activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(10):6467–6473. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00417-06
Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Zadpour B, Ahmadi M (2015) New synthetic mercaptoethylamino homopolymer-modified maghemite nanoparticles for effective removal of some heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. J Ind Eng Chem 21:1160–1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.029
Mann S, Sparks NHC, Scott GHE, De Vrind-De JEW (1988) Oxidation of manganese and formation of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) by spore coats of a marine Bacillus sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 54(8):2140–2143. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.54.8.2140-2143.1988
Meng YT, Zheng YM, Zhang LM, He JZ (2009) Biogenic Mn oxides for effective adsorption of Cd from aquatic environment. Environ Pollut 157(8–9):2577–2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.035
Moffett JW, Ho J (1996) Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via a common microbially catalyzed pathway. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60(18):3415–3424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00012-X
Morales MR, Yeste MP, Vidal H, Gatica JM, Cadus LE (2017) Insights on the combustion mechanism of ethanol and n-hexane in honeycomb monolithic type catalysts: Influence of the amount and nature of Mn-Cu mixed oxide. Fuel 208:637–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.069
Murray KJ, Webb SM, Bargar JR, Tebo BM (2007) Indirect oxidation of Co (II) in the presence of the marine Mn (II)-oxidizing bacterium Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(21):6905–6909. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00971-07
Murray JW, Dillard JG, Giovanoli R, Moers H, Stumm W (1985) Oxidation of Mn (II): Initial mineralogy, oxidation state and ageing. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49(2):463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90038-9
Najjar R, Awad R, Abdel-Gaber AM (2019) Physical properties of Mn2O3 nanoparticles precipitation method at different pH values. J Supercond Novel Magn 32(4):885–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-018-4765-x
Nassar MY, Amin AS, Ahmed IS, Abdallah S (2016) Sphere-like Mn2O3 nanoparticles: Facile hydrothermal synthesis and adsorption properties. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 64:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.03.041
Nazir R, Khan M, Masab M, Rehman HU, Rauf NU, Shahab S, Shaheen Z (2015) Accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the soil, water and plants and analysis of physico-chemical parameters of soil and water collected from Tanda Dam Kohat. J Pharm Sci Res 7(3):89
Nealson KH, Tebo BM, Rosson RA (1988) Occurrence and mechanisms of microbial oxidation of manganese. Adv Appl Microbiol 33:279–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951113000140
Nesbitt H, Banerjee D (1998) Interpretation of XPS Mn(2p) spectra of Mn oxyhydroxides and constraints on the mechanism of MnO2 precipitation. Am Miner 83(3–4):305–315. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-3-414
Patil DS, Chavan SM, Oubagaranadin JUK (2016) A review of technologies for manganese removal from wastewaters. J Environ Chem Eng 4(1):468–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.11.028
Raj BGS, Asiri AM, Wu JJ, Anandan S (2015) Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles via chemical precipitation approach for supercapacitor application. J Alloy Comp 636:234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.164
Rani BJ, Ravina M, Ravi G, Ravichandran S, Ganesh V, Yuvakkumar R (2018) Synthesis and characterization of hausmannite (Mn3O4) nanostructures. Surface Interface 11:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2018.02.007
Rawar E, Rohman A (2016) Validation of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and mercury analyzer for analysis of cadmium, lead and mercury in red chili pepper. Asian J Agric Res 10(1):65–71. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajar.2016.65.71
Santelli CM, Webb SM, Dohnalkova AC, Hansel CM (2011) Diversity of Mn oxides produced by Mn (II)-oxidizing fungi. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75(10):2762–2776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.022
Sabirova JS, Cloetens LFF, Vanhaecke L, Forrez I, Verstraete W, Boon N (2008) Manganese-oxidizing bacteria mediate the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol. Microb Biotechnol 1(6):507–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00051
Salavati-Niasari M, Esmaeili-Zare M, Gholami-Daghian M (2014) Synthesis and characterization of Mn2O3 nanorods using a novel manganese precursor. Adv Powder Technol 25(3):879–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.01.007
Sharrouf M, Awad R, Roumié M, Marhaba S (2015) Structural, optical and room temperature magnetic study of Mn2O3 nanoparticles. Mater Sci Appl 6(10):850. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.610087
Sheela T, Nayaka YA, Viswanatha R, Basavanna S, Venkatesha TG (2012) Kinetics and thermodynamics studies on the adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) from aqueous solution using zinc oxide nanoparticles. Powder Technol 217:163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.023
Song R, Wang HJ, Feng SH (2012) Solvothermal preparation of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and effect of temperature on particle size. Chem Res Chin Univ 28(4):577–580
Su J, Deng L, Huang L, Guo S, Liu F, He J (2014) Catalytic oxidation of manganese (II) by multicopper oxidase CueO and characterization of the biogenic Mn oxide. Water Res 56:304–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.013
Takeda M, Kamagata Y, Ghiorse WC, Hanada S, Koizumi JI (2002) Caldimonas manganoxidans gen. nov., sp. nov., a poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading, manganese-oxidizing thermophile. Int J Systemat Evolut Microbiol 52(3):895–900. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-3-895
Tam HT, City CT, Diep CN (2017) Isolation and characterization of bacteria of mangrove rhizosphere in the Mekong Delta Vietnam. Int J Innov Eng Technol 9(1):68–79. https://doi.org/10.21172/ijiet.91.11
Taman R, Ossman ME, Mansour MS, Farag HA (2015) Metal oxide nano-particles as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metals. J Adv Chem Eng 5(3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2090-4568.1000125
Tang W, Xia J, Zeng X, Wu L, Ye G (2014) Biological characteristics and oxidation mechanism of a new manganese-oxidizing bacteria FM-2. Bio-Med Mater Eng 24(1):703–709. https://doi.org/10.3233/BME-130858
Tang S, Yu X, Wu C (2016) Comparison of the levels of five heavy metals in human urine and sweat after strenuous exercise by ICP-MS. J Appl Math Phys 4(2):183–188. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.42022
Taverniers I, De Loose M, Van Bockstaele E (2004) Trends in quality in the analytical laboratory. II. Analytical method validation and quality assurance. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 23(8):535–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2004.04.001
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Mol Clin Environ Toxicol 101:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.1-30
Tu J, Yang Z, Hu C, Qu J (2014) Characterization and reactivity of biogenic manganese oxides for ciprofloxacin oxidation. J Environ Sci 26(5):1154–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60505-7
Tebo BM, Bargar JR, Clement BG, Dick GJ, Murray KJ, Parker D, Webb SM (2004) Biogenic manganese oxides: properties and mechanisms of formation. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 32:287–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120213
Wang W, Shao Z, Liu Y, Wang G (2009) Removal of multi-heavy metals using biogenic manganese oxides generated by a deep-sea sedimentary bacterium–Brachybacterium sp. strain Mn32. Microbiol 155(6):1989–1996. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.024141-0
Wright MH, Farooqui SM, White AR, Greene AC (2016) Production of manganese oxide nanoparticles by Shewanella species. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(17):5402–5409. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00663-16
Wong KW, Yap CK, Nulit R, Hamzah MS, Chen SK, Cheng WH, Al-Shami SA (2017) Effects of anthropogenic activities on the heavy metal levels in the clams and sediments in a tropical river. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(1):116–134
Yang W, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Chen H, Liu J, Ali M, Li L (2013) Population structure of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in stratified soils and properties of manganese oxide aggregates under manganese–complex medium enrichment. PLoS ONE 8(9):e73778. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073778
Zaniewski AM, Schriver M, Gloria Lee J, Crommie MF, Zettl A (2013) Electronic and optical properties of metal-nanoparticle filled graphene sandwiches. Appl Phys Lett 102(2):023108. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4772542
Zhang H, Huang CH (2005) Oxidative transformation of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents and structurally related amines by manganese oxide. Environ Sci Technol 39(12):4474–4483. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048166d
Zhang Y, Tang Y, Qin Z, Luo P, Ma Z, Tan M, Huang Z (2019) A novel manganese oxidizing bacterium-Aeromonas hydrophila strain DS02: Mn (II) oxidization and biogenic Mn oxides generation. J Hazard Mater 367:539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.012
Zhang Z, Lai J, Yin H, Feng X, Tan W, Liu F (2015) Absorption mechanisms of Cu 2+ on a biogenic bixbyite-like Mn 2 O 3 produced by Bacillus CUA isolated from soil. Geochem Trans 16(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12932-015-0020-6
Zhou H, Pan H, Xu J, Xu W, Liu L (2016) Acclimation of a marine microbial consortium for efficient Mn (II) oxidation and manganese containing particle production. J Hazard Mater 304:434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.019
Zhou D, Kim DG, Ko SO (2015) Heavy metal adsorption with biogenic manganese oxides generated by Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1. J Ind Eng Chem 24:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.09.020
Zheljazkov VD, Nielsen NE (1996) Effect of heavy metals on peppermint and cornmint. Plant Soil 178(1):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011163
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for the characterization facility and for providing the necessary facility to carry out this research work. The author thanks IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur for instrument analysis.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This study was conceived and designed by SS. The research work, interpretation of the result and the manuscript was written by AJ.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jeyaraj, A., Subramanian, S. Synthesis, optimization, and characterization of biogenic manganese oxide (BioMnOx) by bacterial isolates from mangrove soils with sorbents property towards different toxic metals. Biometals 35, 429–449 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-022-00378-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-022-00378-5