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Odonates in warm regions of south america largely do not follow Rapoport’s rule

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Abstract

One of the major challenges of ecologists and biogeographers is to understand how species are globally distributed. Two of the most well-studied large-scale patterns in species distributions are the Rapoport’s rule and the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG). We aimed to address whether Neotropical odonates follow the Rapoport’s rule and if there is a latitudinal gradient in species diversity. A total of 1076 records for 190 species, covering a large area from southeastern to the northern regions of Brazil that extends from 23°S (Cerrado) to 3°N (Amazon Rainforest). Generalized Linear Models were used to address whether Neotropical odonates follow the Rapoport’s rule, and if there is a latitudinal gradient in species diversity, based on our predictions. We found a Rapoport effect in the Amazon biome and an inverse Rapoport effect in the Amazon-Cerrado Transition Forest and Cerrado biome. Regarding LDG, we found no significant effect of latitude on species richness patterns when we considered all the species, and a significant relationship between species richness and latitude for zygopterans. The spatial patterns of odonates geographic distribution may be an outcome of geographical barriers, for instance, the continental geometry of South America, which is broader in the north and limits geographical expansion towards the south. Furthermore, species ecophysiological mechanisms may also hamper their expansion and drive the pattern observed in our study, mainly because of evolutionary thermoregulatory adaptations that each taxon exhibits along its environmental gradient.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the Biodiversity in Oriental Amazon Research Program (PPBio), to Conservation International (CI), Agropalma Group, 33 Forest, State Fund for the Amazon Research (FAPESPA), Tropical Forest Institute (IFT), CIKEL Ltd and BRC Consortium and Hydro Alunorte Company, for the logistic and financial support. MER thanks to the Santa Cruz State University—UESC for financial and logistic support (Project Number PROP 00220.1100.1922). We are grateful for the Ecology and Conservation Graduate Program of Mato Grosso State University for constant support. We thank IPAM and PELD/CNPq (nº 23038.000452/2017-16; site TANG) for the support during fieldwork, the members of the Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of UFPA for assistance with analysis, discussion and revision of the manuscript. TBM thanks the Mato Grosso Federal Institute of Scientific and Technological Education (IFMT) for conceding a license to conduct this research. We thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for productivity grants to LJ (Process (304710/2019-9), RGF (Process 307836/2019-3) and PDM (process 305542/2010-9). We are also grateful to CAPES, through PROCAD-AMAZONIA/CAPES, for funding the senior internship scholarship for LJ to conduct research at the University of Florida (Process 88881.474457/2020-01). FAM was supported via the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 854248. LBC thanks CNPq for granting her a scholarship (Process 154761/2018-4). We thank Fernando Geraldo de Carvalho and Frederico A. A. Lencioni for assistance in identifying the collected material.

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  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Thiago Barros Miguel & Leandro Juen

  2. Laboratório de Ecologia E Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil

    Thiago Barros Miguel, Lenize Batista Calvão & Leandro Juen

  3. Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

    Fernanda Alves-Martins

  4. Laboratório de Entomologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Thiago Barros Miguel & Joana Darc Batista

  5. Laboratório de Organismos Aquáticos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil

    Marciel Elio Rodrigues

  6. Lestes Lab, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

  7. Laboratório de Teoria, Metacomunidades e Ecologia de Paisagens, Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Paulo De Marco Júnior

  8. Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso - Campus Barra do Garças, Estrada de acesso a BR-158, Radial José Maurício Zampa, s/n, Bairro Industrial, Barra do Garças, MT, CEP: 78600-000, Brazil

    Thiago Barros Miguel

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Miguel, T.B., Calvão, L.B., Alves-Martins, F. et al. Odonates in warm regions of south america largely do not follow Rapoport’s rule. Biodivers Conserv 31, 565–584 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02350-0

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