Species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on small mammals in a unique geographical area of Yunnan Province, southwest China

Guo, Yu; Zhou, Juan-Xiu; Guo, Xian-Guo; Song, Wen-Yu; Zhao, Cheng-Fu; Zhang, Zhi-Wei; Fan, Rong; Chen, Ting; Lv, Yan; Yin, Peng-Wu; Jin, Dao-Chao

doi:10.1007/s10493-023-00841-z

Species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on small mammals in a unique geographical area of Yunnan Province, southwest China

Research
Published: 23 October 2023

Volume 91, pages 439–461, (2023)
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Experimental and Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Yu Guo¹,
Juan-Xiu Zhou¹,
Xian-Guo Guo¹,
Wen-Yu Song¹,
Cheng-Fu Zhao¹,
Zhi-Wei Zhang¹,
Rong Fan¹,
Ting Chen¹,
Yan Lv¹,
Peng-Wu Yin^1,2 &
…
Dao-Chao Jin²

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Abstract

Chiggers are common ectoparasites and the exclusive vector of scrub typhus. Based on previous investigations from a unique geographical area in Yunnan Province of southwest China, the Three Parallel Rivers Area, we retrospectively studied the species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on rodents and other small mammals. A very high species diversity of 120 chigger species was identified. Five dominant chigger species accounted for 59.4% (5238/8965) of total chiggers, and among them Leptotrombidium scutellare is the second major vector of scrub typhus in China. Species diversity of the chigger community fluctuates greatly in different altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There are significant differences in species composition, species diversity and dominant species of chiggers among hosts with apparent community heterogeneity. Based on the species abundance distribution, the expected total number of chigger species was estimated to be 170, 50 more than the number of actually collected species; this further indicates a very high chigger species diversity in this area. The bipartite ecological network analysis revealed the intricate relationships between chigger and host species—positive and negative correlations existed among some species of dominant and vector chiggers.

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Faunal analysis of chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan province, southwest China

Article 02 May 2015

Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

Article 23 May 2016

Ecological and microbiological diversity of chigger mites, including vectors of scrub typhus, on small mammals across stratified habitats in Thailand

Article Open access 05 December 2019

Data availability

The experimental data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the following people who contributed to the field investigations and laboratory work: Yun-Ji Zou, Qiao-Hua Wang, Wen-Ge Dong, Peng-Biao Yang, Pei-Ying Peng, Yong Zhang, Cong-Hua Gao, Nan Zhao, Jian-Chang He, Guo-Li Li, Yan-Liu Li, Xue-Song He, De-Cai Ouyang, and several colleagues and college students.

Funding

The research leading to these results received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Agreement No. 82160400 and the Major Science and Technique Programs in Yunnan Province under Grant Agreement No. 202102AA310055-X to Xian-Guo Guo, and the Expert workstation for Dao-Chao Jin in Dali Prefecture.

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Authors and Affiliations

Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China
Yu Guo, Juan-Xiu Zhou, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Ting Chen, Yan Lv & Peng-Wu Yin
Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
Peng-Wu Yin & Dao-Chao Jin

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Yu Guo
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Juan-Xiu Zhou
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Xian-Guo Guo
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Wen-Yu Song
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Cheng-Fu Zhao
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Zhi-Wei Zhang
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Rong Fan
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Ting Chen
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Yan Lv
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Peng-Wu Yin
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Dao-Chao Jin
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Conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, and writing—review & editing, X-GG; supervision, D-CJ; data cura-tion, formal analysis, software, visualization, and writing—original draft, YG; investigation, C-FZ, Z-WZ, RF and TC; methodology, J-XZ, YL, P-WY, W-YS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xian-Guo Guo.

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The capture and use of animal hosts was approved by the local wildlife affairs authority and the Animal Ethics Committee of Dali University, approval code: DLDXLL2020-1104, approval date: 4 November 2020, which followed the international standards of animal euthanasia, 2013 AVMA guidelines (Cima 2013).

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Taxonomic checklist of small mammals captured from nine survey sites in the Three Parallel Rivers Area of northwest Yunnan, China (2001–2015)

Order Rodentia

I Family Muridae

1.
Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844
2.
R. nitidus (Hodgson, 1845)
3.
R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)
4.
R. andamanensis Blyth, 1860
5.
Niviventer confucianus (Hodgson, 18736)
6.
N. fulvescens (Gray, 1847)
7.
N. andersoni (Thomas, 1911)
8.
N. excelsior (Thomas, 1911)
9.
Mus musculus L., 1758
10.
M. caroli Bonhote, 1902
11.
Apodemus draco (Barrett-Hamiliton, 1900)
12.
A. peninsulae (Thomas, 1906)
13.
A. chevrieri Milne-Edwards, 1868
14.
A. agrarius (Pallas, 1771)
15.
A. latronum Thomas, 1911
16.
Berylmys bowersi (Anderson, 1879)
17.
Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771)
18.
Vernaya fulva (Allen, 1927)
19.
Bandicota indica (Bechstein, 1800)

II Family Cricetidae

20.
Eothenomys miletus (Thomas, 1914)
21.
E. eleusis (Thomas, 1911)
22.
E. proditor Hinton, 1923
23.
E. custos (Thomas, 1912)

III Family Sciuridae

24.
Callosciurus quinquestriatus (Anderson, 1871)
25.
Tamiops swinhoei (Milne-Edwards, 1874)
26.
Dremomys pernyi (Milne-Edwards, 1867)
27.
Rupestes forresti (Thomas, 1922)

IV Family Pteromyidae

28.
Petaurista albiventer (Gray, 1834)
29.
P. xanthotis (Milne-Edwards, 1872)
30.
Trogoterus xanthipes (Milne-Edwards, 1867)
31.
Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842)
32.
Hylopetes alboniger (Hodgson, 1836)
33.
Pteromys volans (L., 1758)

Order Eulipotyphla

V Family Talpidae

34.
Scaptonyx fusicaudus Milne-Edwrds, 1872

VI Family Soricidae

35.
Sorex excelsus Allen, 1923
36.
S. cylindricauda Milne-Edwards, 1871
37.
Episoriculus leucops (Hosfield, 1855)
38.
Suncus murinus (L., 1766)
39.
Crocidura attenuata Milne-Edwards, 1872
40.
Anourosorex squamipes Milne-Edwards, 1872

Order Scandetia

VII Family Tupaiidae

41.
Tupaia belangeri (Wagner, 1841)

Order Lagomorpha

VIII Family Ochotonidae

42.
Ochotona thibetana (Milne-Edwards, 1871)
43.
O. roylii (Ogilby, 1839)

Order Carnivora

IX Family Mustelidea

44.
Mustela kathiah Hodgson, 1835

Appendix 2: Taxonomic checklist of chiggers identified from nine survey sites in the Three Parallel Rivers Area of northwest Yunnan, China (2001–2015). Species marked with ‘**’ are proven effective vectors of scrub typhus, tsutsugamushi disease, and those with ‘*’ are potential vectors of scrub typhus

I Family Trombiculidae

Subfamily Trombiculinae

1.
Leptotrombidium scutellare** (Nagayo et al., 1921)
2.
L. sinicum Yu et al., 1981
3.
L. eothenomydis Yu and Yang, 1986
4.
L. hiemalis Yu et al., 1982
5.
L. rusticum Yu et al., 1986
6.
L. shuqui Wen et Xiang, 1984
7.
L. wangi Yu et al., 1986
8.
L. densipunctatum Yu et al., 1982
9.
L. yongshengense Yu and Yang, 1986
10.
L. yui* (Chen and Hsu, 1955)
11.
L. xiaguanense Yu et al., 1981
12.
L. imphalum** Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976
13.
L. gongshanense Yu et al., 1981
14.
L. spicanisetum Yu et al., 1986
15.
L. cuonae Wang et al., 1996
16.
L. deplanoscutum Yu et al., 1981
17.
L. lianghense Yu et al., 1983
18.
L. wenense (L. kaohuense)** Yang et al., 1959
19.
L. qujingense Yu et al., 1981
20.
L. dianchi Wen et Xiang, 1984
21.
L. jinmai Wen et Xiang, 1984
22.
L. longimedium Wen et Xiang, 1984
23.
L. akamushi** Barumpt, 1910
24.
L. alpinum Yu et Yang, 1986
25.
L. trapezoidum Wang et al., 1981
26.
L. allosetum Wang et al., 1981
27.
L. sinotupaium Wen et Xiang, 1984
28.
L. hsui Yu et al., 1986
29.
L. robustisetum Yu et al., 1983
30.
L. biluoxueshanense Yu et al., 1982
31.
L. cangjiangense Yu et al., 1981
32.
L. hupeicum Ma et Hsu, 1965
33.
L. apodemi* Wen et Sun, 1984
34.
L. intermedium* Nagayo et al., 1920
35.
L. biji Wen et Xiang, 1984
36.
L. apodevrieri Wen et Xiang, 1984
37.
L. suense Wen, 1984
38.
L. huangdi Wen et Yang, 1984
39.
L. zhongdianense Yu et Yang, 1981
40.
L. bishanense Yu et al., 1986
41.
L. yunlingense Yu et Zhang, 1981
42.
L. ejingshanense Yu et al., 1982
43.
L. baoshui Wen et Xiang, 1984
44.
L. laojunshanense Yu et al., 1986
45.
L. caudatum Wen et al., 1984
46.
L. xinjiangense Shao et Wen, 1984
47.
L. jianshanense Yu et al., 1982
48.
L. saltuosum Yu et al., 1982
49.
L. sexsetum Yu et Hu, 1981
50.
L. rupestre* Traub et Nadchatram, 1967
51.
L. bambicola Wen et Xiang, 1984
52.
L. liaoji Wen et Sun, 1984
53.
L. rattistae Wen et al., 1984
54.
L. linhuaikongense* (Wen et Hsu, 1961)
55.
L. miyajimai (Fukuzumi et Obata, 1951)
56.
L. fujianense Liao et Wang, 1983
57.
L. burnsi (Sasa et al., 1953)
58.
L. insulare** Wei et al., 1989
59.
L. gemiticulum (Traub et al., 1958)
60.
L. yunnanense Yu et al., 1980
61.
L. huangchuanense Yang, 1994
62.
L. bayanense Yang, 1994
63.
Trombiculindus alpinus Yu et Yang, 1979
64.
T. yunnanus Wang et Yu, 1965
65.
T. cuneatus Traub et Evans, 1951
66.
T. bambusoides Wang et Yu, 1965
67.
T. nujiange Wen et Xiang, 1984
68.
Neotrombicula longmenis Wen et Xiang, 1984
69.
N. deqinensis Yu et Wang, 1981
70.
N. japonica (Tanaka et al., 1930)
71.
N. tongtianhensis Yang et al., 1995
72.
N. aeretes Hsu et Yang, 1985
73.
N. microtomici Wen et al., 1984
74.
N. microti (Ewing, 1928)
75.
Microtrombicula nadchatrami Vercammen-Grandjean, 1965
76.
Helenicula hsui Zhao, 1990
77.
H. lanius (Radford, 1946)
78.
Doloisia brachypus (Audy et Nadchatram, 1957)
79.
D. taishanensis Teng, 1982
80.
D. furcipelta Yu et al., 1983
81.
Ascoschoengastia indica* (Hirst, 1915)
82.
A. yunnanensis Yu et al., 1980
83.
A. leechi (Domrow, 1962)
84.
A. menghaiensis Yu et al., 1986
85.
A. rattinorvegici Wen, 1984
86.
Herpetacarus spinosetosus Wang et al., 1980
87.
H. tenuiclavus Yu et al., 1979
88.
H. hastoclavus Yu et al., 1979
89.
Euschoengastia weifangensis Teng et Zhang, 1989

Subfamily Gahrliepiinae Womersley, 1952

90.
Walchia pacifica* (Chen et Hsu, 1955)
91.
W. parapacifica (Chen et al., 1955)
92.
W. micropelta (Traub et Evans, 1957)
93.
W. chinensis* (Chen et Hsu, 1955)
94.
W. kor (Chen et Hsu, 1957)
95.
W. enode Gater, 1932
96.
W. sheensis Wen, 1984
97.
W. xishaensis Zhao et al., 1986
98.
W. ewingi (Fuller, 1949)
99.
Schoengastiella ligula Radford, 1946
100.
Gahrliepia zhongwoi Wen et Xiang, 1984
101.
G. longipedalis Yu et Yang, 1986
102.
G. radiopunctata Hsu et al., 1965
103.
G. octosetosa Chen et al., 1956
104.
G. latiscutata Chen et Fan, 1981
105.
G. lengshui Wen et Xiang, 1984
106.
G. yangchenensis Chen et Hsu, 1957
107.
G. deqinensis Yu et Yang, 1982
108.
G. tenuiclava Yu et al., 1983
109.
G. tenella Traub et Morrow, 1955
110.
G. chekiangensis Chu, 1964
111.
G. yunnanensis Hsu et al., 1965
112.
G. chungkingensis Jeu et al., 1963
113.
G. megascuta Hsu et al., 1965
114.
G. madun Wen et Xiang, 1984
115.
G. linguipelta Jeu et al., 1983
116.
G. fimbriata Traub et Morrow, 1955
117.
Intermedialia hegu (Yu, Yang et Wu, 1979)

II Family Leeuwenhoekiidae

Subfamily Leeuwenhoekiinae

118.
Chatia maoyi Wen et Xiang, 1984
119.
C. alpine Shao et Wen, 1984
120.
Shunsennia scabrisetosa Huang, 1986

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Guo, Y., Zhou, JX., Guo, XG. et al. Species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on small mammals in a unique geographical area of Yunnan Province, southwest China. Exp Appl Acarol 91, 439–461 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00841-z

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Received: 09 March 2023
Accepted: 16 September 2023
Published: 23 October 2023
Issue Date: November 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00841-z

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Species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on small mammals in a unique geographical area of Yunnan Province, southwest China

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Taxonomic checklist of small mammals captured from nine survey sites in the Three Parallel Rivers Area of northwest Yunnan, China (2001–2015)

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Species diversity and related ecology of chiggers on small mammals in a unique geographical area of Yunnan Province, southwest China

Abstract

Access this article

Similar content being viewed by others

Faunal analysis of chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan province, southwest China

Species diversity of ectoparasitic chigger mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

Ecological and microbiological diversity of chigger mites, including vectors of scrub typhus, on small mammals across stratified habitats in Thailand

Data availability

References

Acknowledgements

Funding

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Contributions

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Ethical Approval

Consent to Participate

Consent for Publication

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Appendices

Appendix 1: Taxonomic checklist of small mammals captured from nine survey sites in the Three Parallel Rivers Area of northwest Yunnan, China (2001–2015)

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