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If a Spin(7)-manifold N8\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N^8$$\end{document} admits a free S1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S^1$$\end{document} action preserving the fundamental 4-form, then the quotient space M7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$M^7$$\end{document} is naturally endowed with a G2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G_2$$\end{document}-structure. We derive equations relating the intrinsic torsion of the Spin(7)-structure to that of the G2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G_2$$\end{document}-structure together with the additional data of a Higgs field and the curvature of the S1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S^1$$\end{document}-bundle; this can be interpreted as a Gibbons–Hawking-type ansatz for Spin(7)-structures. In particular, we show that if N is a Spin(7)-manifold, then M cannot have holonomy contained in G2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G_2$$\end{document} unless the N is in fact a Calabi–Yau fourfold and M is the product of a Calabi–Yau threefold and an interval. By inverting this construction, we give examples of SU(4) holonomy metrics starting from torsion-free SU(3)-structures. We also derive a new formula for the Ricci curvature of Spin(7)-structures in terms of the torsion forms. We then describe this S1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S^1$$\end{document}-quotient construction in detail on the Bryant–Salamon Spin(7) metric on the spinor bundle of S4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S^4$$\end{document} and on flat R8\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbb {R}^8$$\end{document}.


Introduction
In 1955, Berger classified the possible holonomy groups of irreducible, nonsymmetric, simply connected Riemannian manifolds [6]. The classification included the two exceptional cases of holonomy groups: G 2 and Spin (7), of which no examples were known at the time. It is only in 1987 that Bryant proved the existence of local examples in [9], and subsequently, explicit complete non-compact examples were constructed by Bryant and Salamon in [11]. There are by now many known examples of holonomy G 2 and Spin(7) metrics cf. [3,8,19,20,30], yet very few explicitly known ones. In [2], Apostolov and Salamon studied the S 1 -reduction of G 2 -manifolds and investigated the situation when the quotient is a Kähler manifold. By inverting their construction, they were able to give several local examples of holonomy G 2 metrics starting from a Kähler threefold with additional data. Motivated by their work, in this article we shall carry out the analogous construction in the Spin (7) setting, but more generally, we shall look at S 1 -invariant Spin(7)-structures which are not necessarily torsion free. The situation when N is a Spin(7)-manifold has also been studied by Foscolo in [19]. One motivation for studying the non-torsion-free cases lies in the fact that they also have interesting geometric properties; for instance, balanced Spin(7)-structures admit harmonic spinors [28] and compact locally conformally parallel are fibred by nearly parallel G 2 manifolds [29]. A further motivation is that Spin(7)-structures have only two torsion classes and thus have only four types, whereas G 2 -structures have four classes, thus allowing for a more refined decomposition of the Spin(7) torsion classes. The outline for the rest of this article is as follows.
In Sect. 2, we give a brief introduction to G 2 and Spin(7)-structures and set up some notation. The reader will find proofs of the mentioned facts in the standard references [9,30,34].
In Sect. 3, we describe the quotient of Spin (7)-structures which are invariant under a free circle action. The foundational result is Proposition 3.2, which gives explicit expressions relating the torsion of the Spin(7)-structure on the 8-manifold N to the torsion of the quotient G 2 -structure on M together with a positive function s and the curvature of the S 1 bundle. The key observation is that this construction is reversible. In the subsequent subsections, we specialise to the three cases when the Spin(7)-structure is torsion free, locally conformally parallel and balanced. In the torsion-free situation, we show that quotient manifold cannot have holonomy equal to G 2 unless N is a Calabi-Yau fourfold and M is the Riemannian product of a Calabi-Yau threefold and a circle. We also give explicit expressions for the SU(4)-structure in terms of the data on the quotient manifold, see Theorem 3.6. In the locally conformally parallel situation, we show that M has vanishing Λ 3 27 torsion component, and furthermore, if the Λ 3 1 torsion component is nonzero, then N = M × S 1 , see Theorem 3.7. In the balanced situation, we show that the existence of an invariant Spin (7)-structure is equivalent to the existence of a suitable section of Λ 2 14 of the quotient space, see Theorem 3.9. We provide several examples to illustrate each case.
In Sect. 4, we derive formulae for the Ricci and scalar curvatures of Spin(7)-structures in terms of the torsion forms à la Bryant cf. [10], see Proposition 4.1. As a corollary, under our free S 1 action hypothesis, we show that the Λ 2 7 component of the curvature form corresponds to the mean curvature vector of the circle fibres.
In the last two sections, we demonstrate how our construction can be applied to the Bryant-Salamon Spin(7)-structure on the (negative) spinor bundle of S 4 and on the flat Spin(7)structure on ℝ 8 . In the former case, the quotient space is the anti-self-dual bundle of S 4 , and in the latter, it is the cone on ℂℙ 3 . We interpret the quotient of the spinor bundle as a fibrewise reverse Gibbons-Hawking ansatz. In both cases, we also study the SU(3)-structure on the link ℂℙ 3 .

Preliminaries
A G 2 -structure on a 7-manifold M 7 is given by a 3-form that can be identified at each point p ∈ M 7 with the standard one on ℝ 7 : where dx ijk denotes dx i ∧ dx j ∧ dx k . More abstractly, it can equivalently be defined as a reduction of the structure group of the frame bundle of M from GL(7, ℝ) to G 2 , but we shall use the former more concrete definition. The reason for this nomenclature is the fact that the subgroup of GL(7, ℝ) which stabilises 0 is isomorphic to the Lie group G 2 . Since G 2 is (2.1) 0 = dx 123 + dx 145 + dx 167 + dx 246 − dx 257 − dx 347 − dx 356 a subgroup of SO(7) [9], it follows that defines a Riemannian metric g and volume form vol on M 7 . Explicitly, these are given by Thus, also defines a Hodge star operator * . It is known that a 7-manifold admits a G 2 -structure if and only if its first and second Stiefel-Whitney classes vanish [33], so there is a plethora of examples. One of the main motivations for studying this structure is that if is parallel with respect to the Levi-Civita connection ∇ g (which is a first-order condition), then it has holonomy contained in G 2 and the metric is Ricci-flat. Such a manifold is called a G 2 -manifold. Note that in contrast, the Ricci-flat system of equations is second order. The fact that is parallel implies the reduction of the holonomy group from SO (7) to (a subgroup of) G 2 , and conversely, a holonomy G 2 metric implies the existence of such a 3-form. A useful alternative way to verify the parallel condition is given by the following theorem: The failure of the reduction of the holonomy group to G 2 is measured by the intrinsic torsion. Abstractly, given a general H-structure for a subgroup H ⊂ O(n) the intrinsic torsion is defined as a section of the associated bundle to ℝ n ⊗ ⟂ where (n) = ⊕ ⟂ and ⟂ denotes the orthogonal complement with respect to the Killing form. We shall only give a brief description here, but more details can be found in [10,34]. The space of differential forms on M 7 can be decomposed as G 2 -modules as follows: where the subscript denotes the dimension of the irreducible module. Using the Hodge star operator, we get the corresponding splitting for Λ 4 , Λ 5 and Λ 6 . The intrinsic torsion is given by dim(ℝ 7 ⊗ ⟂ 2 ) = 49 equations and can be described using the equations where 0 ∈ Ω 0 , 1 ∈ Ω 1 7 , 2 ∈ Ω 2 14 and 3 ∈ Ω 4 27 . Here, we are denoting by Ω i j the space of smooth sections of Λ i j . The fact that 1 arises in both equations can be proved using the following: In contrast to the non-torsion-free case, manifolds with holonomy equal to G 2 are much harder to find. G 2 -structures for which is (co-)closed are usually called (co-)calibrated. Another notion we shall need is that of a G 2 -instanton.

Definition 2.3
principal G-bundle whose curvature form F A satisfies Equivalently, F A belongs to Ω 2 14 , as an ad(P)-valued 2-form on M 7 .
Instantons are solutions of the Yang-Mills equations and as such play an important role in studying topological properties of M 7 . There is a similar geometric structure to G 2 -structures in dimension eight, again related to exceptional holonomy.
A Spin (7)-structure on an 8-manifold N 8 is given by a 4-form Φ that can be identified at each point q ∈ N 8 with the standard one on ℝ 8 : where we have augmented the G 2 module ℝ 7 by ℝ with coordinate x 0 . The subgroup of GL(8, ℝ) which stabilises Φ 0 is isomorphic to Spin(7) cf. [11,34]. From this definition, it is clear that G 2 arises as a subgroup of Spin (7). Since Spin (7) is a subgroup of SO (8), it follows that Φ defines a metric g Φ , volume form vol Φ and Hodge star * Φ . Explicitly, the volume form is given by but the expression for g Φ is much more complicated than in the G 2 case cf. [31, section 4.3]. An 8-manifold admits a Spin (7)-structure if and only if, in addition to having zero first and second Stiefel-Whitney classes, either of the following holds cf. [25,33], noting that the '8' factor is accidentally omitted in the former. If Φ is parallel with respect to the Levi-Civita connection ∇ g Φ , then the metric g Φ has holonomy contained in Spin (7) and the metric is Ricci-flat. Such a manifold is called a Spin(7)-manifold. Just as in the G 2 situation, we have the following alternative formulation of the torsion-free condition: The space of differential forms on N 8 can be decomposed as Spin(7)-modules as follows: We shall write Λ i j (M 7 ) or Λ i j (N 8 ) if there is any possible ambiguity. There is also an injection map i ∶ S 2 ↪ Λ 4 which restricts to an isomorphism of Spin(7)-modules where S 2 0 denotes the space of traceless symmetric (0, 2)-tensors. Note that (g Φ ) = 8Φ . We denote by the inverse map extended to Λ 4 as the zero map on Λ 4 7 ⊕ Λ 4 27 . Similarly, the intrinsic torsion is given by dim(ℝ 8 ⊗ (7) ⟂ ) = 56 equations and is completely determined by the exterior derivative of Φ in view of Theorem 2.4. This can be written as where T 5 48 is defined by the condition * Φ T 5 48 ∧ Φ = 0. If T 1 8 vanishes, the Spin(7)-structure is called balanced, if T 5 48 vanishes, it is locally conformally parallel, and if both are zero, then it is torsion free.
In this article, we shall often use the suggestive notation l m for an l-form to mean that l m ∈ Ω l m or write ( ) l m for the Ω l m -component of an l-form . Having set up our convention, we now proceed to describe the S 1 -reduction of Spin(7)-structures.

The quotient construction
Given an 8-manifold N 8 endowed with a Spin(7)-structure Φ which is invariant under a free circle action generated by a vector field X, the quotient manifold M 7 inherits a natural G 2 -structure ∶= X Φ. We can write the Spin(7) form as where s = ‖X‖ −1 Φ , (⋅) = s 2 g Φ (X, ⋅) and * is the Hodge star induced by on M. The proof for this expression is analogous to that of Lemma 3.1. The assumption that the action is free, i.e. X is nowhere vanishing, implies that s is a well-defined strictly positive function. The metrics and volume forms of M and N are related by In this setup, can be viewed as a connection 1-form on the S 1 -bundle N over M and d is its curvature, which by Chern-Weil theory defines a section in Ω 2 (M, ℤ) . We denote by (d ) 2 7 and (d ) 2 14 its two components. Under the inclusion G 2 ↪ Spin(7), we may decompose the torsion forms of (2.5) further as where f is (the pullback of) a function on M 7 and all the differential forms on the right-hand side, aside from , are basic. Note that 56 = 8 + 48 = (1 + 7) + (7 + 14 + 7 + 27) = 49 + 7 where 56 and 49 are the dimensions of the space of intrinsic torsions of Spin(7)-and G 2structures. This simple dimension count confirms the absence of any T 4 1 term. Moreover, this says that the intrinsic torsion of Φ is determined by that of together with a section of a rank 7 vector bundle. In order to relate the intrinsic torsion of the Spin(7)-structure to that of the G 2 -structure, we first need to relate their Hodge star operators.
Lemma 3.1 Given ∈ Λ 2 7 (Y) , ∈ Λ 2 14 (Y) , ∈ Λ 1 7 (Y) and using the same notation for their pullbacks to N 8 , we have Proof This is a straightforward computation using 3.2, 3.3 and the characterisation of Λ 2 7 and Λ 2 14 as having eigenvalues +2 and −1 under wedging with and taking the Hodge star [9]. We prove (1) as an example. Since we only need to prove the above formula holds at each point, we may pick coordinates at a point q ∈ N such that = dx 0 and = 0 . For any given ∈ Ω 2 (Y), we then have If = from [9], we have * ( ∧ ) = 2 , which completes the proof of (1). ◻

Proposition 3.2
The intrinsic torsion of the Spin(7)-structure and G 2 -structure is related by Proof Using Lemmas 2.2 and 3.1, we compute It now suffices to use the identity 7 * Φ T 1 8 = * Φ (dΦ) ∧ Φ cf. [32] and compare terms. ◻ Remark 3.3 Note that the above construction can also be extended to non-free S 1 actions by working on the complement of the fixed point locus. The fixed point locus then corresponds to the region where s blows up. We shall in fact see an example of this below when we look at the Bryant-Salamon Spin(7) metric.
Equipped with the above proposition, we can now proceed to study the quotient of different types of Spin(7)-structures.  (5), we see that 0 , 1 and 3 must vanish. The curvature equations follow from (3.4) and (4). ◻

The torsion-free quotient
The above equations have also been described as a Gibbons-Hawking-type ansatz for Spin(7)-manifolds in [19], where the author studies 'adiabatic limits' of the equations to produce new complete non-compact Spin(7)-manifolds. The pair (3.6) and (3.7) generally constitutes a complicated system of PDEs. A strategy for solving this system and hence constructing Spin(7) metrics on the total space involves taking a formal limit of the equations as the size of the circle fibres tends to zero and thus allowing for the system to degenerate to the torsion-free G 2 equations. One then employs analytical techniques to perturb the latter equations to construct solutions to the original system. This limiting procedure of shrinking the fibres is referred to as the 'adiabatic limit' following a related strategy outlined in [15] in the context of K3-fibred G 2 manifolds.

Remark 3.5
(1) First, we note that in our setting if (N, Φ) has holonomy equal to Spin (7), then it is necessarily non-compact. This follows essentially from the Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem which asserts that if (N, Φ) is compact and Ricci-flat, then its universal cover is isometric to ℝ k × P 8−k where P is a simply connected Riemannian manifold and carries the flat metric. Under the hypothesis that it admits a free isometric S 1 action, it follows that k ≥ 1 which together with Berger's classification of holonomy groups implies that (the identity component of) the holonomy group of N must be a subgroup of G 2 .
(2) If the size of the circle orbits is constant, i.e. s is constant, then 2 is proportional to d , so in particular 2 is closed. But from equation (4.35) of [10], If we now further demand that (M 7 , ) is also torsion free, then this forces the connection to be a [11,34], but we also have i.e. d and d(s 4∕3 ) are G 2 -equivalent; therefore, the two components of ∇ds are completely determined by the Λ 3 1 and Λ 3 27 components of dd = 0 ∈ Λ 3 . Hence, ds is a covariantly constant 1-form as such Hol ⊊ G 2 [11,Theorem 4]. Thus, we have proven the following: The above theorem in fact recovers the so-called Calabi model space. More precisely, given a compact CY manifold together with an ample line bundle L, the Calabi ansatz gives a way of defining a new CY metric on an open set of L. Although incomplete, the Calabi model space provides a good approximation for the asymptotic behaviour of the complete Tian-Yau metrics and has recently been employed in [26] to study new degenerations of hyperKähler metrics on K3 surfaces. Observe that taking (Z 6 , h) to be the Riemannian product of a hyper-Kähler metric obtained by the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz and a flat torus 2 , we get infinitely many holonomy SU(4) metrics. We now give a simple example to illustrate this construction.
The metric below has also been described in [21] as a solution to the Hitchin flow starting from a 7-nilmanifold endowed with a cocalibrated G 2 -structure.
Example Consider 6 , with coordinates i ∈ [0, 2 ) , endowed with the flat CY-structure defines a non-trivial S 1 -bundle diffeomorphic to the nilmanifold P with nilpotent Lie algebra (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12 + 34 + 56) where we are using Salamon's notation cf. [35]. The connection form is given by where 7 denotes the coordinate of the S 1 fibre. Writing s = r 3 , the CY metric on P × ℝ + can be written as Using Maple, we have been able to verify that indeed the matrix of curvature 2-form has rank 15 everywhere, confirming that the holonomy is equal to SU(4). If we set = 2 5 r 5 , then the metric can be written as and in this form, we can easily show that the volume growth ∼ 8∕5 and the curvature tensor |Rm| ∼ −2 as → ∞. This metric is in fact incomplete at the end → 0 and complete at the end → ∞. By way of comparing with the approach in [21], the SU(4) holonomy metric can also be obtained by evolving the cocalibrated G 2 -structure on P given by in the notation of Theorem 3.6. Our approach however avoids the problem of having to solve the Hitchin flow evolution equations, and moreover, it explains why one only obtains SU(4) holonomy metrics rather than Spin(7) ones.
As we have just seen, one cannot obtain a holonomy G 2 metric from a Spin(7)-manifold via this construction. This suggests to study instead the geometric structure of the quotient calibrated G 2 -structure. We shall do so in detail for the Bryant-Salamon Spin(7) metric in Sect. 5.3.

The locally conformally parallel quotient
is a locally conformally parallel Spin (7)-structure which is S 1 -invariant, then at least one of the following holds: (1) N 8 ≃ M 7 × S 1 and the G 2 -structure on M has 3 = 0 in the notation of 2.2, or (2) (M 7 , ) is locally conformally calibrated, i.e. 0 and 3 are both zero, and hence, 1 is closed.
As wedging with Φ defines an isomorphism of Λ 2 and Λ 6 , it follows that T 1 8 is closed. Since L X Φ = 0, we have and this shows that Since the latter is exact, the Chern class is zero and the bundle is topologically trivial, i.e. Ivanov et al. prove that any compact locally conformally parallel Spin (7)structure fibres over an S 1 and each fibre is endowed with a nearly parallel G 2 -structure, i.e. the only nonzero torsion form is 0 . Thus, it follows from Proposition 3.2 that one can construct many such examples by taking N 8 = M 7 × S 1 where M 7 is a nearly parallel G 2 -manifold and endows N 8 with the product Spin(7)-structure. In particular, these examples cover case (1) above where the S 1 is only acting on the second factor. We also point out that aside from the fact that the cone metric on a nearly parallel G 2 manifold has holonomy contained in Spin (7), there exists another Einstein metric, with instead positive scalar curvature, on (0, ) × M 7 given by the sine-cone construction: The latter metric however does not seem to have been studied in detail in the literature. The fact that g sc is Einstein is easily deduced since its Riemannian cone is Ricci-flat. Let us now show how situation (2) can arise. The reader might find it helpful to compare the following example with Sect. 6.
Example As above, let N 8 = S 7 × S 1 , where S 7 is given the nearly parallel G 2 -structure induced by restricting Φ 0 to S 7 ↪ ℝ 8 . The induced G 2 -structure S 7 satisfies and defines the standard round metric on S 7 . Consider any free S 1 action, generated by a unit vector field X, on S 7 preserving S 7 . We can then write cf. [2]. The intrinsic torsion of the quotient G 2 -structure on M 7 = ℂP 3 × S 1 , with coordinate on the circle, is then given by confirming that indeed 0 and 3 vanish, but 1 and 2 do not, cf. (2.2) and (2.3).
It is well known that a Spin(7)-structure can be equivalently characterised by the existence of a non-vanishing spinor , instead of the 4-form Φ . Following Theorem 2.4, the induced metric has holonomy contained in Spin (7) if and only if the spinor is parallel. From this perspective, the action of the Dirac operator D on the spinor was shown to be completely determined by the torsion form T 1 8 cf. [28, (7.21)]. As a consequence, it follows that balanced Spin(7)-structures are characterised by the fact that they admit harmonic spinors, i.e. D = 0.
In [4], the authors construct many such examples on nilmanifolds by adopting a spinorial point of view. We instead here describe, via a few simple examples, a construction of balanced Spin (7)-structures starting from suitable G 2 -structures. Henceforth, we shall restrict to the case when s = 1 so that (3.11) can be equivalently written as ∈ H 2 (M, ℤ),  gives connections with curvature forms e 03 + e 12 and 2e 12 , respectively, and thus, we obtain two distinct balanced Spin (7)-structures. Denoting by e 5 , the Spin (7) form can once again be written in the standard form (2.4). This construction shows that given a balanced Spin (7)-structure on an S 1 -bundle, we can modify the Λ 2

14
-component of the curvature form while keeping its Λ 2 7 -component, already determined by 1 , unchanged to construct a new balanced structure.
Suppose that we have fixed d = de 5 = 2e 12 . We can now take the S 1 -quotient with respect to the Killing vector field e 4 . In other words, the total space can be viewed as a different circle bundle with the new connection form ̃∶= e 4 . We can repeat the above procedure with the new G 2 -structure ̃∶= e 4 ⌟ Φ , explicitly given by which of course has ̃0 = 0 . Once again to construct a balanced Spin (7)-structure, we need a connection 1-form satisfying If we choose then d = e 02 + e 31 + e 51 + 2e 26 + e 37 indeed defines an element in H 2 (M, ℤ) . Thus, this gives yet another balanced Spin(7)-structure. These three examples were found in [4] denoted by N 6,22 , N 6,23 and N 6,24 , by instead using the spinorial approach described above and computing the Dirac operator.
The above examples in fact illustrate a new procedure for constructing balanced Spin(7)-structures on nilmanifolds: starting from an S 1 -invariant balanced Spin (7)structure on a nilmanifold, we know that the quotient G 2 -structure has 0 = 0 . Given that the de Rham complex of the quotient nilmanifold P 7 is completely determined by the Chevalley-Eilenberg complex of the associated nilpotent Lie algebra, it is relatively straightforward to compute the set (3.13), via say Maple. Thus, by choosing distinct s we can classify all invariant balanced Spin(7)-structures on different nilmanifolds which arise as circle bundles over (P 7 , ) . A general classification however appears to be quite hard. Closed G 2 -structures on nilpotent Lie algebras, hence with 0 = 0 , were classified in [13]. Although a classification of 7-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras is known cf. [24], those admitting G 2 -structures with only vanishing 0 are still unknown.
Having encountered several examples of Spin(7)-structures, it seems worth making a brief digression from our main example and derives some curvature formulae of Spin(7)-structures in terms of the torsion forms, rather than the metric, that the reader might find quite practical in specific examples.

Ricci and Scalar curvatures
In this section, we derive formulae for the Ricci and scalar curvatures of Spin (7)-structures in terms of the torsion forms. As a corollary, we show that under the free S 1 action hypothesis and that the circle orbits have constant size, (d ) 2 7 can be interpreted as the mean curvature vector of the circle orbits.
Formulae for the Ricci and scalar curvatures of G 2 -structures in terms of the torsion forms seem to have first appeared in [10, (4.28), (4.30)] and for the Spin(7) case in [28, (1.5), (7.20)]. The approach taken in each paper to derive the curvature formulae differs greatly. While Ivanov uses the equivalent description of Spin(7)-structures as corresponding to the existence of certain parallel spinors, Bryant uses a more representational theoretic argument. In [28], however, it is not obvious from the Ricci formula that it is a symmetric tensor and moreover the presence of a term involving the covariant derivative of the torsion form makes explicit computations quite hard. We instead adapt the technique outlined in [10, Remark 10] to the Spin(7) setting and derive an alternative formula. (7)-structure (N, Φ) are given by where ∶= − * Φ d * Φ is the codifferential of Φ.

Proposition 4.1 The Ricci and scalar curvatures of a Spin
Proof Following Bryant's argument in [10] for the G 2 case, we first define the two Spin(7)modules V 1 and V 2 by where S k (ℝ 8 ) denotes the k th symmetric power. We shall refer to these modules to also mean the corresponding associated vector bundles on N. Representing irreducible Spin (7)modules by the highest weight vector, we have the following decomposition: It is known that the second-order term of the scalar curvature values in the trivial component of V 2 of which there is only one. This is spanned by T 1 8 . The first-order terms are at most quadratic in sections of V 1 of which there are only two components. These are just the norm squared of the torsion forms: ‖T 1 8 ‖ 2 Φ and ‖T 5 48 ‖ 2 Φ . So the scalar curvature can be expressed in terms of these three terms and to determine the coefficients it suffices to test it on a few examples. A similar argument applies for the traceless part of the Ricci tensor. The second-order terms correspond to sections of the module V 0,0,2 ≅ S 2 0 (ℝ 8 ) in V 2 , and there are exactly two of those. These are spanned by the projections of (T 1 8 ∧ Φ) and T 5 48 . For the first-order terms, they are given by sections of the module V 0,0,2 in S 2 (V 1 ). There are in fact four of those: one quadratic in T 1 8 , two quadratic in T 5 48 and one mixed term. All but one quadratic term in where is the codifferential of acting on k-forms by = (−1) k * d * .
Proof This is a straightforward albeit long computation using the expressions for the torsion forms of the Spin(7)-structure from Proposition 3.

◻
Of course, these formulae are far from practical to compute the scalar curvature, but nonetheless in the case of Riemannian submersions, they do simplify considerably. as the dual with respect to g of the 'mean' curvature vector of the S 1 fibres. For an immersed submanifold of codimension greater than one, the mean curvature is defined by a normal vector, rather than a scalar, cf. [7, (1.73)]. In our present situation, the 'mean' curvature of the circle fibres is determined by a vector in the rank 7 normal bundle, which we can identify with (d ) 2 7 . Therefore, it vanishes if and only if the circles are geodesics. Of course, the word 'mean' here is redundant as our submanifolds are only one dimensional.
We now turn to our main example, namely the S 1 quotient, of the Bryant-Salamon metric.

S 1 -quotient of the Spinor bundle of S 4
Let us first outline our general strategy to performing the quotient construction. Recall that the fibres of the spinor bundle of S 4 are diffeomorphic to ℝ 4 ≃ ℂ 2 . We shall consider the action of the diagonal U(1) in SU(2) on the fibres. This fibrewise quotient can be interpreted as a reverse Gibbons-Hawking (GH) ansatz. We begin by giving a brief overview of the GH construction in Sect. 5.1 and describe it in detail for the Hopf map by viewing our quotient construction as a fibrewise Hopf fibration in Sect. 5.2. Extending this to the total space, we construct the quotient G 2 -structure on the anti-self-dual bundle of S 4 , see Sect. 5.3. From the results of Sect. 3.1 we know that the quotient G 2 -structure cannot be torsion free, but on the other hand, it is well known that the anti-self-dual bundle of S 4 also admits a holonomy G 2 metric cf. [11]. Motivated by the fact that both of these G 2 -structures are asymptotic to a cone metric on ℂℙ 3 , we study the induced SU(3)-structures. In Sect. 5.4, we give explicit formulae for the SU(3)-structures on the link and show that in both cases the induced almost complex structure corresponds to the nearly Kähler one.

The Gibbons-Hawking ansatz
Since we shall use the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz in the next section, we quickly describe the general construction. In essence, it provides a local construction of hyperKähler metrics starting from a 3-manifold together with a connection form on an S 1 -bundle and a harmonic function. We begin by recalling the definition of a hyperKähler manifold.  ip is the moment map of the Hopf bundle, where the S 1 action is generated by left multiplication by −i . It turns out that this map can be smoothly extended to the origin whenever f is a suitable harmonic function. Moreover, one can recover the flat HK metric on ℝ 4 , which we shall describe explicitly in the next subsection.

S 1 -quotient of a fixed fibre of the spinor bundle
We begin by reminding the reader of the construction of the Bryant-Salamon Spin(7)-manifold. Given S 4 with the standard round metric and orientation, we denote by P ≃ SO(5) the total space of the SO(4)-structure. Since H 2 (S 4 , ℝ) = 0 , in particular the second Stiefel-Whitney class vanishes; hence, it is a spin manifold, so we can lift P to its double cover P . The spin group can be described explicitly via the well-known isomorphism where the ± subscripts distinguish the two copies of SU (2). Taking the standard representation of SU(2) − on ℂ 2 − , we construct the (negative) spinor bundle V − ∶=P × SU(2) − ℂ 2 − as an associated bundle.
There is also an action of SU(2) on the fibres of V − which can be described as follows. If we ignore the complex structure, the fibres of V − are simply ℝ 4 and its complexification is isomorphic to ℂ 2 − ⊗ ℂ 2 . The desired SU(2) action is the standard action on ℂ 2 and is well defined on the realification of V − ⊗ ℂ . In the description of the Bryant-Salamon construction in [11], this action on the fibre can also be viewed as a global Sp(1) action (acting on the right) on ℍ in thus commuting with the left action of Sp(1) − and hence passes to the quotient. Having now justified the existence of this SU(2) action, we fix a point, p ∈ S 4 and describe the action of an S 1 ↪ SU(2) on the fibre of V − . This will enable us to describe a fibrewise HK quotient and then reconstruct the ℝ 4 fibre using the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz with harmonic function f = 1∕2R where R denotes the radius in ℝ 3 − {0} as described in the previous section. Note that topologically, the base manifold is just the anti-self-dual bundle of S 4 which we denote by Λ 2 − S 4 . This is due to the fact that the quotient construction reduces the Sp(1) − action on the ℝ 4 − fibre to an action of SO(3) − on ℝ 3 = ℝ 4 ∕S 1 , as we shall see below, and the associated bundle construction for this representation is Λ 2 − S 4 cf. [34]. Let (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) denote the coordinates on the fibre, so that we may write the fibre metric as i.e. g denotes the restriction of the Bryant-Salamon metric g Φ to the vertical space. Denoting by r the radius function in the fibre, i.e.
Consider now the U(1) action on ℝ 4 ≅ ℂ 2 given by or equivalently by left multiplication by −i on ℍ . Note that this S 1 is just the diagonal torus of SU (2). The Killing vector field X generating this action is given by and thus ‖X‖ g = r . We also endow the fibre with a HK structure given by the triple They can be extended to a local orthonormal basis of the bundle Λ 2 − S 4 , but the resulting forms will not be closed. The spin bundle does have a global HK structure, but arising from SU(2) + and since we have already fixed one of its complex structures, this HK structure is not relevant. In view of our quotient construction, we define i.e is a connection 1-form on V − . The map where is the HK moment map for the U(1) action. By identifying ℝ 3 with Im(ℍ) , can also be expressed using quaternions as: Having described the GH ansatz for the Euclidean space, we proceed to our main example.

S 1 -quotient of the Bryant-Salamon cone metric
We shall now take the quotient of Bryant-Salamon metric by applying the above construction to each ℝ 4 fibre. The conical Bryant-Salamon Spin(7) 4-form is given (pointwise) in our notation by where { i } is a local basis of ASD forms on S 4 and dvol S 4 is the (pullback of) the volume form. The Spin (7) metric is then given by and so the 1-forms d i (or rather, * d i = d( i • ) ) have norm On the other hand, from (3.1) we compute so s = r −3∕5 . We know that the G 2 metric g satisfies Considering the volume form of the fibre of the quotient, we have Putting all together, we have We can now extend this pointwise construction to the whole of V − . From our construction, the induced G 2 -structure on the quotient is given (after rescaling) by We are here using the globally well-defined forms defined in [34, pg 94] (see also 'Appendix') where is tautological 2-form on the ASD bundle and 1 6 is the volume form of the fibre which was pointwise denoted by dx 1234 . By contrast, the holonomy G 2 form is given by Since the Bryant-Salamon metric on ℝ + × ℂℙ 3 is just the cone metric on ℂℙ 3 endowed with its nearly Kähler (NK) structure, we may also write it as where t denotes the coordinate of ℝ + and g NK ∶= 1 2 g S 4 + 1 4ĝ S 2 is the NK metric (up to homothety). Here, we are interpreting g NK as a metric on the twistor space of S 4 where g S 4 denotes the pullback of the round metric and ĝ S 2 the metric on the S 2 fibres (see 'Appendix' for more details). Comparing BS with GH and using our expression for g BS , we can perform a pointwise computation as above and show that The quotient metric is thus the cone metric on the twistor space of S 4 but with 'smaller' S 2 fibres. In order to gain better understanding of the geometric structure on the ℂℙ 3 , we look at the induced SU(3)-structure.

Remarks on the induced SU(3)-structure on ℂℙ 3
We remind the reader that an SU(3)-structure on a 6-manifold consists of a non-degenerate 2-form and a pair of 3-forms Ω ± satisfying the compatibility conditions The relevance of this here comes the fact that oriented hypersurfaces in G 2 -structures naturally inherit such a structure. If denotes the unit normal to a hypersurface Q 6 , then the forms are given by: It is known that the NK structure on ℂP 3 satisfies In contrast, the SU(3)-structure ( GH , Ω + GH , Ω − GH ) on the link (for t = 1 ) of the quotient G 2 -structure satisfies The proof is a straightforward computation using the formulae in 'Appendix'. Two things worth noting are that Ω + GH = 32 25 Ω + NK = 8 25 d , so in particular both define the same almost complex structure and the extra-torsion component 1 5 − lives in [Λ 1,1 0 ]. Using the formulae from [5, Thm 3.4-3.6], we can confirm directly that this metric is not Einstein which is consistent with the canonical variation approach [7, pg. 258] which asserts that there are only two Einstein metrics in this family: the Fubini-Study metric and the NK one. Moreover, it was also shown in [20] that in fact there is no other cohomogeneity one NK structure on ℂP 3 . Nonetheless, the scalar curvature of g GH is still constant and positive: It is also worth pointing out that this SU(3)-structure is half-flat cf. [12,18] and as such can be evolved by the Hitchin flow to construct a torsion-free G 2 -structure. The resulting metric belongs to the general class of metrics of the form ∧ Ω ± = 0 and 2 which were considered in [14,Sect. 5B]. It was also shown, after suitable normalisations, that the Bryant-Salamon metrics are the only solutions to this system.

Remark 5.2
Observe that, as in the GH ansatz for the Hopf map, this construction extends to the smooth Bryant-Salamon Spin(7) metric with the same circle action but which now has as fixed point locus an S 4 corresponding to the zero section of the spinor bundle.
Extending the above construction to the smooth metric simply amounts to replacing R by R + 1 in the expressions BS and GH . Thus, we obtain a closed G 2 -structure on all of Λ 2 − S 4 .

S 1 -quotient of flat Spin(7) metric
We now consider a simpler situation that of the S 1 -reduction of the flat Spin (7)-structure This explicit construction was motivated by the work of Acharya, Bryant and Salamon [1] where they investigate the S 1 -reduction of the conical G 2 metric on ℝ + × ℂP 3 . We can identify There are natural actions given by Sp (2) acting by left multiplication and Sp(1) acting by multiplication on the right. The 1-forms i are simply the dual of the S 1 actions given by right multiplication by the imaginary quaternions. We consider the S 1 action generated by the vector field given by a diagonal U(1) ⊂ Sp (2). A simple computation shows that from which it follows that L X Φ 0 = 0 . Thus, we get a closed G 2 -structure on the quotient space ℝ + × ℂP 3 given by = X Φ from 3.1. Noting that Φ 0 is also invariant by the right S 1 action generated by the vector field i.e L Y Φ 0 = 0, and that both S 1 actions commute, we can take the (topological) 2 reduction to the 6-manifold ℝ 3 ⊕ ℝ 3 − {0} . More concretely, we can split ℝ 8 = ℝ 4 ⊕ ℝ 4 with coordinates x 0 , x 1 , x 4 , x 5 on the first factor and x 2 , x 3 , x 6 , x 7 on the second and we consider the equivalent 2 action given by the vector fields 1 2 (X + Y) and 1 2 (X − Y) , each acting nontrivially on only one ℝ 4 factor. Using the HK moment maps as in the previous section, we get coordinates u i and v i on ℝ 3 ⊕ ℝ 3 − {0} given by These coordinates can now be pulled back to ℝ + × ℂP 3 and will allow us to give an explicit expression for . From this point of view, we have the S 1 -bundle: Following the Apostolov-Salamon construction [2], we can write where H ∶= ‖Y‖ −1 , is the connection 1-form defined by We now give coordinate expressions for the aforementioned differential forms. .

3
The proof is a long computation which was carried out with the help of Maple. One can directly verify the above formulae hold using the definitions of u i , v i and expressing them in terms of x i . The reader might find it interesting to compare our expressions to those in [1] for the torsion-free G 2 quotient.
In [27], Hitchin shows that an SU(3)-structure is completely determined by the pair ( , Ω + ) . Note that here Ω + can easily be read off from the expressions for and H in Proposition 6.1 and formula (6.1). Thus, we can explicitly compute the induced complex structure and metric on ℝ 3 ⊕ ℝ 3 − {0}.

Proposition 6.2 The metric induced by
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Appendix
For the convenience of the reader and to make this article self-contained, we describe the construction of the Bryant-Salamon metrics on the anti-self-dual bundle of S 4 . We shall follow the approach described in [34]. The reader will find proofs of the assertions made therein. Considering S 4 embedded in ℝ 5 with coordinates x 1 , … , x 5 , we may choose the following local orthonormal frame where R 2 = x 2 1 + x 2 2 + x 2 3 + x 2 4 . Denoting by e i the corresponding coframe, we compute the following: In the Cartan moving frame setting, the structure equations are given by d = − ∧ and F = d + ∧ ∈ Λ 2 ⊗ (4) where is the Levi-Civita connection form and F the curvature. We compute them as Here, we are only writing the upper triangular entries since the matrices are skew-symmetric. The second equation confirms that the round metric has constant curvature and that the scalar curvature is 12. We can define a local orthonormal basis of the anti-self-dual bundle by c 1 ∶= e 12 − e 34 , c 2 ∶= e 13 − e 42 and c 3 ∶= e 14 − e 23 . induces a connection on this bundle given by . These forms can all be pulled back to the total space of the ASD bundle which we denote by the same letter. We introduce fibre coordinates (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) with respect to the coordinate system defined by c i . We can define vertical 1-forms by i.e. they vanish on horizontal vectors. Together with the pull back of the e i , they give an absolute parallelism of the ASD bundle. The following forms are all SO(4)-invariant and are hence globally well defined on the total space: The unit ( = 1) sphere bundle is diffeomorphic to ℂP 3 , and restricting the above forms, we have The subscript FS refers to the Fubini-Study metric and NK to the nearly Kähler one. Our choice of scaling was made to fit the conventions of Sect. 5.1. The Bryant-Salamon form is then given by where u = (2 + 1) 1∕4 and v = (2 + 1) −1∕4 .