Abstract
Sea ice on the Southern Ocean has large seasonal variations. Floe size distribution has an important influence on the dynamic and thermodynamic processes of sea ice in the region with large seasonal variation and the Marginal Ice Zone. In the work, we introduced a prognostic floe size distribution (FSD) into a sea ice model and improved the calculation of lateral melt of sea ice. On this basis, we implemented two schemes of sea ice fragmentation for ocean waves and performed case studies on the effects of swell fracture on Antarctic sea ice variations. From the studies, we show it that the two schemes of sea ice fragmentation have unique characteristics in the mass transfer of sea ice among the floe size categories; if the break-up of ice floe is neglected, the effect of the improvement in lateral melt rate calculation on sea ice simulation is not significant; the simulated patterns of reduced sea ice concentration in March because of the effects of sea ice fragmentation and modification in calculation of lateral melt rate are similar since the two schemes of sea ice fragmentation both have close connections with sea ice thickness; the simulated sea ice area fraction for individual floe size categories varies with sea ice fragmentation schemes; this is due to their difference in characteristics of sea ice mass transfer among the floe size categories.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong AE, Tremblay LB, Mysak LA (2003) A data-model intercomparison study of Arctic sea-ice variability. Clim Dyn 20:465–476
Asplin MG, Scharien R, Else B, Howell S, Barber DG, Papakyriakou T, Prinsenberg S (2014) Implications of fractured Arctic perennial ice cover on thermodynamic and dynamic sea ice processes. J Geophys Res Oceans 119:2327–2343
Dumont D, Kohout A, Bertino L (2011) A wave-based model for the marginal ice zone including a floe breaking parameterization. J Geophys Res 116:C04001
Holland MM, Bitz CM, Tremblay B (2006) Future abrupt reductions in summer Arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 33:L23503
Horvat C, Tziperman E (2015) A prognostic model of the sea ice floe size and thickness distribution. Cryosphere 9:2119–2134
Hu A, Rooth C, Bleck R, Deser C (2002) NAO influence on sea ice extent in the Eurasian coastal region. Geophys Res Lett 29:2053
Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH, Turner AK, Jeffery N, Elliott S (2015) CICE: The Los Alamos Sea ice model documentation and software user’s manual version 5.1. Tech. Rep.LA-CC-06–012. http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/cicedoc2015.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2019
Janssen P (2004) The interactions of ocean waves and wind. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge
Jenkins AD (2007) The interaction of ocean surface processes, waves, and turbulence in the adjacent boundary layers. In: Garbe CS et al (eds) Transport at the air-sea interface: measurements, models and parameterizations. Springer, Berlin, pp 145–158
Kohout AL, Meylan MH (2008) An elastic plate model for wave attenuation and ice floe breaking in the marginal ice zone. J Geophys Res 113:C09016
Lang A, Yang S, Kaas E (2017) Sea ice thickness and recent warming. Geophys Res Lett 44:409–418
Lange MA, Ackley SF, Wadhams P (1989) Development of sea ice in the Weddell Sea. Ann Glaciol l12:92–96
Langhorne PJ, Squire VA, Fox C, Haskell TG (1998) Break-up of sea ice by ocean waves. Ann Glaciol 27:438–442
Large WG, Yeager SG (2009) The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Clim Dyn 33:341–364
Laxon S, Peacock N, Smith D (2003) High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region. Nature 425:947–950
Lüpkes C, Gryanik VM, Hartmann J, Andreas EL (2012) A parametrization, based on sea ice morphology, of the neutral atmospheric drag coefficients for weather prediction and climate models. J Geophys Res 117:D13112
Makshtas AP, Shoutilin SV, Andreas EL (2003) Possible dynamic and thermal causes for the recent decrease in sea ice in the Arctic Basin. J Geophys Res 108(C7):3232
Meylan MH, Squire VA (1994) The response of ice floes to ocean waves. J Geophys Res 99:891–900
Perovich DK, Jones KF (2014) The seasonal evolution of sea ice floe size distribution. J Geophys Res 119:8767–8777
Roach LA, Horvat C, Dean SM, Bitz CM (2018) An emergent sea ice floe size distribution in a global coupled ocean-sea ice model. J Geophys Res Oceans 123:4322–4337
Roach LA, Bitz CM, Horvat C, Dean SM (2019) Advances in modelling interactions between sea ice and ocean surface waves. J Adv Model Earth Syst 11:4167–4181
Rosati A, Miyakoda K (1988) A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation. J Phys Oceanogr 18:1601–1622
Soh LK, Tsatsoulis C, Holt B (1998) Identifying ice floes and computing ice floe distributions in SAR images. In: Tsatsoulis C, Kwok R (eds) Analysis of SAR Data of the Polar Oceans. Springer Verlag, New York, pp 9–34
Squire VA (2007) Of ocean waves and sea ice revisited. Cold Reg Sci Technol 49:110–133
Squire VA, Dugan JP, Wadhams P, Rottier PJ, Liu AJ (1995) Of ocean waves and sea ice. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 27:115–168
Squire VA, Vaughan GL, Bennetts LG (2009) Ocean surface wave evolvement in the Arctic Basin. Geophys Res Lett 36:L22502
Stammerjohn S, Massom R, Rind D, Martinson D (2012) Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison. Geophys Res Lett 39:L06501
Steele M (1992) Sea ice melting and floe geometry in a simple ice-ocean model. J Geophys Res 97:17729–17738
Stubenrauch CJ, Rossow WB, Kinne S, Ackerman S, Cesana G, Chepfer H, Di Girolamo L, Getzewich B, Guignard A, Heidinger A, Maddux BC, Menzel WP, Minnis P, Pearl C, Platnick S, Poulsen C, Riedi J, Sun-Mack S, Walther A, Winker D, Zeng S, Zhao G (2013) Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: project and database initiated by the GEWEX radiation panel. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 94:1031–1049
Thorndike AS, Rothrock DA, Maykut GA, Colony R (1975) The thickness distribution of sea ice. J Geophys Res 80:4501–4513
Toyota T, Kohout A, Fraser AD (2016) Formation processes of sea ice floe size distribution in the interior pack and its relationship to the marginal ice zone off East Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res II Top Stud Oceanogr 131:28–40
Tsamados M, Feltham DL, Schroeder D, FloccoD FSL, Kurtz N, Laxon SW, Vihma T, Pirazzini R, Fer I et al (2014) Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 14:9403–9450
Williams TD, Bennetts LG, Squire VA, Dumont D, Bertino L (2013) Wave-ice interactions in the marginal ice zone. Part 1: Theoretical foundations. Ocean Model 7:81–91
WMO (2014) WMO sea-ice nomenclature, WMO/OMM/BMO - No.259 Edition 1970 - 2014, WMO
Zhang J, Lindsay R, Schweiger A, Rigor I (2012) Recent changes in the dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: a model study. Geophys Res Lett 39:L20503
Zhang J, Schweiger A, Steele M, Stern H (2015) Sea ice floe size distribution in the marginal ice zone: Theory and numerical experiments. J Geophys Res Oceans 120:3484–3498
Zhang J, Stern H, Hwang B et al (2016) Modeling the seasonal evolution of the Arctic sea ice floe size distribution. Elem Sci Anth 4:126
Acknowledgments
The cloud amount data (CA_ISCCP_D1_AMPM_19842007.nc) was downloaded from the Climserv Data Center of IPSL/CNRS. Most of the work was planned and carried out during Liu’s visits to Cecilia M. Bitz at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Funding
This study was partly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0604104) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China (Grant No. 2019B00214).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Fanghua Xu
This article is part of the Topical Collection on the 11th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO), Wuxi, China, 17-20 June 2019
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Liao, G. & Lu, C. Case studies on the parameterization schemes of sea ice fragmentation for ocean waves. Ocean Dynamics 70, 1587–1601 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01415-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01415-y