Abstract
The complicated pattern of the chaotic ocean surface depends strongly on the interaction between wind and waves. An accurate representation of momentum and energy exchange at air–sea interface is very important for ocean modeling and climate studies. The exchange of momentum, heat, and moisture at the air–sea interface considered a fundamental process in the development of mesoscale atmospheric phenomena such as hurricanes and precipitating systems. Since these exchanges take place in the wave boundary layer, one cannot neglect the importance of ocean surface waves in modifying air–sea interaction processes. In this paper, the sensitivity of a regional coupled atmosphere–wave model to sea surface roughness parameterizations is discussed. In order to see the impact of sea spray in modifying the surface gravity waves, we have introduced a sea-spray parameterization in surface layer scheme of the atmospheric model. We have taken the case of Hurricane Isaac, formed in the Gulf of Mexico in 2012 for this study. It is observed that the newly added sea-spray scheme shows a better performance compared with three existing, well-known formulations. Thus, during extreme events, sea spray can play an important role in modifying the wind and wave height.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreas EL (2004) Spray stress revisited. J Phys Oceanogr 34:1429–1440
Bao JW, Fairall CW, Michelson SA, Bianco L (2011) Parameterizations of sea-spray impact on the air-sea momentum and heat fluxes. Mon Weather Rev 139:3781–3797
Barenblatt G, Chorin A, Prostokishin V (2005) A note concerning the light hill sandwich model of tropical cyclones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:11148–11150
Battjes JA, Janssen JPFM (1978) Energy loss and set-up due to breaking of random waves. Coast Eng Proc 1:569–587
Berg R (2013) Tropical cyclone report, Hurricane Isaac, 21 August–1 September 2012. National Hurricane Center, Miami
Booij N, Ris RC, Holthuijsen LH (1999) A third-generation wave model for coastal regions. Part I: Model description and validation. J Geophys Res C Ocean 104:7649–7666
Charnock H (1955) Wind stress on a water surface. Q J R Meteorol Soc 81:639–640
Chen F, Dudhia J (2001) Coupling an Advanced Land-Surface Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Monthly Weather Review 129:569–585
Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Andrae U, Balmaseda MA, Balsamo G, Bauer P, Bechtold P, Beljaars ACM, van de Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Dlesol C, Dragani R, Fuentes M, Geer AJ, Haimberger L, Healy SB, Hersbach H, Hólm EV, Isaken L, Källberg P, Kohler M, Matricardi M, McNally AP, Monge-Sanz BM, Morcrette J-J, Park BK, Peubey C, de Rosnay P, Tavoloato C, Thépaut J-N, Vitart F (2011) The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R Meteorol Soc 137:553–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828
Dietrich JC, Muhammad A, Curcic M, Fathi A, Dawson CN, Chen SS, Luettich RA Jr (2018) Sensitivity of storm surge predictions to atmospheric forcing during Hurricane Isaac. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 144:04017035
Donelan MA, Dobson FW, Smith SD, Anderson RJ (1993) On the dependence of sea surface roughness on wave development. J Phys Oceanogr 23:2143–2149
Donelan MA, Haus B, Reul N, Plant W, Stiassnie M et al (2004) On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds. Geophys Res Lett 31:L18306
Drennan WM, Graber HC, Hauser D, Quentin C (2003) On the wave age dependence of wind stress over pure wind seas. J Geophys Res 108:8062. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000715
Drennan WM, Taylor PK, Yelland MJ (2005) Parameterizing the sea surface roughness. J Phys Oceanogr 35:835–848
Edson JB, Jampana V, Weller RA, Bigorre SP, Plueddemann AJ, Fairall CW, Miller SD, Mahrt L, Vickers D, Hersbach H (2013) On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 43:1589–1610
Guan C, Xie L (2004) On the linear parameterization of drag coefficient over sea surface. J Phys Oceanogr 34:2847–2851
Hasselmann S, Hasselmann K, Allender JH, Barnett TP (1985) Computations and parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer in a gravity wave spectrum. Part II: Parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer for applications in wave models. J Phys Oceanogr 15:1378–1391
Hong S-Y, Lim J-OJ (2006) The WRF single moment six class scheme (WSM6). J Korean Meteorol Soc 42:129–151
Hwang PA (2011) A note on the ocean surface roughness spectrum. J Atmos Ocean Technol. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECH0812.1
Jacob R, Larson J, Ong E (2005) M Â N communication and parallel interpolation in CCSM using the model coupling toolkit. Preprint ANL/MCSP1225-0205. Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 25 pp.
Janssen PAEM (1991) Quasi-linear theory of wind-wave generation applied to wave forecasting. J Phys Oceanogr 21:1631–1642
Jarosz E, Mitchell DA, Wang DW, Teague WJ (2007) Bottom-up determination of air-sea momentum exchange under a major tropical cyclone. Science 315:1707–1709. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136466
Johnson HK, Hojstrup J, Vested HJ, Larsen SE (1998) On the dependence of sea surface roughness on wind waves. J Phys Oceanogr 28:1702–1716. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028\1702:OTDOSS
Jones PW (1998) A users guide for SCRIP: a spherical coordinate remapping and interpolation package. V 1.4, Los Alamos National Laboratory.http://www.climate.lanl.gov/Software/SCRIP/
Jones IS, Toba Y (2001) Wind stress over the ocean. pp 303, Cambridge University Press, New York
Kain JS (2004) The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: an update. J Appl Meteorol 43:170–181
Kain JS, Fritsch JM (1990) A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J Atmos Sci 47:2784–2802
Katsafados P, Papadopoulos A, Korres G, Varlas G (2016) A fully coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system for the Mediterranean Sea: interactions and sensitivity to the resolved scales and mechanisms. Geosci Model Dev 9:161–173
Komen GJ, Hasselmann S, Hasselmann K (1984) On the existence of a fully developed wind-sea spectrum. J Phys Oceanogr 14:1271–1285
Larson J, Jacob R, Ong E (2004) The model coupling toolkit: a new Fortran90 toolkit for building multiphysics parallel coupled models. Preprint ANL/MCS- P1208-1204. Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 25 pp.
Liu B, Guan C, Xie L (2012) The wave state and sea spray related parameterization of wind stress applicable from low to extreme winds. J Geophys Res C Ocean 117:C00J22
Liu WT, Katsaros KB, Businger JA, (1979) Bulk parameterization of air–sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J Atmos Sci 36:1722–1735
Madsen OS, Poon YK, Graber HC (1988) Spectral wave attenuation by bottom friction: theory. In Twenty First Coastal Eng Conf (pp. 492-504). Publ by ASCE
Makin V (2005) A note on the drag of the sea surface at hurricane winds. Bound-Layer Meteorol 115:169–176
Nakanishi M, Niino H (2006) An improved Mellor–Yamada level 3 model: its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog Bound. Layer Meteorol 119(2):397–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8
Nakanishi M, Niino H (2009) Development of an improved turbulence closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 87(5):895–912. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.895
Olabarrieta M, Warner JC, Armstrong B, Zambon JB, He R (2012) Ocean–atmosphere dynamics during Hurricane Ida and Nor’Ida: an application of the coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system. Ocean Model 43:112–137
Oost WA, Komen GJ, Jacobs CMJ, van Oort C (2002) New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE. Bound-Layer Meteorol 103:409–438
Perrie W, Ren X, Zhang W, Long Z (2004) Simulation of extratropical Hurricane Gustav using a coupled atmosphere–ocean-sea spray model. Geophys Res Lett 31:L03110
Perrie W, Andreas EL, Zhang W, Li W, Gyakum J, McTaggart-Cowan R (2005) Impact of sea spray on rapidly intensifying cyclones at mid latitudes. J Atmos Sci 62:1867–1883
Powell MD, Vickery PJ, Reinhold TA (2003) Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature 422:279–283
Rajesh Kumar R, Kumar BP, Satyanarayana A, Subrahamanyam DB, Rao A, Dube S (2009) Parameterization of sea surface drag under varying sea state and its dependence on wave age. Nat Hazards 49(2):187–197
Rutgersson A, Sætra Ø, Semedo A, Carlsson B, Kumar R (2010) Impact of surface waves in a regional climate model. Meteorol Z 19:247–257
Rutgersson A, Nilsson EO, Kumar R (2012) Introducing surface waves in a coupled wave-atmosphere regional climate model: impact on atmospheric mixing length. J Geophys Res Ocean 117(C11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007940
Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda MG, Huang XY, Wang W, Powers JG (2008) A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3, Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-475+STR. Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, USA
Smith SD (1988) Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J Geophys Res 93:15467–15472
Smith SD, Anderson RJ, Oost WA, Kraan C, Maat N, DeCosmo J, Katsaros KB, Davidson KL, Bumke K, Hasse L, Chadwick HM (1992) Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results. Bound Layer Meteor 60:109–142
Stewart RW (1974) The air-sea momentum exchange. Bound-Layer Meteorol 6:151–167
Stewart S (2012a) Tropical storm Isaac intermediate advisory number 34B (report). National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 30, 2012. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al09/al092012.public_b.034.shtml
Stewart S (2012b) Tropical storm Isaac public advisory number 39 (report). National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 30, 2012. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al09/al092012.public.039.shtml
Sullivan PP, McWilliams JC (2010) Dynamics of winds and currents coupled to surface waves. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 42:19–42
Taylor PK, Yelland MJ (2001) The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves. J Phys Oceanogr 31:572–590
Toba Y, Iida N, Kawamura H, Ebuchi N, Jones ISF (1990) The wave dependence of sea-surface wind stress. J Phys Oceanogr 20:705–721
Wahle K, Staneva J, Koch W, Fenoglio-Marc L, Ho-Hagemann H, Stanev EV (2017) An atmosphere–wave regional coupled model: improving predictions of wave heights and surface winds in the southern North Sea. Ocean Sci 13:289–301
Warner JC, Sherwood CR, Signell RP, Harris CK, Arango HG (2008a) Development of a three-dimensional, regional, coupled wave, current, and sediment-transport model. Comput Geosci 34:1284–1306
Warner JC, Perlin N, Skyllingstad E (2008b) Using the Model Coupling Toolkit to couple earth system models. Environ Model Softw 23:1240–1249
Warner JC, Armstrong B, He R, Zambon J (2010) Development of a coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system. Ocean Model 35:230–244
Wu J (1980) Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface near neutral conditions - a revisit. J Phys Oceanogr 10:727–740
Wu L, Rutgersson A, Sahlée E, Larsén XG (2015) The impact of waves and sea spray on modeling storm track and development. Tellus A Dyn Meteorol Oceanogr 67:27967. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.27967
Acknowledgments
We would like acknowledge to Dr. John Warner (USGC, Woods Hole) for providing access to the COAWST modeling system. This research work is sponsored by the New York University Abu Dhabi research project G1204. The authors are grateful to the high-performance computing team for providing necessary help and access to the Dalma HPC system at NYU Abu Dhabi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Tal Ezer
This article is part of the Topical Collection on the 10th International Workshop on Modeling the Ocean (IWMO), Santos, Brazil, 25–28 June 2018
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rajesh Kumar R, Sandeepan BS & Holland, D.M. Impact of different sea surface roughness on surface gravity waves using a coupled atmosphere–wave model: a case of Hurricane Isaac (2012). Ocean Dynamics 70, 421–433 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01327-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01327-6