Abstract
In a previous study, a device that combined two existing mixing methods to produce water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) without surfactant had been developed and tested on a small-scale engine by Ithnin et al. However, it is inapplicable for industrial burners with high fuel flow rate. Therefore, a device with a similar concept was developed in this study. W/D has been proven to improve combustion, but it was unknown if non-surfactant W/D made by the device can improve burner performance and exhaust emissions. The aim of this study is to analyse the fuel consumption, flame temperature and emissions of the industrial burner utilising Malaysian Diesel grade 2 (D2M) labelled as D2, surfactant-added W/D and non-surfactant W/D produced by the device. Both emulsion fuels tested contained 5%, 10% and 15% water by volume. Based on the comparative evaluation, the performance of non-surfactant W/D was comparable to surfactant-added W/D. Compared to D2, non-surfactant W/D reduced fuel consumption, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxides and hydrocarbons emissions by up to 17%, 53%, 34%, 24% and 44%, respectively. Although the increase in water content decreased the flame temperature, W/D with 5% water had higher flame temperature and had better fuel consumption than D2.
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The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for providing the facilities and equipment for this research. Highest appreciation goes to the Takasago Thermal Engineering Co. Ltd. for the financial support through International Research Grant Takasago (R.K130000.7343.4B415).
Funding
The facilities and equipment were provided by Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, and the research was financially supported by Takasago Thermal Engineering Co. Ltd. through International Research Grant Takasago (R.K130000.7343.4B415).
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Ili Fatimah Abd Razak contributed to investigation, formal analysis and writing—original draft; Wira Jazair Yahya contributed to supervision, methodology and writing—review and editing and acquired funding; Ahmad Muhsin Ithnin contributed to supervision, methodology and writing—review and editing; Mohd Rashid contributed to methodology, resources and writing—review and editing; Muhammad Ahmar Zuber helped in investigation; Hassanuddin Abd Kadir contributed to investigation and writing—review and editing; Syahrullail Samion and Hirofumi Noge provided resources.
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Abd Razak, I.F., Yahya, W.J., Ithnin, A.M. et al. Effects of different water percentages in non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel on the performance and exhaust emissions of a small-scale industrial burner. Clean Techn Environ Policy 23, 2385–2397 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02151-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02151-7