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Mechanische Thrombektomie

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  • Interventionelle Radiologie
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Wiener klinisches Magazin Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die endovaskuläre Schlaganfalltherapie hat sich seit ihrer Einführung zunehmend, vor allem in den letzten Jahren, weiterentwickelt. In dieser Übersicht wird ein Resümee der bisherigen Möglichkeiten, hauptsächlich der mechanischen Rekanalisierung, gegeben. Diese stellt heute die am weitesten verbreitete und nach aktuellen Studien die erfolgreichste Methode der endovaskulären Therapie dar. Das deutlichste Entwicklungspotential hatte hierbei die Einführung der stentähnlichen Retriever. Auch nach den 2013 erschienenen randomisierten Studien ist das allgemeine Fazit, dass nach Patientenselektion eine endovaskuläre Therapie mit einem modernen Stent-Retriever durchaus das klinische Outcome verbessern kann. In diesen Studien wurden lediglich ältere Geräte oder ein lokal rekombinanter gewebespezifischer Plasminogenaktivator (rtPA, „recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator“) verwendet, jedoch keine Stent-Retriever. Damit wird u. a. auch dadurch die Dateninterpretation etwas eingeschränkt und die Diskussion durchaus kontrovers.

Was kann also als aktueller Konsens angesehen werden? Für die A.-basilaris-Thrombose ist die endovaskuläre Therapie die mittlerweile akzeptierte Methode der Wahl. Im vorderen Kreislauf gelten nach Studienlage die langstreckigen Thromben als Indikationen für das endovaskuläre Vorgehen. Zudem sind für die Patientenauswahl wichtige bildgebungsgestützte Parameter entwickelt worden. Falls notwendig, können in der akuten Phase auch Gefäßdilatationen erfolgen; das Einbringen eines Stents ist möglich, muss aber aufgrund der erforderlichen Thrombozytenfunktionshemmung gut abgewogen werden.

Weitere Studien, die randomisiert die i.v.-Thrombolyse und die Thrombektomie mit modernen Geräten vergleichen sollen, sind nun wichtig und derzeit in Planung oder gerade begonnen worden. Patienten, bei denen eine Thrombektomie erwogen wird, sollten in diese Studien eingeschlossen werden.

Abstract

Since its introduction, endovascular stroke therapy has continued to be improved—especially in recent years. This review gives an overview of the methods used with special focuson mechanical thrombectomy. This method is up to now most widely used and was proven by several studies; the most significant development was the introduction of stent retrievers. Even since the publication of three randomized studies dealing with local versus systemic lysis in 2013, the common view underlines that with special patient selection thrombectomy could improve patient outcome. The mentioned studies did not use the modern stent retriever devices which is one critical point for the interpretation of the data and the discussion is in some respect controversial.

What can be reported as the current consensus strategy? Commonly, thrombosis of the basilar artery is still a clear indication for local thrombectomy. Stroke due to events in the anterior circulation were analyzed with respect to the thrombus length, with the conclusion being that long thrombus extension is an indicator for local therapy. Furthermore, important imaging-guided parameters have been developed for patient selection. If necessary, dilatation of a possible underlying stenosis can be performed during the acute therapy; implantation of a stent is also possible but has to be chosen carefully due to the mandatory antiplatlete therapy.

Today, further studies are planned or have just started to evaluate local thrombectomy with modern devices versus systemic thrombolysis in randomized trials.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. E.R. Gizewski gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Gizewski, E. Mechanische Thrombektomie. Wien klin Mag 17, 32–39 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00740-014-0193-0

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