Abstract
The modulation of plant growth and development through reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark during the interactions with microorganisms, but how fungi and their molecules influence endogenous ROS production in the root remains unknown. In this report, we correlated the biostimulant effect of Trichoderma atroviride with Arabidopsis root development via ROS signaling. T. atroviride enhanced ROS accumulation in primary root tips, lateral root primordia, and emerged lateral roots as revealed by total ROS imaging through the fluorescent probe H2DCF-DA and NBT detection. Acidification of the substrate and emission of the volatile organic compound 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one appear to be major factors by which the fungus triggers ROS accumulation. Besides, the disruption of plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) including ROBHA, RBOHD, but mainly RBOHE, impaired root and shoot fresh weight and the root branching enhanced by the fungus in vitro. RbohE mutant plants displayed poor lateral root proliferation and lower superoxide levels than wild-type seedlings in both primary and lateral roots, indicating a role for this enzyme for T. atroviride–induced root branching. These data shed light on the roles of ROS as messengers for plant growth and root architectural changes during the plant-Trichoderma interaction.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. León Francisco Ruíz Herrera for helping with image acquisition in laser confocal microscopy. SER and AAR are indebted to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for doctoral and MSc fellowship, respectively.
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This work was supported by grants from SEP-CONACYT A1-S-34768.
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SER, AAR, and JLB designed and performed experiments and interpreted data; RPF and AAR provided technical support and analyzed data. SER and JLB wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the submission.
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Esparza-Reynoso, S., Ávalos-Rangel, A., Pelagio-Flores, R. et al. Reactive oxygen species and NADPH oxidase-encoding genes underly the plant growth and developmental responses to Trichoderma. Protoplasma 260, 1257–1269 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01847-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01847-5