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Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination

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Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir, composed of cells harboring the latent, integrated virus, is not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. It therefore represents a significant barrier to curing the infection. The biology of HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms of their persistence, and effective strategies for their eradication are not entirely understood. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 reservoirs develop, the cells and compartments where the latent virus resides, and advancements in curative therapeutic strategies. We first introduce statistics and relevant data on HIV-1 infection, aspects of pathogenesis, the role of antiretroviral therapy, and the general features of the latent HIV reservoir. Then, the article is built on three main pillars: The molecular mechanisms related to latency, the different strategies for targeting the reservoir to obtain a cure, and the current progress in immunotherapy to counteract said reservoirs.

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Funding

This work was supported by Mincencias (project number 111584467553). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and interpretation or the decision to submit the work for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

    Mateo Chvatal-Medina, Carolina Lopez-Guzman, Francisco J. Diaz, Maria T. Rugeles & Natalia A. Taborda

  2. Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia

    Salomon Gallego & Natalia A. Taborda

  3. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Medellin, Envigado, Colombia

    Natalia A. Taborda

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  1. Mateo Chvatal-Medina
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Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the article. MCM, CLG, and MTR conceived the design of the study; MCM, CLG, and SGQ performed research for the articles reviewed; FJD, MTR, and NAT decided on the most important articles to include in the review; and MCM, FJD, SGQ, and NAT wrote the article. All authors approved the final draft of this article.

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Correspondence to Natalia A. Taborda.

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Chvatal-Medina, M., Lopez-Guzman, C., Diaz, F.J. et al. Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination. Arch Virol 168, 218 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05800-y

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