Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: update of taxonomy changes in 2021

In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-021-05205-9.

Bacteriophage and archaeal virus taxonomy has been formally under the auspices of the ICTV Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, which, at its inception in 1966, was named the Viruses of Prokaryotes Subcommittee, led by David E. Bradley (https:// talk. ictvo nline. org/ infor mation/ w/ ictv-histo ry). Given the revived interest in bacterial and archaeal viruses and recent enormous increase in the number of characterized isolates and need for creation of numerous taxa to classify them, the Executive Committee (EC) voted on the creation of two separate Subcommittees (EC51, July 2019), formally starting their mandates after EC52 (October 2020). The new Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee is chaired by Evelien Adriaenssens, supported by Dann Turner as the Vice Chair, and the new Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee is chaired by Mart Krupovic. Both Chairs were elected for three-year terms ending in 2023. As a result, this taxonomy update summarises both bacterial and archaeal virus proposals for the last time, reflecting the fact that proposals were submitted prior to the formal reorganisation of the original Subcommittee.
In the new Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee, we continue our structure of Study Groups (SGs), regional representatives and general members. We would like to welcome new members Jesca Nakavuma (Uganda), Alejandro Reyes (Colombia), Cristina Moraru (Germany), Susan Lehman (USA), Cédric Lood (Belgium) and Andrey Shkoporov (Ireland) and would like to thank those who have left the Subcommittee for their service.
In the framework of the Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, all taxonomic proposals dealing with archaeal viruses were handled by a single SG.

Taxonomy update
We had a record year of submissions of taxonomy proposals in 2020, with 188 proposals submitted, of which all but one were approved and ratified (Supplementary Table S1).
The changes at each of the taxonomic ranks in use for bacterial and archaeal viruses are summarised in Table 2. We   Table S1 and the associated proposals from the ICTV website (https:// talk. ictvo nline. org/ files/ ictv_ offic ial_ taxon omy_ updat es_ since_ the_ 8th_ report/ m/ proka ryote-offic ial). Instead, below we provide a brief overview of the most notable changes.

The new realm Adnaviria, a new megataxonomy of archaeal filamentous viruses
Recently, the taxonomic framework of the ICTV has been expanded from five to 15 ranks, with the highest-level rank, realm, being equivalent to the domain rank used for cellular organisms [1]. Until recently, four such realms had been established for classification of viruses infecting hosts from different domains of life [2,3]. This year, a new realm, Adnaviria, was created for classification of archaeal filamentous viruses with dsDNA genomes that adopt the A-form conformation within their virions [4,5]. The realm includes three families, Tristromaviridae, Rudiviridae and Lipothrixviridae, which are evolutionarily related to each other, but not to any other known group of viruses. The families Rudiviridae and Lipothrixviridae were already grouped together in the order Ligamenvirales [6], and a single-family order, Primavirales, has now been created for the family Tristromaviridae. The two orders are unified in the class Tokiviricetes, kingdom Zilligvirae and realm Adnaviria.

Class Caudoviricetes, order Caudovirales
We delineated three new families of short-tailed phages with small genomes that were formerly assigned to the family Podoviridae. The family Salasmaviridae, named in honour of Margarita Salas Falgueras, comprises the existing subfamily Picovirinae, which includes the classical bacillus phage φ29 and a range of related Bacillus-infecting phages with genomes between 18 and 27 kb in size. The family Rountreeviridae, named in honour of Phyllis Margaret Rountree, groups Enterococcus-infecting phages with genomes between 17 and 19 kb in size, whereas the family Guelinviridae, named after Antonina Guelin, groups Clostridiuminfecting phages with genome sizes between 16 and 19 kb.
The new family Schitoviridae, named after Giancarlo Schito, is the formalisation of the group of N4-like phages defined by the presence of a large virion-associated RNA polymerase, described in more detail in reference [7].
The new family Zobellviridae, named after Claude Zobell, groups a set of globally distributed podoviruses associated with marine ecosystems first proposed by Bischoff and colleagues [8].

Class Leviviricetes
Based on the investigation by Callanan and colleagues on the expansion of known ssRNA virus genomes [9], the family Leviviridae was elevated to the rank of class, named Leviviricetes (replacing the class Allassoviricetes), and expanded to include two orders (Norzivirales and Timlovirales) and six new families: Fiersviridae (renamed from the original family Leviviridae), Atkinsviridae, Duinviridae, Solspiviridae, Blumeviridae and Steitzviridae. A detailed description of the new taxa will be published separately.

Class Tectiliviricetes, new family Autolykiviridae
The new family Autolykiviridae formalises the group of nontailed dsDNA bacteriophages discovered and described by Kauffmann and colleagues [10], combining features of both corticoviruses and tectiviruses. This new family contains two new genera and five new species.

Order Halopanivirales, new families Matsushitaviridae and Simuloviridae
Until recently, the family Sphaerolipoviridae, which includes icosahedral tailless viruses with internal membranes, consisted of three genera, Alphasphaerolipovirus, Betasphaerolipovirus and Gammasphaerolipovirus. The first two of these genera included viruses infecting halophilic archaea, whereas the last one included phages infecting thermophilic bacteria [11]. Although viruses from the three genera are evolutionarily related [12], they display considerable sequence divergence. Thus, the genera Betasphaerolipovirus and Gammasphaerolipovirus have been renamed and moved from the Sphaerolipoviridae into new families, Simuloviridae and Matsushitaviridae (named after Isao Matsushita), respectively. The order Halopanivirales now contains a family of bacterial viruses, Matsushitaviridae, and two families of archaeal viruses, family Sphaerolipoviridae and Simuloviridae. As mentioned above, the order is under purview of a single Study Group, which is part of both the Archaeal Viruses SC and the Bacterial Viruses SC.

Order Tubulavirales, new family Paulinoviridae
The new family Paulinoviridae addresses the challenge of defining family demarcation criteria for phages with small genomes, where members of the same family would share at least two orthologous proteins. Informed by prior work on a gene-content network of predicted filamentous prophage sequences [13], we moved the genera Bifilivirus and Thomixvirus from the family Inoviridae to the family Paulinoviridae.

Online (10th) Report of the ICTV
Virus Taxonomy: The Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses -The Online (10th) Report of the ICTV is freely accessible at http:// ictv. global/ report, and summaries of the chapters on each virus family are published in the Journal of General Virology. In 2020, four new chapters on bacterial and archaeal viruses were produced by members of the Archaeal Viruses SC and Bacterial Viruses SC, namely, on the families Herelleviridae [14], Spiraviridae [15], Ovaliviridae [16] and Finnlakeviridae [17].

Conclusion
This past year has been extremely productive in terms of new bacterial and archaeal virus taxa described. It would not have been possible without an active pool of scientists, both within and outside the subcommittee and its study groups, who scour databases, perform analyses and submit proposals. We continue to encourage people to contact us to formalise new discoveries into the taxonomic framework and will keep reaching out to interested parties. Finally, we would like to acknowledge one person in particular, Prof Andrew Kropinski, the Subcommittee Chair from 2014-2020, who authored, co-authored and/or assisted with the majority of proposals that have been approved in the last decade.

Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the invaluable help from colleagues at NCBI, in particular Igor Tolstoy.

Declarations
Conflict of interest All authors are current or former members of the Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and/or Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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