Abstract
Deciphering magma evolution below ocean basaltic volcanoes is all the more challenging because magma mixing is a common process tending to modify the pristine geochemical diversity during magma ascent. On the western flank of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, transitional basalts have compositions that testify to origins down to the upper mantle and display a widespread geochemical diversity ranging from a tholeiitic affinity to an alkaline one. There, we show that evolved melt inclusions and matrix glasses (MgO < 9 wt%) record an alkali enrichment coupled with a Ca/Al ratio decrease, which tracks the effect of clinopyroxene crystallization at the depth of the mantle-crust underplating layer. At this depth and shallower, reverse zoning of olivine crystals, clinopyroxene dissolution, and hybrid melt compositions testify to extensive mixing processes leading to a homogenization of the pristine geochemical footprint of melts upon ascent. Enrichment in incompatible trace elements in some evolved melt inclusions suggests that magma ponding at the depth of the mantle-crust underplating layer favours also assimilation of melts originating from low degrees of partial melting of cumulates (wehrlites, dunites). Conversely, the most primitive melt inclusions documented so far at La Réunion Island (MgO up to 11.2 wt%) better preserve a pristine geochemical variability related to partial melting of a slightly heterogeneous mantle source. We suggest that these slightly distinct source components may mirror the compositions of recent melts from the two closely located Piton de la Fournaise and Piton des Neiges volcanoes.
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source heterogeneities on the variability in trace elements. The black dotted line represents the expected variability of melt compositions related to assimilation of 1% of a partial melt from wehrlite cumulate (see text for explanations; initial conditions: “94.G1” cumulate from Upton et al. (2000); coefficients of partition between melt-olivine-clinopyroxene at 1 GPa and 1200 °C from Adam and Green (2006))
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge helpful technical support from N. Braukmüller, A. Kronz, G. Labeau, G. Montagnac, and D. Neuville during microanalysis. V. Zanon is gratefully acknowledged for stimulating discussions on ocean island magmatism. We are in debt with C. Sundermeyer and G. Wörner for the analytical support and constructive discussions.
Funding
The Université de La Réunion and the ANR “STRAP” (ANR-14-CE03-0004) have funded this work. We also acknowledge the French government IDEX-ISITE initiative 16-IDEX-0001 (CAP 20-25). This is Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc contribution number 508.
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Electronic Appendix 3. Composition (major, trace and volatiles) of melt inclusions and glassy groundmass analysed in this study. Blank for not analysed elements and n.d. for measurements not correctly analysed (i.e. for which the content does not exceed 3 times the detection limit). (XLSX 83 kb)
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Electronic Appendix 4: Distribution of forterite contents in olivine crystals from primitive (TB) and more evolved (BPC) basalts. (PNG 86 kb)
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SupplementarElectronic Appendix 5: Average composition of clinopyroxenes in transitional basalts from NWRZ vents, transitional basalts emitted in the central area, enclaves from La Plaine des Sables and gabbroic clasts from the Bellecombe explosive event (BC). Alkalinity Index defined in Table 1. CaO/Al2O3 is a weight percent oxides ratio whereas Ti/Al is an atomic ratio. (PNG 70 kb)
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Electronic Appendix 6: Dissolved volatiles contents in melt inclusions (recalculated) and matrix glasses. (a) FeOT vs. H2O. No evidence of post-trapping H2O-loss is evidenced. (b) S vs. H2O. Grey area is the composition range of melt inclusions and matrix glasses from the 1998-2010 central products. Same symbols as in Fig. 7. The « degassing » trends fit melt inclusions and related matrix glasses with respect to the « differentiation » trends defined in Fig. 7. (c) Variability of the CaO/Al2O3 ratio in melt inclusions as a function of the forsterite content of the hosted olivine. Same symbols as in Fig. 7. (PNG 870 kb)
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Electronic Appendix 7: Comparison between contents of trace elements, ratios of variably incompatible elements, canonical ratios of highly incompatible elements and Sr-Nd isotopy in Piton des Neiges Younger Lavas (Smietana 2011), Piton de la Fournaise 5th April 2007 melt (Di Muro et al. 2014) and our melt inclusions with either an alkaline affinity (Fo87.1) or a tholeiitic one (Fo84.4). Sr-Nd isotopy in Piton des Neiges Younger Lavas (Smietana 2011) are consistent with previous findings of Bosch et al. (2008). *Sr-Nd isotopy from bulk rock of TB (alkaline affinity; Boudoire et al. 2019) and of PdC (tholeiitic affinity; Valer 2016; Valer et al. 2017). (PNG 59 kb)
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Boudoire, G., Di Muro, A., Michon, L. et al. Footprints and conditions of multistep alkali enrichment in basaltic melts at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean). Bull Volcanol 83, 84 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01508-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01508-6