Singular SPDEs in domains with boundaries

We study spaces of modelled distributions with singular behaviour near the boundary of a domain that, in the context of the theory of regularity structures, allow one to give robust solution theories for singular stochastic PDEs with boundary conditions. The calculus of modelled distributions established in Hairer (Invent. Math. 198, 2014) is extended to this setting. We formulate and solve fixed point problems in these spaces with a class of kernels that is sufficiently large to cover in particular the Dirichlet and Neumann heat kernels. These results are then used to provide solution theories for the KPZ equation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions and for the 2D generalised parabolic Anderson model with Dirichlet boundary conditions. In the case of the KPZ equation with Neumann boundary conditions, we show that, depending on the class of mollifiers one considers, a"boundary renormalisation"takes place. In other words, there are situations in which a certain boundary condition is applied to an approximation to the KPZ equation, but the limiting process is the Hopf-Cole solution to the KPZ equation with a different boundary condition.


Introduction
The theory of regularity structures, recently developed in [Hai ], was in large part motivated by, and very successful in dealing with, singular stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). These SPDEs are typically semilinear perturbations of the stochastic heat equation, with their formal right-hand side including expressions that are not well-defined even for functions that are as regular as the solution of the linear part. One well-known example is the KPZ equation where ξ is the 1 + 1-dimensional space-time white noise. From the linear theory we know that u is not expected to have better (parabolic) regularity than 1/2, so its spatial derivative is a distribution, which, in general, one cannot take the square of. The theory developed in [Hai ] provided a robust concept of solution to equations like KPZ [Hai ], Φ 4 3 , the parabolic Anderson model in both two [Hai ] and three [HP ] dimensions, the dynamical Sine-Gordon model [HS ] on the torus, or such equations on the whole Euclidean space [HL ]. As neither the torus nor the whole space has boundaries, the spatial behaviour in these examples are 'uniform', and the only blow-up of the generalised abstract Taylor expansions -also referred to as 'modelled distributions' -that describe the solutions occur at the {t = 0} hyperplane of the initial time.
The aim of the present article is to provide a framework within the context of this theory, with which one can provide solution theories for initial-boundary problems for singular SPDEs. The appropriate spaces of modelled distributions introduced here are flexible enough to account for singular behaviour at the spatial boundary. These are similar to the singularities at the initial time treated in [Hai ] and indeed a similar calculus can be built on them. One could hope that, provided such a generalisation of the abstract calculus is obtained, coupling it with rest of the theory automatically gives solution theories of the same equations that were previously considered without or with periodic boundary conditions, now with for instance Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. However, a subtle-looking but notable difference is that the codimension 2 of the initial time hyperplane is replaced by the codimension 1 of the spatial boundary, and therefore dual elements of spaces of test functions supported away from the boundary which are uniformly 'locally in C α ' for α < −1 have no canonical extensions as bona fide distributions -a simple example for such situation is the function 1/|x|, considered as an element of D ′ (R \ {0}). As elements with (local) regularity less than −1 are quite common in applications (unlike elements with regularity less than −2), for each such object one has to make sense of their extensions, in a consistent way so that the sufficient continuity properties are preserved. Although, unlike the rest of the theory, the treatment of this issue is not performed in a systematic way, the methods used to treat the examples discussed in the next section are likely to be relevant to different situations.

I . Applications
We now give a few examples of singular SPDEs to which the framework developed in this article can be applied. The proofs of the results stated here are postponed to Section . Our first example is the Dirichlet problem for the two-dimensional generalised parabolic Anderson model given by Here ξ denotes two-dimensional spatial white noise, g and f i j , i, j = 1, 2 are smooth functions, D is the square (−1, 1) 2 , and u 0 belongs to C δ (D) for some δ > 0 and vanishes on ∂D. Take a smooth compactly supported function ρ on R 2 integrating to , define ρ ε (x) = ε −2 ρ(ε −1 x) and set ξ ε = ρ ε * ξ. Consider then the renormalised approximating initial / boundary value problem for some constants C ε . One can solve ( . ) in the classical sense, and in the ε → 0 limit this provides a concept of local solution to ( . ) in the following sense.

Theorem . .
There exists a choice of diverging constants C ε and a random time T > 0 such that the sequence u ε 1 [0,T ] converge in probability to a continuous function u. Furthermore, provided that the constants C ε are suitably chosen, the limit does not depend on the choice of the mollifier ρ.
Remark . . We believe that the choice D = (−1, 1) 2 is not essential, the restriction to the square case is mostly for the sake of convenience: it is easier to verify our conditions when the explicit form of the Greens function is known.
Remark . . One could easily deal with inhomogeneous Dirichlet data of the type u ε = g on ∂D by considering the equation for u ε −ĝ, whereĝ is the harmonic extension of g to all of D.
Our next example is the KPZ equation with 0 Dirichlet boundary condition. Write this time ξ for space-time white noise and choose u 0 ∈ C δ ([−1, 1]) for some δ > 0 with u 0 (±1) = 0. Taking a smooth, compactly supported function ρ integrating to 1, define ρ ε (t, x) = ε −3 ρ(ε −2 t, ε −1 x) and set ξ ε = ρ ε * ξ. The approximating equations then read as Remark . . We have chosen to include the arbitrary constant 1 2 in front of the term ∂ 2 x u so that the corresponding semigroup at time t is given by the Gaussian with variance t.

I
We then have the following analogous result on local solvability. Theorem . . If ρ satisfies the condition ρ(x, t) = ρ(−x, t), then the statement of Theorem . also holds for u ε defined in ( . ). Remark . . If the additional symmetry on ρ fails, then an analogous result holds, but an additional drift term appears in general, see for example [HS ].
A more interesting situation arises when trying to define solutions to the KPZ equation with Neumann boundary conditions. First, in this case, it is much less clear a priori what such a boundary condition even means since solutions are nowhere differentiable. It is however possible to define a notion of "KPZ equation with Neumann boundary conditions" via the Hopf-Cole transform. Indeed, it suffices to realise that, at least formally, if u solves then the process Z = exp(2u) solves The latter equation is well-posed as an Itô stochastic PDE in mild form [DPZ ] (with the boundary condition encoded in the choice of heat semigroup for the mild formulation), so that we can define the "Hopf-Cole solution" to ( . ) by u = 1 2 log Z with Z solving ( . ). This is the point of view that was taken in [CS ] where the authors showed that the height function associated to a large but finite discrete system of particles performing a weakly asymmetric simple exclusion process converges to the solutions to ( . ) with boundary conditions c ± that are related to the boundary behaviour of the discrete system in a straightforward way. In particular, if the 'net flow' of particles at each boundary is 0, then c ± = 0.
One of the main results of the present article is to show that the values of c ± are very "soft" in the sense that they in general depend in a rather non-trivial way on the fine details of the particular approximation one considers for ( . ). This is not too surprising: after all, the solution itself is not differentiable, so it is not so clear what we mean when we impose the value of its derivative at the boundary. To formulate this more precisely, consider ξ ε = ρ ε * ξ andû 0 ∈ C δ ([−1, 1]) as before (except that we do not impose thatû 0 vanishes at the boundaries) and letû ε be the solution to We then have the following result.

Theorem . .
There exist constants C ε with lim ε→0 C ε = ∞, as well as constants a, c ∈ R such that, setting the sequence u ε converges, locally uniformly and in probability, to a limit u solving the KPZ equation ( . ) in the Hopf-Cole sense with boundary data b ± =b ± − c ± a and with initial condition u 0 (x) =û 0 (x) − cx. In the particular case where ρ(x, t) = ρ(−x, t), one has c = 0.
Remark . . The recent result [GPS ] is consistent with our result in the sense that it shows that the "natural" notion of solution to ( . ) with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition (i.e. c ± = 0) does not coincide with the Hopf-Cole solution with homogeneous boundary data. In this particular case, one possible interpretation is that, for any fixed time, the solution to the KPZ equation is a forward / backwards semimartingale (in its own filtration) near the right / left boundary point. It is then natural to define the "space derivative" at the boundary to be the derivative of its bounded variation component. When performing the Hopf-Cole transform, one then picks up an Itô correction term, which is precisely what one sees in [GPS ]. Note however that it is not clear at all whether the homogeneous Neumann solution of [GPS ] can be obtained by considering ( . ) witĥ b ± = 0 for some mollifier ρ. This is because, with our conventions for units, this corresponds to the Hopf-Cole solution with b ± = ±1, while in our case one has |a| ≤ 1 2 as a consequence of the explicit formula ( . ) for typical choices of the mollifier, i.e. those with ρ ≥ 0.
One has explicit expressions for c and a in terms of ρ: with the notationρ(s, y) = ρ(−s, −y) and Erf standing for the error function, one has the identities where Ndenotes the heat kernel, see Section . below. Note that in both cases the function integrated againstρ * ρ vanishes at s = 0 for any fixed value of y, so that a = c = 0 if we consider the KPZ equation driven by purely spatial regularisations of white noise. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observed instance of "boundary renormalisation" for stochastic PDEs. On the other hand, it is somewhat similar to the effects one observes in the analysis of (deterministic) singularly perturbed problems in the presence of boundary layers, see for example [Hin , Hol ]. The remainder of the article is structured as follows. After recalling some elements of the theory of regularity structures in Section , mostly to fix our notations, we introduce in Section the spaces of modelled distributions that are relevant for solving singular stochastic PDEs on domains. Section is then devoted to a rederivation of the calculus developed in [Hai ], adapted to these spaces, with an emphasis on those aspects that actually differ in the present context. In Section , we then "package" these results into a rather general fixed point theorem, which is finally applied to the above examples in Section .

Acknowledgements
MH gratefully acknowledges support by the Leverhulme Trust and by an ERC consolidator grant, project . MG thanks the support of the LMS Postdoctoral Mobility Grant.

Elements of the theory of regularity structures
First let us summarise the relevant definitions, constructions, and results from the theory of regularity structures that we will need in the sequel. .

Main definitions
Definition . . A regularity structure T = (A, T, G) consists of the following elements.
• An index set A ⊂ R which is locally finite and bounded from below.
one has Γa − a = β<α T β . We will furthermore always consider situations where T 0 contains a distinguished element 1 of unit norm which is fixed by the action of G.

Definition . . Given a regularity structure and
With V as above, we will always use the notations V + α = γ ≥α V γ and V − α = γ<α V γ , with the convention that the empty direct sum is {0}. Some further notations will be useful. For a ∈ T, its component in T α will be denoted either by Q α a or by (a) α and the norm of (a) α in T α is a α . The projection onto T − α is denoted by Q − α . The coefficient of 1 in a is denoted by 1, a .
We henceforth fix a scaling s on R d , which is just an element of N d . We use the and this quantity will also sometimes be denoted by x − y s . This is homogeneous under the mappings S δ in the sense that S δ s x s = δ −1 x s . The ball with center x and radius r, in the above sense, is denoted by B(x, r). We also define the mapping S δ s,x , acting on L 1 (R d ) by We will also sometimes use the shortcut ϕ δ x = S δ s,x ϕ.
One important regularity structure is that of the polynomials in d commuting variables, which we denote by X 1 , . . . , X d . For any nonzero multiindex k, we denote and also use the notation X 0 = 1. We define the index setĀ = N, for any n ∈ N, the subspacesT n = span{X k : |k | s = n}, and for any h ∈ R d , the linear operatorΓ h by It is straightforward to verify that this defines a regularity structureT , with structure group In most of the following we consider d, T , and s to be fixed. We will always assume that our regularity structures containT in the sense of [Hai , Sec. . ]. A concise definition of the Hölder spaces of all (non-integer) exponents that are used in the sequel is the following.
We shall also use the notation B r for smooth functions ϕ supported on B(0, 1) and having derivatives up to order r bounded by 1.

Definition . .
A model for a regularity structure T on R d with a scaling s consists of the following elements.
Furthermore, for every γ > 0 and compact K ⊂ R d , the bounds hold uniformly in x, y ∈ K, δ ∈ (0, 1], ϕ ∈ B r , l < γ, m < l, and a ∈ T l . Here, r is the smallest integer such that l > −r for all l ∈ A. The best proportionality constants in ( . ) are denoted by Π γ,K and Γ γ,K , respectively.
We shall always assume that all models under consideration are compatible with the polynomials in the sense that (Π x X k )(y) = (y − x) k for any multiindex k. A central notion of the theory is that of a modelled distribution, spaces of which are defined as follows.
Definition . . Let V be a sector and (Π, Γ) be a model. Then, for γ ∈ R, the space D γ (V; Γ) consists of all functions f : R d → V − γ such that, for every compact set K, where the supremum in l runs over elements of A.
Although the spaces D γ depend on Γ, in many situation, where there can be no confusion about the model, this dependence will be omitted in the notation. The name 'modelled distribution' is justified by the following result.
It is clear from ( . ) that the reconstruction operator R is local, so in particular one can 'reconstruct' modelled distributions that only locally lie in D γ .
Remark . . While in [Hai ] in the bound ( . ), y = x is assumed, this version is essentially equivalent: for all y ∈ supp ψ λ x , one can simply rewrite ψ λ x asψ 2λ y with someψ ∈ B r . Let us also note that in the literature the use of the notation ||| · ||| is slightly inconsistent: sometimes it is defined as in ( . ), in some other instances it includes the term sup x ∈K sup l<γ f (x) l . We will also be guilty of this: while for now, in the unweighted setting, ( . ) is convenient since that is what appears in the bounds for reconstructions like ( . ) above and ( . ) below, the weighted versions of ||| · ||| introduced in Section do include controls over f (z) .

Definition . .
A continuous bilinear map ⋆ : T × T → T is called a product if, for a ∈ T α and b ∈ T β , one has a ⋆ b ∈ T α+β , and 1 ⋆ a = a ⋆ 1 for all a ∈ T. The products arising in this article will always be associative and commutative, at least on some sufficiently large subspace.
A pair of sectors (V, W) is said to be γ-regular with respect to the product . For γ > 0, a sector V of regularity , a product ⋆ such that V ⋆ V ⊂ V , and a smooth function F : R n → R one can then define a functionF γ : V n → V by settinĝ where the sum runs over all possible n-dimensional multiindices, with the conventions a = 1, a ,ã = a −ā, k! = k 1 ! · · · k n !,ã ⋆k =ã ⋆k 1 1 ⋆ · · · ⋆ã ⋆k n n for k 0, andã ⋆0 = 1. The abstract version of differentiation is quite straightforward. Definition . . Given a sector V, a family of operators D i : V → V with i = 1, . . . , d is called an abstract gradient if for every i, every α and every a ∈ V α , one has D i a ∈ T α−s i and ΓD i a = D i Γa for all Γ ∈ G.
A model (Π, Γ) is called compatible with D, if for all a ∈ V, x ∈ R d , and for all i, it holds that where D i is the usual distributional differentiation in the i-th unit direction.
The final important operation on modelled distribution is the integration against singular kernels, the aim of which is to 'lift' convolutions with Green functions to the abstract setting. The first ingredient is the abstract integral operator.
Definition . . Given a sector V, a linear map I : V → T is an abstract integration map of order β > 0 if: In our applications β will always be , but for most of the analysis the one important property required of β is that for each α ∈ A, α + β ∈ Z implies α ∈ Z. In particular, under this assumption, I does not produce any components in integer homogeneities. The class of kernels we will want to lift is characterised as follows.
consists of elements K that can be decomposed as K(x, y) = n≥0 K n (x, y), where the functions K n have the following properties: • For all n ≥ 0, K n is supported on {(x, y) : x − y s ≤ 2 −n }.
• For any two multiindices k and l, |D k 1 D l 2 K n (x, y)| 2 n( |s |+ |k+l | s −β) , where the proportionality constant only depends on k and l, but not on n, x, y.
• For any two multiindices k and l, y ∈ R d , i = 1, 2, it holds, for all n ≥ 0, where the proportionality constant only depends on k and l. • For a given r > 0, ∫ R d K n (x, y)P(y)dy = 0, for all n ≥ 0, x ∈ R d , and every polynomial P of (scaled) degree at most r.
To introduce the appropriate 'remainder' terms, we set J(x)a, for a ∈ T α as Definition . . Given a sector V and an abstract integration map I acting on V we say that a model (Π, Γ) realises K for I if, for every α ∈ A, every a ∈ V α , every x ∈ R d one has the identity Note that both sides are distributions, so the equality should be understood in the distributional sense. For γ > 0 we also define an operator N γ which maps any f ∈ D γ into aT-valued function by The key result on a Schauder-type estimate for integration on D γ then reads as follows.
Theorem . . Let K ∈ K β for some β > 0, let I be an abstract integration map acting on V, and let (Π, Γ) be a model realising K for I. Then, for γ > 0, the operator K γ defined by maps D γ (V) into D γ+β and the identity holds for every f ∈ D γ .

. Preliminaries
For negative values of γ, a statement similar to Theorem . still holds, but the "uniqueness" part is lost. It will be useful for our purposes to have a family of "reconstruction operators" defined similarly to [Hai , Eq. . ], but depending additionally on some small cut-off scale. We define the sets Λ n s = d j=1 2 −ns j k j e j : k j ∈ Z , where e j is the j-th unit vector of R d , j = 1, . . . , d, and we use the notation η n,s x = 2 −n |s |/2 η 2 −n x for locally integrable functions η. Then, as shown in [Dau ], for any integer r > 0, there exist a compactly supported C r function ϕ and a finite family of compactly supported C r functions Ψ with the following properties.
• For every ψ ∈ Ψ and polynomial P of degree at most r, one has ∫ ψ(x)P(x)dx = 0.
In fact much more is known about these functions, but this will suffice for our purposes.
We then set With this notation, we have the following result which is a strengthening of the γ < 0 part of [Hai , Thm . ].
Then R m f ∈ C α and for every r > |α| there exists c such that, uniformly over η ∈ B r and λ ∈ (0, 1] and locally uniformly over x, one has the bound Proof. The fact that R m f ∈ C α is immediate, since the above construction only differs by a C r function from the reconstruction operator given in [Hai , Eq. . ]. To show ( . ), we assume without loss of generality that ||| f ||| γ,B(x,λ+2 −m ) ≤ 1. Note first that |(ψ n,s y , η λ x )| 2 n |s |/2 2 n λ ∨ 1 − |s |−r , and that (ψ n,s y , η λ x ) = 0 for x − y s ≥ λ + c2 −n for some fixed constant c. We also have, for n ≥ m, and for x − y s ≤ λ + 2 −n , Denoting the first (triple) sum in ( . ) by R m 0 , and the projection of Π x f (x) to span{ψ n,s y : We consider the cases 2 −m ≷ λ separately. If λ < 2 −m , then considering that for 2 −n ≤ λ, the number of nonzero terms in the sum over y ∈ Λ n s is of order λ |s | 2 n |s | , by estimating each of them using the bounds above, we have 2 −n ≤λ I n 2 −n ≤λ λ |s | 2 n |s | 2 −n |s |/2−nr λ − |s |−r due to r + l > 0. On the other hand, for λ < 2 −n , the number of nonzero terms in the sum over y is of order 1, so we can write where we used the negativity of γ, and this bound is of the required order.
In the case 2 −m ≤ λ, then similarly to before n≥m I n n≥m λ |s | 2 n |s | 2 −n |s |/2−nr λ − |s |−r and since l ≥ α, this gives the required bound.
For the second sum in ( . ), denoted for the moment by R m 1 and the projection of Π x f (x) to span{ϕ m,s y : y ∈ Λ m s }, denoted by (Π x f (x)) 1 , we proceed similarly. This time, one has |(ϕ m,s y , η λ x )| 2 m |s |/2 2 m λ ∨ 1 − |s | , and (ϕ m,s y , η λ x ) = 0 for x − y s ≥ λ + c2 −m , that is, for all but of order 2 m |s | λ |s | instances of y ∈ Λ m s in the case 2 −m ≤ λ, and for all but of order 1 instances of y ∈ Λ m s in the case λ < 2 −m . The quantity (R m f − Π x f (x))(ϕ m,s y ) can then be bounded exactly as in ( . ). Combining these bounds, we arrive at as required. Here, the last inequality comes from the fact that γ < 0 and that the second term dominates when 2 −m ≥ λ, so that 2 −mγ ≤ λ γ .
Next we recall some results on extending dual elements of a space of smooth functions that are supported away from a submanifold, to distributions, at least locally. This is essentially the content of [Hai , Prop. . ], but we slightly reformulate the statements in order to fit the needs of Section . below better.
Whenever here and in the sequel we refer to a 'boundary' P, we mean the following. Assume that R d is decomposed as R d = R d 1 × · · · × R d m , such that s 1 = · · · = s d 1 , s d 1 +1 = · · · = s d 2 , etc. We then assume P to be of the form where each M i is either R d i or is a piecewise C 1 boundary of a domain, satisfying the strong cone condition. Denoting the codimension of M i by m i , the codimension of P is then defined to be m i=1 m i s d i−1 +1 , with the convention d 0 = 0. We will need the following version of a well-known "folklore" fact: Proposition . . Let P be a boundary of codimension m, D ⊂ R d be a bounded domain and let ξ be an element of the dual of smooth functions compactly supported in D \ P. Suppose furthermore that 0 ≥ α > −m and for an integer r > |α| one has ) uniformly over x ∈ D \ P, over ψ ∈ B r , and over λ ∈ (0, 1] satisfying furthermore 2λ ≤ d s (x, P) and supp ψ λ x ⊂ D. Then there exists a unique element ξ ′ in the dual of smooth functions compactly supported in D that agrees with ξ on test functions supported away from P and for which the bound ( . ) holds with ξ ′ in place of ξ, uniformly in x, in ψ ∈ B r , and in λ ∈ (0, 1] satisfying supp ψ λ x ⊂ D.
Proof. By considering a suitable partition of unity, thanks to the strong cone condition, we see that for any compact set K ⊂ D with diameter λ, and any n with 2 −n ≤ λ, we can find smooth functions Φ n : K → [0, 1] such that Φ n (y) = 1 if d s (y, P) ∈ [2 1−n , 2 2−n ], Φ n (y) = 0 if d s (y, P) [2 −n , 2 3−n ], and satisfying the following property. For every n ≥ 1, one can find sequences {x k } N k=1 with N ≤ Cλ |s |−m 2 ( |s |−m)n and functions φ k ,φ k ∈ B r such that, setting µ = 2 −n , one has ) D γ,w P Fix now a test function of the type ψ λ x with support K ⊂ D, then the sequence ξ(ψ λ where in the second inequality we made use of the bound ( . ). Thanks to the assumption α + m > 0, the right-hand side of ( . ) which converges to 0 exponentially fast, as claimed.
The same bound also shows that the limit is bounded by some constant times λ −α as required.
Definition of D γ,w P and basic properties Our main tool for dealing with domains is to introduce spaces analogous to the spaces D γ,η used in [Hai ] to deal with initial conditions, but allowing for blow-ups at the boundary of the domain as well. One subtlety arises in the handling of the "double singularity" arising on the boundary at time 0. Let P 0 and P 1 be two fixed boundaries with respective codimensions m 0 , m 1 and such that P ∩ = P 0 ∩ P 1 is itself a boundary of codimension m = m 0 + m 1 . We also write P = P 0 ∪ P 1 and we assume that P satisfies the (uniform) cone condition, which forces the two boundaries to intersect in a transverse manner. For i = 1, 2, denote and for any compact set K, x y and 2 x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ∧ |x, y| P 1 }.
To slightly ease notation, in the following w will always stand for an element in R 3 , with coordinates w = (η, σ, µ), corresponding to exponents for the 'weights' at P 0 , P 1 , and their intersection, respectively.
Remark . . It might be at first sight surprising to have not two, but three different orders of singularity. While in the subsequent calculus the use of exponent µ will become clear, it is worth mentioning a simple example when the singularities at the different boundaries do not in any way determine the one at the intersection: Consider the solution of ∂ t u = ∆u, u 0 ≡ 1, with 0 Dirichlet boundary conditions on some domain D. Then, while away from the "corner" {(0, x) : x ∈ ∂D}, all derivatives of u are continuous up to both the temporal and the spatial boundaries, the k-th derivative exhibits a blow-up of order |k | s at the corner.
The sum of the second and third term above will also be denoted by f γ,w;K . Similarly to before, these spaces do depend on the model, but if no confusion can arise, this dependence will not be denoted. For two models (Π, Γ) and (Π,Γ), and for f ∈ D γ,w P (V; Γ) and f ∈ D γ,w P (V ;Γ), we also set This notation is slightly ambiguous since the knowledge of P does of course not imply the knowledge of P 0 and P 1 . One should therefore really interpret the instance of P appearing in D γ,w P as meaning P = {P 0 , P 1 } rather than P = P 0 ∪ P 1 , which is used whenever we view P as a subset of R d . It will also sometimes be useful to consider functions in D γ,w P that are slightly better behaved when approaching one of the two boundaries. This is the purpose of the following definition.
We shall assume throughout the article that these exponents satisfy η ∨ σ ∨ µ ≤ γ.
Remark . . Denoting the regularity of the sector V by α, the definition is set up so that, when µ ≤ α and there exists an x with |x| P 0 ∼ |x| P 1 ∼ 1 and sup l<γ f (x) l ∼ 1, then the first term in ( . ) bounds the second and third. For µ > α, one would actually need to add |x| (µ−l)∧0 to the denominator in the second term and |x| (µ−l)∧0 P 0 in the third. As this would make the calculations significantly longer, we omit this modification and deal with the slight difficulties arising from this restriction later.

Proposition . .
Let V be a sector of regularity α, and f ∈ D γ,w P, {1} (V ). Suppose furthermore that K is a compact set such that for each x ∈ K the line connecting x and the closest point to x on P 1 is contained in K. Then it holds that D D γ,w P and, for any κ ∈ [0, 1], Lemmas . and . , [Hai ], uniformly in n. Since there is no dependence on n in the bounds, and for any pair (x, y) ∈ (K 1 ) P , the indices n x and n y for which x ∈ K n x 1 , y ∈ K n y 1 , differ by at most 1, the estimates carry through for K 1 . For K 0 , the bounds ( . ) and ( . ) are trivial. As for ( . ), we have Considering that x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 and that the minimum value of a l := (l − η + (η − l) ∧ 0) is a α = (α − η) ∧ 0, we can estimate the right-hand side above by , and since we are in the situation |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 , this gives the required bound. The thus concluding the proof.
withf = Q − σ f . In particular, away from P 0 ,f locally belongs to D σ .
Proof. We assume without loss of generality ||| f ||| γ,w;K ≤ 1. For 2 x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 1 , simply by the definition of the spaces D γ,w P we get In the case |x, y| P 1 ≤ 2 x − y s , then noting that |x| P 1 ∨ |y| P 1 ≤ 3 x − y s we can write, using the estimate ( . ) again The fact thatf is locally in D σ then follows, since on {δ ≤ |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 }, f actually belongs to D γ , so its projectionf belongs to D σ , and δ > 0 was arbitrary.
Remark . . One simplification that we will often use is based on the fact that for pairs (x, y) ∈ K P , we have As a consequence, in the proofs of Section below we will repeatedly interchange the above quantities without much explanation. Also, for such pairs, even though |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 does not imply |y| P 0 ≤ |y| P 1 or |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 , it holds that This, and the corresponding symmetric implications (swapping the roles of P 0 and P 1 ), will also often be used.
Calculus of the spaces D γ,w P In order to reformulate our stochastic PDEs as fixed point problems in D γ,w P , one first needs to know how the standard operations like multiplication, differentiation, or convolution with singular kernels, act on these spaces. The aim of this section is to recover the calculus of [Hai ] in the present context.
Remark . . This of course means that repetition of arguments to a certain degree is inevitable. We shall try to minimise the overlap and concentrate on the aspects that are different due to the additional weights and don't just follow trivially from [Hai ]. This in particular applies to the continuity statements: since the space of models is not linear, boundedness of the operations do not imply their continuity. However, in practice they usually follow from the same principles, with an added level of notational inconvenience. We therefore only give the complete proof of continuity for the multiplication, after which the reader is hopefully convinced that obtaining the other similar continuity results is a lengthy but straightforward combination of the corresponding arguments in [Hai ] and the treatment of the additional weights as described in the 'boundedness' part of the corresponding statements. Alternatively, the continuity statements can also be obtained by using the trick introduced in the proof of [HP , Prop. . ], which allows to some extent to "linearise" the space of models. C D γ,w P Remark . . Let us mention an important point on how integration against singular kernels will be handled. While Green's functions of boundary value problems are not translation invariant, they typically can be decomposed into a translation invariant part and a smooth one, which however is singular at the boundary. The most simple example of this is the 1 + 1-dimensional Neumann heat kernel on (R + ) 2 : for a more general discussion see Example . below. The advantage of such a decomposition is that only the former part plays a role in constructing the regularity structure itself and the corresponding admissible models, for which one can use the general machinery of [BHZ , CH , Hai ]. Integration against the latter part simply produces functions described by polynomial symbols, albeit with blow-ups at the boundaries which need to be sufficiently controlled.
Proof. We fix a compact K and assume, without loss of generality, that both f 1 and f 2 are of norm 1 on K. Then, for |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 and l < γ, It remains to notice that, since for i = 0, 1, l i ≥ α i , we have η 1 ∧ l 1 + η 2 ∧ l 2 ≥ η ∧ l, by construction, and hence .
Next we bound f (x) − Γ xy f (y). As usual, we assume |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . For l < γ, the triangle inequality yields Thanks to the γ-regularity of (V 1 , V 2 ), the first term in this expression can be bounded by The factor Γ 2 γ 1 +γ 2 can course be incorporated into the proportionality constant, but it will be useful in the sequel to view the dependence on it as above. We can continue by writing where we used x − y ≤ |y| P 0 to get the third line. As before, we have η 1 ∧ m + η 2 ∧ n ≥ η ∧ γ = η, and recalling that |y| P i ∼ |x, y| P i we see that this is indeed the bound we need in ( . ). The second term on the right-hand side of ( . ) is bounded by a constant times The third term on the right-hand side of ( . ) is bounded by a constant times Inside the sum, the exponent of x− y s is nonnegative, due to the relation γ ≤ γ 1 +α 2 , while the exponent of |x| P 1 is nonpositive, due to η ≤ η 1 + η 2 ∧ α 2 . Using x − y s ≤ |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 as before, we get the required bound. Finally, the fourth term on the right-hand side of ( . ) is bounded similarly, reversing the roles played by f 1 and f 2 .
To prove the continuity estimate ( . ), we of course need only consider the first part of the definition of |||·; ·|||, the bound on the second already follows from above by linearity.
We then write For T 0 , repeating the argument in ( . ), we need to estimate, for m + n ≥ γ, terms of the form Continuing as in ( . ), we get From here we get the desired bound ( . ) by repeating the calculation in ( . ).
For the further terms, we shall make use of the fact that for anyγ,w, h ∈ Dγ ,w P , and for pairs (x, y) under consideration, Γ xy h(y) satisfies analogous bounds to h(x): For T 1 , we write , C D γ,w P and as we recognise the sum from ( . ), the required bound follows.
For T 2 , we use ( . ) with h = f 1 , and then proceed just like for T 1 , with the role of the indices reversed.
To bound T 3 , we use ( . ), this time with h = g 1 − f 1 , to get , and the sum is again of the same form.
The bound for the term T 5 goes similarly to T 3 , with the indices reversed, and so does T 4 , with the only difference that the prefactor of the sum is Γ −Γ γ 1 +γ 2 ||| f 1 ||| γ 1 ,w 1 . .

Composition with smooth functions
In this case the analogous Lipschitz bound forF in the seminorms [] · [] γ,w;K also holds.
Remark . . One can use the same construction as in [HP , Prop. . ] to obtain local Lipschitz continuity when comparing two modelled distributions modelled on two different models.

Proof.
We only give a sketch of the proof, as the majority of the argument is exactly the same as that of the proof of Theorem . and Proposition . in [Hai ]. We prove the main estimates which are somewhat different due to the additional weights and refer the reader to [Hai ] to confirm that these indeed imply the theorem.
As usual, we consider the situation 2 x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . We denote L = ⌊γ/ζ⌋, where ζ is either the lowest nonzero homogeneity such that V ζ {0}, or if that index is larger than γ, then we set ζ = γ. The essential quantities to bound are each of which has to be estimated in the following way, for all β < γ: Note that there is a slight abuse of notation here in that R f is vector-valued. By ( . ) we then understand that such an estimate holds for each coordinate, and this convention is applied in the other analogous situations below whenever vector-valued functions are considered. We further invoke two elementary inequalities from the proof of [Hai , Prop . ]: and for any multiindex k with |k | ≤ L, integer 0 ≤ m ≤ |k |, real numbers 0 < ζ ≤ γ, 0 ≤ β, η ≤ γ, and integers l 1 , . . . , l m satisfying l i = β and l i ≥ ζ, it holds N + M := (|k |ζ − γ − |k |η + (γη/ζ)) ∧ 0 The term R 1 looks very similar to what we encountered in ( . ), and indeed by the same argument we can write By ( . ), the exponent of the fraction above is bounded from below by η ∧ l i = η, and since nµ ≥ µ due to µ being nonnegative, this yields the required bound.
The bound for R f follows from the definition. For R 2 , notice that x − y −l s .
Therefore, for any nonzero multiindex m and any multiindex m ′ , and since the quantity in the parentheses is of order one due to γ, η, µ ≥ 0 and x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 , the bound ( . ) for R 2 follows. C D γ,w P For R 3 , fix k and first write where l runs over indices in A ∪ {γ} in the specified range. If the exponent of x − y s were l − ζ instead of l, we would be in the exact same situation as in ( . ). Taking this extra x − y ζ s out of the sum, we therefore get the bound and, recalling the notation N from ( . ), Moving to the other constituent of R 3 , by ( . ) and the bounds onf (y) from the definition of the spaces D γ,w P , the we can write .
As the sum has finitely many terms, it suffices to treat them separately, and therefore we fix m and l i as above. Then, since β = l i ≥ ζ = mζ, we can get a bound Moving the second and fourth factor into the fifth one, we get that the exponent of the fraction above becomes M, as defined in ( . ). Combining this with ( . ), we get and by ( . ) and the fact (γ/ζ)µ ≥ µ, we arrive at ( . ) for R 3 .

. Reconstruction
Recall that, since reconstruction is a local operation, there exists an elementR f in the dual of smooth functions supported away from P such that the bound ( . ) is satisfied if λ ≪ |x| P 0 ∧ |x| P 1 . A natural guess for the target space of the extension of the reconstruction operator acting on D γ,w P (V) would be C η∧σ∧µ∧α . While this certainly does hold, we need some finer control over the behaviour at the different boundaries. To this end, we introduce weighted versions of Hölder spaces as follows. C D γ,w P Definition . . Let a = (a 0 , a 1 , a ∩ ) ∈ R 3 − , write a ∧ = a 0 ∧ a 1 ∧ a ∩ , and let P = (P 0 , P 1 ) as above. Then, we define C a P as the set of distributions u ∈ C a ∧ that furthermore satisfy the following two properties.

Proposition . .
Let u ∈ D ′ (R d \ (P 0 ∩ P 1 )) be such that the bounds ( . )- ( . ) are satisfied. Then, provided a ∧ > −m, there exists a unique distribution u ′ ∈ C a P that agrees with u on test functions supported away from P 0 ∩ P 1 .
Proof. Such a u ′ clearly satisfies (a)-(b) of Definition . , so it only needs to be shown that there exists a unique extension of u in C a ∧ . By Proposition . , it suffices to obtain the bound uniformly over ψ ∈ B r (for some fixed large enough r) and λ ∈ (0, 1], for cλ ≤ d s (x, P 0 ∩P 1 ) with some fixed c > 1. For sufficiently large c (depending only on the dimension), one can find smooth functions φ (λ) i with i = 0, 1 with the following properties: The functions ψ λ x φ (λ) i then satisfy the bounds and have support with diameter less than 2λ |s | . One can therefore find points z i with Applying the estimates ( . ) and ( . ) to ξ (1,λ) and ξ (0,λ) , respectively, we get and since the minimum of the two exponents on the right-hand side is a ∧ , ( . ) holds indeed.
where V is a sector of regularity α and suppose that Then, setting a = (η ∧ α, σ ∧ α, µ), there exists a unique distribution for smooth test functions that are compactly supported away from P. In particular, , then one has the bounds, for any C > 0 and K compact uniformly in f ,f , and the two models being bounded by C, whereK denotes the 1-fattening of K.
Proof. By virtue of Proposition . , it suffices to extendR f to an element of D ′ (R d \ (P 0 ∩ P 1 )) in such a way that ( . )- ( . ) hold with the desired exponents. By ( . ), it holds, uniformly in x ∈ {|x| P 0 ≤ 2|x| P 1 } over compacts, uniformly in ψ ∈ B r , and uniformly in λ ∈ (0, 1] such that 4λ ≤ |x| P 0 , that Also, in the same situation, we have Since λ |x| P 0 ∧ |x| P 1 , this sum is of the same form that we encountered before, for example in ( . ). By the same argument we get Combining this with ( . ), by Proposition . we can extendR f to an elementR 0 f ∈ D ′ (R d \ P 1 ) such that the bound holds uniformly in x ∈ {|x| P 0 ≤ 2|x| P 1 } over compacts, uniformly in ψ ∈ B r , and uniformly in λ ∈ (0, 1] such that 2λ ≤ |x| P 1 . One can similarly constructR holds in the symmetric situation. SinceR 0 f andR 1 f agree on the intersection of their domains, they can be pieced together to get the claimed extension ofR f . The proof of continuity is again analogous and is omitted here. C D γ,w P Keeping in mind that our goal will be to apply this calculus for singular SPDEs with boundary conditions on some domain D, P 1 will typically stand for R×∂D. With a parabolic scaling we have m 1 = 1 and so condition ( . ), in particular requiring σ ∧ α > −1 is rather strict and will often be violated. In these situations, a C (η∧α,σ∧α,µ) P extensionR f is not unique and hence sometimes it will be more suggestive to writeR f for particular choices of such extensions. On some occasions this choice will be made 'by hand', but there is also another generic situation when a canonical choice can be made, as follows.
, where V is a sector of regularity α and let γ > 0 and w be such that Then there exists a unique distributionR f ∈ C (η∧α,α,µ) P such that for smooth functions ψ compactly supported away from P,R f (ψ) =R f (ψ) and that furthermore, ) holds uniformly in x over relatively compact subsets of P 1 \ P 0 , in ψ ∈ B r , and in λ ∈ (0, 1] , then one has the bound, for all C > 0 and compact K ) uniformly in f ,f , and the two models being bounded by C, whereK denotes the 1-fattening of K.
Finally, if for all a ∈ V, Π x a is a continuous function, then Proof. First notice that such aR f has to be unique: any two extensions ofR f differ by a distribution concentrated on P, which, due to the conditions on the exponents and the constraint ( . ), has to vanish.
An extensionR 0 f with the 'right behaviour' on R d \ P 1 is constructed in the proof of Theorem . . Concerning the behaviour outside P 0 we claim that, withf = Q − σ f , it suffices to construct an extensionR 1 f ∈ D ′ (R d \ P 0 ) ofR f that satisfies the bound uniformly in x ∈ {|x| P 1 ≤ 2|x| P 0 } over compacts, uniformly in ψ ∈ B r , and uniformly in λ ∈ (0, 1] such that 2λ ≤ |x| P 0 . Indeed, ( . ) then follows from the fact thatf (x) = 0 for x ∈ P 1 \ P 0 by the definition of D γ,w P, {1} . Furthermore, by Propositions . and . , we have where the last bound follows from the facts that |x| P 1 ≤ |x| P 0 , α ≤ l, and λ ≤ |x| P 0 . Therefore, by ( . ), the same bound holds forR 1 f , and so piecingR 0 f andR 1 f together, C D γ,w P the resulting element of D ′ (R d \ (P 0 ∩ P 1 )) satisfies the conditions of Proposition . with a 0 = η ∧ α, a 1 = α, and a ∩ = µ. Applying the proposition, we get the claimedR f . Further notice, that in fact it is enough to show ( . ) for each m ∈ N in the case where x is further restricted to run over A m := {|x| P 0 ∈ [2 −m−2 , 2 −m ]}. Indeed, all functions ψ λ x that are considered in ( . ) have support that intersects at most two A m 's, and therefore a straightforward partition of unity argument, like for instance the one in the proof of Proposition . completes the proof.
To getR 1 f on A m , first consider R mf defined as in ( . ), which is a meaningful expression thanks to Proposition . . Furthermore, by ( . ) and using Proposition . , one has the bound uniformly in x ∈ {|x| P 1 ≤ 2|x| P 0 } ∩ A m over compacts, uniformly over ψ ∈ B r , and uniformly over λ ∈ (0, 1] such that 4λ ≤ |x| P 1 . One also has, by ( . ) and the basic properties of the model, with the same uniformity. Thus the same bound holds for the differenceR f − R mf , which therefore, by Proposition . , has a unique extension ∆ m R f ∈ D ′ ({|x| P 1 ≤ 2|x| P 0 } ∩ A m ) for which the same bound holds even when λ is only restricted by 2λ ≤ |x| P 0 . Hence R m f + ∆ m R f satisfies the required bound ( . ) (on A m ), and it trivially agrees withR f on functions supported away from P.
As for the last statement of the theorem, one simply has to check that the right-hand side of ( . ) satisfies the claimed properties. It trivially coincides withR f away from P, and the bound ( . ) follows from the fact that, thanks to Proposition .
if |x| P 1 ≤ |x| P 0 , where in this particular case the proportionality constant also depends on the local supremum bounds of the continuous functions Π x a. Since this additional dependency doesn't affect the uniqueness part of the statement, the proof is complete.

Lemma . . Let D be an abstract gradient and let
This lemma is a direct consequence of the definition of abstract gradients, and since the proof is a trivial modification of that of [Hai , Prop . ], it is omitted here. .

Integration against singular kernels
As seen above, in certain situations the distribution R f is not uniquely defined as there might be many distributions ζ with the appropriate regularity that extendR f . For any such ζ, let us denote by N ζ γ f and K ζ γ f the modelled distributions defined analogously to N γ f and K γ f , but with R f replaced by ζ. C D γ,w P Before stating the result on the integration operator in the weighted spaces, let us recall the following identities from [Hai ], which hold for any multiindex k, with the usual convention that empty sums vanish In particular, choosing x = y, these identities also cover the formulas for the coefficient of X k in N ζ,(n) γ f (x) and J (n) (x) f (x), respectively. Another nontrivial rearrangement of terms gives where we define, for α ∈ R, We will also make use of the fact that following Taylor remainder formula holds: where all we need from the yet undefined objects is that ∂ A α is a finite set of multiindices l which all satisfy |l| s ≥ α + β − |k | s and that Q l (x − y, ·) is a measure supported on the set {ȳ : x −ȳ s ≤ x − y s }, with total mass bounded by a constant times x − y |l | s s . For a proof of this, see for example [Hai , Appendix A].
(ii) If f ∈ D γ,w P, {1} and the coordinates of w satisfy ( . ), then choosingR f in the above in place of ζ, the same conclusions hold, but with the definition ofσ in ( . ) replaced bȳ σ = σ + β.
Proof. The argument showing that N ζ γ f (and therefore K ζ γ f ) is actually well-defined is exactly the same as in [Hai ]. Also, the fact that the required bounds trivially hold for components of (K , whose homogeneity is non-integer, does not change in our setting. For integers homogeneities, we shall make use of the decomposition of K and use different arguments on different scales. We start by bounding the second term in ( . ). First consider the case 2 −n+2 ≤ |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 . We then have, for any multiindex l, due to ( . ) | After summation over the relevant values of n, we get a bound of order .
Summing over n, we get where we made use of δ ≥ α in the last step. Next, consider the case |x| P 0 ≤ 2 −n+2 ≤ |x| P 1 . Since then d s (supp D l 1 K n (x, ·), P 1 ) ∼ |x| P 1 , we can invoke part (a) of Definition . . For any multiindex l, we get .
Notice that here in fact we only use estimates of ζ tested against functions centred on the boundary, this observation useful in particular in the proof of part (ii) of the lemma. Let us C D γ,w P denote the two terms above by A n and B n . Summing A n over the relevant values of n, we have two cases, depending on the sign of |l| s − β − (η ∧ α) = |l| s −η. If this exponent is positive, we get, after summation which gives the required bound. If, on the other hand, |l| s −η < 0 (equality cannot occur, by assumption), then the sum of the A n 's over the relevant values of n is bounded by a constant times |x| (η∧α)+β− |l | s +µ−η P 1 , which is also of the required order. The treatment of B n is momentarily postponed.
In the final case, |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 ≤ 2 −n+2 . Similarly as above, recalling that ζ ∈ C a ∧ , we get Recognising the second term as B n , we consider its sum over the values of n in both this and in the second case. Notice that the exponent of 2 n is strictly positive: indeed, δ + β ∈ N implies δ ∈ N, but since K n and its derivatives annihilate polynomials, such terms have no contribution to the sum. The resulting quantity is bounded by a constant times (η∧α)+β− |l | s as required. Moving on to the first term on the right-hand side of ( . ), recall that µ ≤ a ∧ + β, and hence where the sum runs over the relevant values of n, and we also made use of the fact thatμ ≤ 0 holds, and in fact, by assumption, with strict inequality. This concludes the estimation of the second, and by symmetry, third term in ( . ). Turning to bounding K ζ γ f (x) − Γ xy K ζ γ f (y) , recall that we need only consider pairs (x, y) where 2 x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . As before, this implies |x| P i ∼ |y| P i ∼ |x, y| P i .
We separate into different scales again, starting by 2 −n+2 ≤ 2 x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . As in ( . ), we have Summing over the relevant values of n, we get a bound of order which, after summation, yields an estimate of order which is again of the required order. Next, using ( . ), we have Summing over the relevant values n, we get the bound as required.
Moving on to larger scales, we will then use the identity ( . ). Starting with the second term, This can be treated for all the remaining scales at once: summing over n such that x − y s ≤ 2 −n+2 (the strict positivity of the exponent of 2 n can be argued exactly as in the previous similar situation), we get a bound of order which is of required order.
We are left to estimate |(Π y f (y) − ζ)(K k,γ n;xy )|. Rewriting the above quantity as in the formula ( . ), and making use of the properties mentioned following it, we have Therefore it remains to show that, for any k multiindex satisfying |k | s ≥ γ + β − |l| s and anyȳ satisfying x −ȳ s ≤ x − y s , the following bound holds.
Notice that in particular, as before, |x| P i ∼ |ȳ| P i ∼ |x,ȳ| P i . To show ( . ) we again treat the remaining different scales separately. First, take n such that x − y s ≤ 2 −n+2 ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . We write Summing the first term over the relevant values of n, we get a bound of order so the prefactor in ( . ) cancels and we get the required bound. Similarly to before, we used that while we only required |k | s ≥ γ + β − |l| s , in fact equality can not occur due to the assumptions of the theorem, so the exponent of 2 n is strictly positive. The second term in ( . ) is estimated by After summation over n, we get the bound δ ≤γ which, just as before, is of required order.
Turning to the scale x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ 2 −n+2 , we estimate the the actions of the two distributions acting on the left-hand side of ( . ) separately. First, As before, the exponent of 2 n is strictly positive. Therefore To treat the other distribution in ( . ), we further divide the scales, and consider first x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ 2 −n+2 ≤ |x, y| P 1 . In this case the support of K n (ȳ, ·) is separated away from P 1 , so we have After summation on n and multiplying by the prefactor in ( . ), using x − y s ≤ |x| P 0 , we obtain a bound of order which is again of required order. Finally, when x − y s ≤ |x, y| P 0 ≤ |x, y| P 1 ≤ 2 −n+2 , we can write Summing over n and multiplying by the prefactor in ( . ), we arrive at the bound and since |k + l| s −η ≥ 0, the middle term can be estimated by |x| |k+l | s −η P 1 , and the proof is finished.
The proof of continuity again goes in an analogous way and is omitted here. As for the identity ( . ), inspecting the proof of [Hai , Thm . ], one can notice that this boils down to obtaining the estimate n≥0 ∫ ( for λ ≪ |x| P 0 ∧ |x| P 1 . This however is a local statement and therefore the argument in [Hai ] carries through for our case virtually unchanged. (ii) In the f ∈ D γ,w P, {1} case, when repeating the above arguments, one should only pay attention in order to get the improved exponentσ = σ + β in place of (σ ∧ α) + β = α + β. This improvement is the consequence of the improved bound on f (x) l near P 1 , thanks to Proposition . , and of the improved regularity ofR f when tested against functions centred on P 1 , thanks to ( . ).
Remark . . The "slight difficulty" foreshadowed in Remark . is the constraintμ ≤ 0 in the above lemma. Indeed, in all three of the concrete examples mentioned in the introduction, it turns out one needs to chooseμ > 0. Note that the only two places in the proof where the conditionμ ≤ 0 was used are ( . ) with l = 0 and ( . ). In the latter case one, actually only needsμ ≤γ, which holds as soon as we choose γ sufficiently large so that µ ≤ γ. Therefore, provided that ζ is such that the bound holds for |x| P 0 ≤ |x| P 1 , and the corresponding symmetric bound holds for |x| P 1 ≤ |x| P 0 , for all |l| s ≤μ, andμ ≤ a ∧ + β, then the conclusions of Lemma . still hold. This appears to be a very strong condition, but in the standard case where K is a non-anticipative kernel and ζ is supported on positive times, it is actually quite reasonable, see Proposition . below.

Integration against smooth remainders with singularities at the boundary
From this point on we move to a more concrete setting, and in particular P 0 and P 1 will play different roles. We shall view R d as R × R d−1 , denoting its points by either z or by (t, x), where t ∈ R, x ∈ R d−1 . Furthermore we assume that P 0 is given by . Denote by Z β, P the set of functions Z : (R d \ P) 2 → R that can be written in the form Z(z, z ′ ) = n≥0 Z n (z, z ′ ) where, for each n, Z n satisfies the following where C is a fixed constant depending only on the domain D. • For any (d-dimensional) multiindices k and l, where the proportionality constant may depend on k and l, but not on n, z, z ′ .
The relevance of this definition is illustrated by the following example, which shows that if we consider a heat kernel on a domain obtained by the reflection principle, then it can always be decomposed into an element of K β and an element of Z β, P .

Example . .
Our main example will be of the following form. Suppose that G 0 is a function on R d × R d \ {(z, z ′ ) : z = z ′ } with the following properties: • We have a decomposition G 0 = K 0 + R 0 , where K 0 ∈ K β , while R 0 is a globally smooth function. • For any two multiindices k and l and any number a, there exists a constant C k,l,a such that it holds that |D k 1 D l 2 R 0 (z, z ′ )| ≤ C k,l,a (|x − x ′ | ∨ 1) a . As it is shown in [Hai ], the heat kernel in any dimension satisfies these conditions with β = 2. Suppose then that we have a discrete group Gof isometries of R d−1 with a bounded fundamental domain D, and with the property that the following implication holds Let a : G → {−1, 1} be a group morphism and write G((t, x), (s, y)) = g∈ G a g G 0 ((t, x), (s, g(y))). ( . ) A concrete example to have in mind is when D = [−1, 1] and G is generated by the maps y → −2 − y and y → 2 − y. Then, the trivial morphism a g ≡ 1 yields the Neumann heat kernel on D, while the morphism with kernel given by the orientation-preserving g's yields the Dirichlet heat kernel. Obvious higher dimensional analogues include the Neumann and Dirichlet heat kernels on (d − 1)-dimensional cubes.
For functions f and g on ( We claim that, setting P 1 = R × ∂D, there exist K ∈ K β , Z ∈ Z β, P , such that G ∼ K + Z. First, due to the decay properties of R 0 , the sumR = g a g R 0 ((t, x), (s, g(y))) converges and defines a globally smooth function which we can truncate in a smooth way outside of ([0, 1] × D) 2 , so that it belongs to Z β, P . For K 0 , we divide the sum g∈ G a g K 0 ((t, x), (s, g(y))) C D γ,w P into three parts. For g = id, we simply set K = K 0 which belongs to K β by assumption. The terms with g such that y ∈ D implies d s (g(y), D) > 1 may safely be discarded since they are supported outside of ([0, 1] × D) 2 . For the remaining finitely many terms, say g 1 , g 2 , . . . , g m , we use our assumption on G, by which we can write K 0 n ((t, x), (s, g m (y))) ∼ ϕ n (x, y)K 0 n ((t, x), (s, g m (y))) .
where ϕ n is 1 on {(x, y) : d s (x, ∂D)∨d s (y, ∂D) ≤ 2 −n }, is supported on {(x, y) : d s (x, ∂D)∨ d s (y, ∂D) ≤ 2 −n+1 }, and for all multiindices k and l, D k 1 D l 2 ϕ is bounded by 2 n( |k+l | s ) , up to a universal constant. Let furthermore ϕ be a smooth compactly supported function that equals 1 on D × D. We can then set x), (s, g i (y))) + ϕ(x, y)R, and for n > 0 which does indeed yield an element of Z β, P .

Lemma . . Let a ∈ R 3
− and a ∧ be as in Definition . , u ∈ C a P and Z ∈ Z β, P . Then the is a smooth function on R d \ P, and its lift toT via its Taylor expansion, which we also denote by v, belongs to D γ,w P (T), where σ = a 1 + β, γ ≥ σ ∨ 0, and η and µ satisfy provided neither of σ nor µ are integers. If u furthermore satisfies u, ψ λ z λā 1 |z| a ∩ −ā 1 P 0 for z ∈ P 1 \ P 0 and 2λ ≤ |z| P 0 with someā 1 ≥ a 1 , then the conclusions hold with the definition of σ replaced by σ =ā 1 + β.
Proof. Notice that in ( . ) only the terms where 2 −n ≥ |z| P 1 give nonzero contributions. In particular, since the sum is finite, any differentiation on v can be carried inside. If |z| P 0 ≤ 2|z| P 1 , then we simply use the fact that u ∈ C a ∧ , to get, for any multiindex l where we used µ ≤ a ∧ + β as well as µ < 0. If 2|z| P 1 ≤ |z| P 0 , then we distinguish two cases. First, if 2|z| P 1 ≤ 2 −n ≤ |z| P 0 , then the support of Z n (z, ·) is away from P 0 , and so we make use of part (b) of the definition of C a P : If σ = a 1 + β < |l| s , then the summing up yields which is as required, since −a 1 + σ = β. If, on the other hand, σ > |l| s , then On the scale, 2|z| P 1 ≤ |z| P 0 ≤ 2 −n , when we simply use the fact u ∈ C a ∧ again in the same way as before, to get Putting the above estimates together, we conclude that if |z| P 0 ≤ |z| P 1 , and the corresponding symmetric estimate holds when |z| P 1 ≤ |z| P 0 . In particular, the second and third terms in ( . ) are finite for any finite γ. To bound the first term, it remains to recall that since v is the lift of a smooth function, for any positive integer γ and (z, Applying ( . ) (and its symmetric counterpart) with l = γ, we get as required. For γ non-integer, it suffices to apply the above with γ replaced byγ = ⌈γ⌉ and to note that, for every γ ∈ (γ − 1,γ), one has Dγ ,w P ⊂ D γ,w P . (To see this, write f = f ⋆ γ 1 and apply Lemma . , noting that 1 ∈ D γ,w P withη = η ∨ 0,σ = σ ∨ 0 andμ = 0.) For the last statement of the lemma, one can simply notice that in ( . ) u is tested against functions centred on P 1 \ P 0 , and use the additional assumption on u.
where v is as in ( . ), will also be denoted by Z γ . As all models that we consider act the same on polynomials, the usual continuity estimates are in this case direct consequences of the above result.
Remark . . It is again worth pointing out that the µ < 0 condition, used in ( . ) and ( . ), can be omitted if one can derive for |l| s ≤ µ by some other means.
One can easily verify that the action of K γ and Z γ are compatible in the following sense: take f ∈ D γ,w P and an extension ζ ofR f as in Lemma . (i). Then Z γ+β ζ ∈ D γ+β,w P , wherew is as in Lemma . (i).

Solving the abstract equation
In addition to the setting of Section . we now assume that, for a bounded domain D ⊂ R d−1 with a Lipschitz boundary ∂D satisfying the cone condition, P 1 is given by P 1 = R × ∂D. We shall denote byD the 1-fattening of the closure of D, and we introduce the T-valued function It is straightforward to see that R D + ∈ D ∞,(∞,∞,0) P , and in particular that multiplication by R D + maps any D γ,w P space into itself. .

Non-anticipative kernels
In a typical situation of an application of the theory to SPDEs, one important property of the kernel K that we have, further to the quite general setting in Definition . , is that it is non-anticipative in the sense that t < s ⇒ K((t, x), (s, y)) = 0.
We shall use the notations O = [−1, 2] ×D and O τ = (−∞, τ] ×D as well as the shorthand ||| f ||| γ,w;τ for ||| f ||| γ,w;O τ and similarly for other norms involving dependence on compact sets. First of all, this allows us to improve our conditions on µ. Lemma . (i), suppose that K is non-anticipative, that f is of the form R D + g for some g ∈ D γ,w P , and that ζ annihilates test functions supported on negative times. Let furthermore ε > 0 such that m 0 − β + ε > 0 and assume a ∧ + m 0 ≥ 0. Then, modifying the condition onμ from ( . ) tō µ ≤ a ∧ + β − ε, the conclusions of Lemma . (i) still hold.
(iii) In the setting of Lemma . , suppose that Z is non-anticipative and that u annihilates test functions supported on negative times and let ε > 0 be as above. Then, modifying the condition on µ from ( . ) to the conclusion of Lemma . still hold.
Combining this with the fact that the number of points y ∈ Λ m for which the support of ϕ m,s y actually intersects the support of D l 1 K n (z, ·), is of order 2 −n( |s |−m 0 ) 2 m( |s |−m 0 ) , we get |ζ(D l 1 K n (z, ·))| 2 −m(a ∧ +m 0 ) 2 n(m 0 + |l | s −β) .

Lemma . . In the setting of
S uniformly in τ ∈ (0, 1] and in models bounded by C. For the second bound, g andḡ are also assumed to be bounded by C. If we are instead in the situation of Proposition . (ii), then the analogous statement holds, with ζ replaced byR f , and hence the last term on the right-hand side of ( . ) can be omitted. Proof. First, by the fact that K is non-anticipative, using ( . ) we can improve Lemma . to |||K ζ γ R D + g|||γ ,w;τ |||g||| γ,w;τ + ζ a;τ . This already takes care of bounding the first and third term in ( . ), since, using the Keeping in mind that |z| P 0 ≤ t 1/s 0 , by the definition of the exponents w ′ , these are indeed the required bounds. Similarly, we have for and hence, by virtue of Proposition . , the proof is complete if we can show that F = K ζ γ R D + g ∈ Dγ ,w P, {0} . This, on the other hand, follows from the proof of [Hai , Thm . ], given that away from P 1 , ζ belongs to C η∧α , which is exactly the situation considered therein. The bound on the difference again follows in an analogous way.
The corresponding results hold for the singular remainder as well.
Lemma . . Let Z ∈ Z β, P , f , ζ, γ,γ, w, and w ′ be as in Lemma . . Then it holds, for any C > 0 |||Z γ ζ |||γ ,w ′ ;τ τ κ/s 0 ζ a;τ , uniformly in τ ∈ (0, 1]. Proof. The proof goes precisely as in the previous lemma, with the only difference that we cannot refer to [Hai ] to argue that F := Zγζ ∈ D γ,w P, {0} . We therefore need to show that (F) k has limit 0 at points of P 0 \ P 1 whenever |k | s ≤ η ∧ α + β. This is simply due to the fact that, for such k, the function z → ζ(Z(z, ·)) is continuous away from P 1 , and is 0 for negative times.

S
.

On initial conditions
The class of admissible initial conditions depends on the particular choice of the kernel in that in addition to the regularity, some boundary behaviour may be required. In the setting of Example . , which is general enough to cover all of our examples, this can be formalised as follows.
Lemma . . Let G and G be as in Example . and let u 0 be a function on D such that the functionū 0 defined byū 0 (x) = a gū0 (g −1 x) for the g ∈ G such that g −1 x ∈ D, has a continuous extension that belongs to C α (R d−1 ).
By assumption, the conditions of [Hai , Lem . ] are satisfied, and hence v satisfies the bounds This already gives the right bounds for D l v(z) k , k = 0, 1, . . .. From this one can deduce the bound for the quantity D l v(z)− Γ zz ′ D l v(z ′ ) k precisely as in the proof of Lemma . .

The fixed point problem
At this point everything is in place to solve the abstract equations that will arise as 'lifts' of equations similar to the ones in Section . . As the notation is already quite involved, we refrain from the full generality concerning the kernel K + Z and the scaling s and only state the result in a form that is sufficient to treat nonlinear perturbations of the stochastic heat equation with some boundary conditions. Our main goal is to formulate a fixed point argument that is just general enough to cover the examples mentioned in the introduction, as well as some related problems. Our setup will involve families of Banach spaces depending on some parameter τ > 0 (which will represent the time over which we solve our equation). We will henceforth talk of a "time-indexed space V" for a family V = { V τ } τ>0 of Banach spaces as well as contractions π τ ′ ←τ : V τ → V τ ′ for all τ ′ < τ with the property that π τ ′′ ←τ ′ • π τ ′ ←τ = π τ ′′ ←τ . We consider V itself as a Fréchet space whose elements are collections {v τ } τ>0 satisfying the consistency condition v τ ′ = π τ ′ ←τ v τ and with the topology given by the collections of seminorms · τ inherited by the spaces V τ . We will write π τ : V → V τ for the natural projection.
Given a bounded and piecewise C 1 domain D ⊂ R d−1 , a typical example of a timeindexed space is given by the space V = D γ,w P with π τ given by the restriction to [0, τ] × D and norms · τ given by ||| · ||| γ,w;D τ , where D τ = [0, τ] × D. Similarly, we write again C w P for the time-indexed space consisting of distributions on R d which vanish outside of S R + × D, endowed with the norms of Definition . , but restricted to test functions ψ, points x and constants λ such that the support of ψ λ x lies in (−∞, τ] × R d−1 . Given two time-indexed spaces V andV, we call a map A: V →V 'adapted' if there are maps A τ : V τ →V τ such that π τ A = A τ π τ . If A is linear, we will furthermore assume that the norms of A τ are uniformly bounded over bounded subsets of R + . Similarly, we call A "locally Lipschitz" if each of the A τ is locally Lipschitz continuous and, for every K > 0 and τ > 0, the Lipschitz constant of A τ ′ over the centred ball of radius K in A τ ′ is bounded, uniformly over τ ′ ∈ (0, τ].
With these preliminaries in place, our setup is the following.
with a piecewise C 1 boundary, satisfying the cone condition. • We assume that we have an abstract integration map I of order 2 as well as nonanticipative kernels K ∈ K 2 and Z ∈ Z 2, P . We then construct the operator Z γ and, for every admissible model (Π, Γ), the operator K γ as in Sections . and . . • We fix a family ((Π ε , Γ ε )) ε ∈(0,1] of admissible models converging to where V i are sectors of regularity α i , satisfying I(V i ) ⊂ V and w i ∈ R 3 . Finally, we assume that for every ε ∈ [0, 1] and every v ∈ V ε , one has , which are themselves time-indexed spaces equipped with the natural norms.
Remark . . The reader may wonder what the point of this rather complicated setup is. By choosing for V ε a direct sum of spaces of the type defined in Section , it allows us to decompose the right hand side of our equation into a sum of terms with well-controlled behaviour at the boundary. This gives us the flexibility to exploit different features of each term to control the corresponding "reconstruction operator"R ε i . For example, in the case of D gPAM, the termf i j (u) ⋆ D i (u) ⋆ D j (u) can be reconstructed because the corresponding weight exponents are sufficiently large, the term (ĝ(u) − g(0)1) ⋆ Ξ can be reconstructed because it vanishes on the boundary, and the term g(0)Ξ can be reconstructed because it corresponds to (a constant times) white noise, multiplied by an indicator function.
We then have the following result.

Proof.
By assumption P (ε) γ 0 is an adapted linear map from V ε to W ε with control on its norm that is uniform over ε ∈ [0, 1]. It has the additional property that, when restricted to time τ, its operator norm is bounded by O(τ θ ) for some exponent θ > 0, uniformly in ε.
Combining this with the uniform local Lipschitz continuity of the maps F ε , it is immediate that, for every C > 2 v W;1 , there exists τ ∈ (0, 1] such that the right hand side of ( . ) is a contraction and therefore admits a unique fixed point in the centred ball of radius C in W ε .
To show that this is the unique fixed point in all of W ε is also standard: assume by contradiction that there exists a second fixed pointū (which necessarily has norm strictly greater than C). Then, for every τ ′ < τ, the restrictions of both u andū are fixed points in W ε . However, since the norm of A ε is bounded by O(τ θ ), one has uniqueness of the fixed point in a ball of radiusC(τ ′ ) of W ε with lim τ ′ →0C (τ ′ ) = ∞, so that one reaches a contradiction by choosing τ ′ small enough. The continuity of the solution map at (v, 0) then follows immediately from ( . ).

Singular SPDEs with boundary conditions
The next three subsections are devoted to the proofs of Theorems . , . , and . , respectively. We do rely on the results of the corresponding statements without boundary conditions from [Hai , Hai ], in particular the specific regularity structures, models, and their convergence do not change in our setting. Therefore we only specify details about these objects to the extent that is sufficient to cover the new aspects of our setting.

. D gPAM with Dirichlet boundary condition
The regularity structure for the equation ( . ) is built as in [Hai , Sec ], and the models (Π ε , Γ ε ) ε ∈[0,1] as in [Hai , Sec ], and we will use the notations from there without further ado. We use the periodic model with sufficiently large period: if the truncated heat kernel K 0 is chosen to have support of diameter 1, then the periodic model on [−2, 2] 2 suffices, since convolution with K 0 and with its periodic symmetrisation agrees on [−1, 1] 2 .

S SPDE
The homogeneity of the symbol Ξ is denoted by −1 − κ, where κ ∈ (0, (1/3) ∧ δ) \ Q, with δ being the regularity of the initial condition. Our setup to apply Theorem . is the following. The sectors we are working with are and we set the exponents γ = 1 + 2κ, γ 0 = κ, We then set and we let ι ε be the identity. As forR ε , it is chosen to act coordinate-wise, and in the first two coordinates there is no choice to be made, one simply applies Theorems . -. . The definition of the action ofR ε on the third coordinate is momentarily postponed.
We take G to be the Dirichlet heat kernel of the domain D = (−1, 1) 2 continued to all of R 2 as in Example . . We also consider the decomposition G ∼ K + Z given there and construct K γ 0 and Z γ 0 accordingly. Furthermore, by Schauder's estimate, it follows that, for all f ∈ C α with α > −2, the function G((t, x), (s, y)) f (s, y) ds dy is continuous and vanishes on R + × ∂D. In particular, for any v ∈ V ε , the modelled distribution satisfies 1, h(t, x) = 0 for all t > 0 and x ∈ ∂D. Since the only basis element in V with homogeneity lower than σ is 1, we conclude that one has h ∈ D γ,w P, {1} . We exploit this by setting the time-indexed space W ε to be W ε = u ∈ D γ,(η,σ,0)

P, {1}
: D i u ∈ D γ−1,(η−1,σ−1,κ−1) The reason for only imposing a slightly weaker condition on u itself (i.e. we use 0 instead of κ as the third singularity index) is to be able to deal with initial conditions. Indeed, let v be the lift of the solution of the linear equation Combining our assumption that u 0 ∈ C δ with Lemma . and the definition of the various exponents, we then note that indeed v ∈ W ε as required, but this would not be the case had we simply replaced W ε by D γ,(η,σ,κ) . Due to the above choice of exponents, the required estimate of order T θ of the short time norm of P (ε) γ from V ε to W ε follows from Lemmas . -. , with the choice ||| f ; g||| W;τ := ||| f ; g||| γ,(η,σ,0);τ + |||D f ; D g||| γ−1,(η−1,σ−1,κ−1);τ .

S SPDE
We now define the functions F ε . They are given as local operations with formal expression that do not depend on ε, and we define its three components according to the decomposition ( . ) separately. We first set Heref i j are the lifts of the functions f i j in ( . ). By Lemmas . ,. ,and . ,F (0) is indeed a mapping from W ε to D γ 0 ,w 0 P (V 0 ). At this stage we note that the fact that the derivatives of elements of W ε have better corner singularity than µ − 1 is crucial, since otherwise we would have had to choose µ 0 ≤ −2 which would violate the condition µ 0 + 2 > (µ ∨ 0) appearing in the conditions of Theorem . .
Next, set Again, using Lemmas . and . , it is easy to see that F (1) maps from W ε to D γ 1 ,w 1 P (V 1 ). To see that it in fact maps to D γ 0 ,w 1 P, {1} (V 1 ), we need only check the coefficient of Ξ, since Ξ is the only basis element in V 1 with homogeneity less than σ 1 . Since 1, u(z) has 0 limit at P 1 \ P 0 , so does 1, (ĝ(u))(z) − g(0)1 , and therefore so does the coefficient of Ξ in F 1 (u, v).
Finally, the third coordinate is the constant modelled distribution It remains to defineR ε on D γ 0 ,w 2 P ( Ξ ). To this end, let us recall that for the model constructed for this equation in [Hai , Sec. . ] (which coincides with the canonical BPHZ model defined more generally in [BHZ , CH ]) Π 0 x Ξ is the spatial white noise ξ for all x, while Π ε x Ξ is the smoothed noise ξ ε for all x. Also notice that any f ∈ D γ 0 ,w 2 P ( Ξ ) is necessarily constant on R + × D, and therefore in fact it suffices to defineR ε (R D + Ξ) in a way that the continuity property ( . ) holds. DefiningR 0 (R D + Ξ) as 1 [0,∞)×D ξ (which is of course a meaningful expression) andR ε (R D + Ξ) as 1 [0,∞)×D ξ ε we therefore only need to show that the convergence holds in probability for ( . ) to hold. This however follows in a more or less standard way from a Kolmogorov continuity type argument, see for example [Hai , Prop. . ] for a very similar statement.
Therefore we can apply Theorem . to get that the equation has a unique local solution u ε ∈ D γ,w P, {1} (V, Γ) for each of the models (Π ε , Γ ε ), for ε ∈ [0, 1]. The fact that these correspond to the approximating equations in the sense that Ru ε is the classical solution of ( . ), for ε > 0, follows exactly as in [Hai ]: indeed, this is a property of the models and the compatibility of the abstract integration operators with the corresponding convolutions, neither of which changed in our setting. One also has, by Theorem . , that u ε converges to u 0 in probability, with respect to the 'distance' |||·; ·||| γ,w,T . Therefore, Ru ε also converge to Ru 0 in probability, which proves Theorem . .

S SPDE
Remark . . If we replace u 0 in ( . ) by (Ru 0 )(s, ·), s < τ, where τ is the solution time from Theorem . , then v still belongs to W ε , in fact, one even has v ∈ D γ,(1−κ,1−κ,0) Therefore the solution can be restarted from time s and these solutions can be patched together by the arguments in [Hai , Sec. . ]. One then sees that the only way that the solution may fail to be global is if R 0 F(u 0 ) −1−κ;s , and consequently, (Ru 0 )(s, ·) 1−κ,D blows up in finite time. .

KPZ equation with Dirichlet boundary condition
The construction of the regularity structure and models (as before, with a sufficiently large period) for the KPZ equation can be for example found in [FH , Sec. ]. The homogeneity of the symbol Ξ is now denoted by −3/2 − κ, where κ ∈ (0, (1/8) ∧ δ) \ Q, with δ being the regularity of the initial condition.
Similarly to the previous subsection, we let v be the lift of the solution to the linear problem with initial condition u 0 (and Dirichlet boundary conditions). We also choose K ∈ K 2 and Z ∈ Z 2, P , as obtained from G, the Dirichlet heat kernel on the domain D = (−1, 1) as in Example . . We also set γ = 3/2 + κ, γ 0 = κ, and define where we define the distributionsR ε R D + Ξ as in the previous subsection, with the obvious modification that ξ now stands for the + -dimensional space-time white noise.
We then write the abstract fixed point problem for the remainder of a one step expansion with We further set which obviously implies α = 0, α 0 = −4κ, α 1 = −1/2 − 3κ, and α 2 = −1 − 2κ. As for the weight exponents, let We then set similarly to above W ε = u ∈ D γ,(η,σ,0) P : D i u ∈ D γ−1,(η−1,σ−1,κ−1) as well as and ι ε to be the identity. As before, it is straightforward to check that that the conditions on V ε and W ε satisfied, and also that regarding the first two coordinates ofR ε one has a canonical choice given by Theorem . . It remains to defineR ε R D + (D Ψ) ⋆2 . Recall thatR stands for the local reconstruction operator and that the issue with the singularity of low order is thatRR D + (D(G γ Ξ)) ⋆2 does not have a canonical extension as a distribution in C −1−2κ . Of course, for the approximating models this is just a bounded function, so it could even be extended as an element of C 0 , but these extensions may not converge in the ε → 0 limit. Therefore some modification of these natural extensions are required at the boundary.
Remark . . This process is very similar to the situation when one takes the sequence of distributions 1/(|x| + ε). This sequence of course does not converge to any distribution as ε → 0, but 1/(|x| + ε) + 2 log(ε)δ 0 does, in C −1−ρ for any ρ > 0. Moreover, the limiting distribution agrees with 1/|x| on test functions supported away from 0.

. KPZ equation with Neumann boundary condition
Most of the arguments of the previous subsection carry through if the Dirichlet heat kernel is replaced by the Neumann heat kernel, with the sole exception of ( . ). Instead, we have where δ ±1 is the Dirac distribution at x = ±1, and C ε 0 (x) χ(x − 1) dx.
(We henceforth view C ε 0 and C 0 as functions of the spatial variable x only, since we already noted that these functions, as defined in ( . ), do not depend on the time variable.) Since these Dirac masses now do not cancel, one needs more concrete information about c − ε and c + ε , and we begin with the former. First, it will be convenient to shift the equation to the right, so that the left boundary is at x = 0. Furthermore, we note that we can add a globally smooth component to K and Z in the definitions of C ε 0 and C 0 without changing the conclusion thatĈ ε 0 as defined by ( . ) converges to a limitĈ * 0 . In particular, setting we can assume that for x ∈ [0, 1/4], one has K((0, x), (−s, y)) = N(x − y, s), Z((0, x), (−s, y)) = N(x + y, s) .
Note that our modifications of K and Z are only valid for x ∈ [0, 1/4], and so ( . ) also holds for these values of x. But since other values do not play a role in computing c − ε , for the duration of this computation we can simply define C ε 0 (x) as the right-hand side of ( . ) for other values of x. We can then write the decomposition We first show that the second term in this decomposition doesn't matter.
With the usual conventionρ 0 * standing for the identity, we can furthermore write x dz ′ =: I 1 + I 2 + I 3 .