Abstract
Probiotics contribute to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and preventing dysbiosis caused by opportunistic pathogens, such as intestinal helminths. Bacillus cereus GM obtained from Biovicerin® was cultured to obtain spores for in vivo evaluation on experimental schistosomiasis. The assay was performed for 90 days, where all animals were infected with 50 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni on the 15th day. Three experimental groups were formed, as follows: G1—saline solution from the 1st until the 90th day; G2—B. cereus GM (105 spores in 300 μL of sterile saline) from the 1st until the 90th day; and G3—B. cereus GM 35th day (onset of oviposition) until the 90th day. G2 showed a significant reduction of 43.4% of total worms, 48.8% of female worms and 42.5% of eggs in the liver tissue. In G3, the reduction was 25.2%, 29.1%, and 44% of the total number of worms, female worms, and eggs in the liver tissue, respectively. G2 and G3 showed a 25% (p < 0.001) and 22% (p < 0.001) reduction in AST levels, respectively, but ALT levels did not change. ALP levels were reduced by 23% (p < 0.001) in the G2 group, but not in the G3. The average volume of granulomas reduced (p < 0.0001) 65.2% and 46.3% in the liver tissue and 83.0% and 53.2% in the intestine, respectively, in groups G2 and G3. Th1 profile cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) and IL-17 were significantly increased (p < 0.001) stimulated with B. cereus GM in groups G2 and G3. IL-4 showed significant values when the stimulus was mediated by ConA. By modulating the immune response, B. cereus GM reduced the burden of worms, improved some markers of liver function, and reduced the granulomatous inflammatory reaction in mice infected with S. mansoni, especially when administered before infection.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work received financial support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES - Grant No. 001) and Fundação de Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE). H. D. A. Araújo would like to thank FACEPE for the Regional Science Development Scholarship (Process DCR-0015-4.03/23). In addition, A. L. Aires and H. D. A. Araújo would like to thank FACEPE Research Project Aid (Process APQ-Emergent 1181-4.03/22 and APQ-0037-4.03/23 respectively).
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V. H. B. Santos, E. C. P. A. Ximenes, A. L. Aires, and M. C. P. A. Albuquerque designed the study protocol. V. H. B. Santos, E. C. P. A. Ximenes, R. A. F. Souza, R. P. C. Silva, M. C. Silva, L. V. M. Andrade, V. M. O. Souza, V. M. A. Costa, V. M. B. Lorena, H. D. A. Araújo, A. L. Aires, and M. C. P. A. Albuquerque carried out the assays and/or were involved in the analysis and interpretation of all data. V. H. B. Santos, E. C. P. A. Ximenes, V. M. A. Costa, H. D. A. Araújo, A. L. Aires, and M. C. P. A. Albuquerque contributed to drafting the manuscript and/or critically revising the paper and intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The animal study protocol was approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the UFPE Biosciences Center (no. 0084/2020).
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dos Santos, V.H.B., de Azevedo Ximenes, E.C.P., de Souza, R.A.F. et al. Effects of the probiotic Bacillus cereus GM on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Parasitol Res 123, 72 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08090-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08090-0