Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination activities started in Mali in 2005 in the most endemic areas and reached countrywide coverage in 2009. In 2004, the district of Bamako was endemic for LF with a prevalence of 1.5%. The current study was designed to determine LF endemicity level in the urban area of Bamako after three rounds of ivermectin and albendazole mass drug administration (MDA). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 in Bamako city, consisting of human prevalence and entomological surveys. Volunteers aged 14 years and above were invited to participate and tested for evidence of Wuchereria bancrofti using night time blood thick smear microfilarial count and blood spots for LF antibodies using the SD BIOLINE Oncho/LF IgG4 Biplex rapid test (Ov16/Wb123). Mosquitoes were collected using CDC light and gravid traps and tested using molecular methods. Poolscreen software v2.0 was used to estimate vector transmission potential. Of the 899 volunteers, one (0.11%) was found to be positive for LF using the Oncho/LF IgG4 Biplex rapid test, and none was found to have Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. No mosquitoes were found infected among 6174 Culex spp. (85.2%), 16 Anopheles gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae s.l.) (0.2%), 26 Aedes spp. (0.4%), 858 Ceratopogonidae (11.8%) and 170 other insects not identified (2.3%) tested. Our data indicate that there was no active LF transmission in the low prevalence urban district of Bamako after three MDA rounds. These data helped the National LF programme move forward towards the elimination goal.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author (Moussa Sangare, mbsangare@icermali.org), upon reasonable request.
Change history
10 November 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07718-x
Abbreviations
- CDC:
-
United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- GPELF:
-
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis
- ICT:
-
Immunochromatographic test
- LF:
-
Lymphatic filariasis
- MDA:
-
Mass drug administration
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to express warm gratitude to the many people who gave generously of their time and knowledge in the preparation and the implementation of this study. Especially, the health staff of Bamako district, the community health workers and all the participants.
Funding
This study was supported in part by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (USA), and the University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
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Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Moussa Sangare, Housseini Dolo, Moses John Bockarie, Benjamin G. Koudou, Louise A. Kelly-Hope, Amy D. Klion and Thomas B. Nutman designed and conceived the study.
Amy D. Klion, Louise A. Kelly-Hope, Moses John Bockarie and Thomas B. Nutman approved final version of the manuscript and helped with the analysis.
Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Moussa Sangare, Housseini Dolo, Siaka Yamoussa Coulibaly, Ilo Dicko, Lamine Diarra, Abdoul Fatao Diabaté, Lamine Soumaoro, Michel Emmanuel Coulibaly, Salif Seriba Doumbia and Abdallah Amadou Diallo collected, processed the samples and drafted the manuscript.
Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Moussa Sangare, Housseini Dolo, Benjamin G. Koudou, Amy D. Klion, Louise A. Kelly-Hope, Thomas B. Nutman and Moses John Bockarie managed the data, did the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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A collective quartier-wide oral consent was obtained from village elders and head of quartiers, and all mosquito collectors and participants enrolled in parasitological study signed an individual written consent. The study protocol and consent forms were approved by the Malian National Institute of Research in Public Health Ethical Committee, Bamako, Mali (Reference #9/11/CE-INRSP).
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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The authors declare no competing interests.
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Coulibaly, Y.I., Sangare, M., Dolo, H. et al. No evidence of lymphatic filariasis transmission in Bamako urban setting after three mass drug administration rounds. Parasitol Res 121, 3243–3248 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07648-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07648-8