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An update in the applications of exosomes in cancer theranostics: from research to clinical trials

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Abstract

Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all viable cells following the fusing of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane and discharged into the encircling bodily fluids. Exosomes can transport cell-specific components from the source cell to the target cell. Given the enormous potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanovehicles. Lately, accumulated evidence has demonstrated that exosomes serve an important role in prognosis, diagnosis, and even treatment strategies. While several reviews have collective information on the biomedical application of exosomes, a comprehensive review incorporating updated and improved methodologies for beneficial applications of such vesicles in cancer theranostics is indispensable. In the current review, we first provided a comprehensive review of the introduction of exosomes, featuring their discovery, separation, characterization, function, biogenesis, secretion. The implications of exosomes as promising nanovehicles for drug and gene delivery, application of exosome inhibitors in the management of cancers, completed and ongoing clinical trials on the biological relevance of exosomes are then discussed in detail. As the field of exosome research grows, a better understanding of the subcellular parts and mechanisms involved in exosome secretion and targeting of specific cells will help figure out what their exact physiological functions are in the body.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Alzahra Eye Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Kourosh Shahraki

  2. ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Research Center and Department, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

    Paria Ghasemi Boroumand

  3. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

    Hajie Lotfi

  4. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Fatemeh Radnia

  5. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Hossein Shahriari

  6. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Saman Sargazi

  7. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

    Sedigheh Sadat Mortazavi

  8. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Milad Shirvaliloo

  9. Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sakine Shirvalilou

  10. Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Roghayeh Sheervalilou

  11. Future Science Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London, N3 1QB, UK

    Milad Shirvaliloo

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Shahraki, K., Boroumand, P.G., Lotfi, H. et al. An update in the applications of exosomes in cancer theranostics: from research to clinical trials. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 149, 8087–8116 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-023-04701-6

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