Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is a biologically active oxysterol, whose production greatly increases during inflammation by macrophages and dendritic cells. The inflammatory reactions are frequently accompanied by changes in heart regulation, such as blunting of the cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling. Here, the mechanism of 25HC-dependent modulation of responses to β-AR activation was studied in the atria of mice. 25HC at the submicromolar levels decreased the β-AR-mediated positive inotropic effect and enhancement of the Ca2+ transient amplitude, without changing NO production. Positive inotropic responses to β1-AR (but not β2-AR) activation were markedly attenuated by 25HC. The depressant action of 25HC on the β1-AR-mediated responses was prevented by selective β3-AR antagonists as well as inhibitors of Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3, or β-arrestin. Simultaneously, blockers of protein kinase D and C as well as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor did not preclude the negative action of 25HC on the inotropic response to β-AR activation. Thus, 25HC can suppress the β1-AR-dependent effects via engaging β3-AR, Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, and β-arrestin. This 25HC-dependent mechanism can contribute to the inflammatory-related alterations in the atrial β-adrenergic signaling.
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Data availability
All mentioned data are represented in the main manuscript figures and supplementary figure. Other additional data will be made available on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- AR:
-
Adrenoceptor
- 25HC:
-
25-Hydroxycholesterol
- GRK:
-
G protein-coupled receptor kinase
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- ISO:
-
Isoproterenol
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- PKD:
-
Protein kinase D
- PDE:
-
Phosphodiesterase
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We thank Dr. Nicole El-Darzi (Case Western Reserve University) for helpful comments on the manuscript and Dr. Andrey Zakharov (Kazan Federal University) for excellent technical assistance.
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This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 22-25-00396, https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00396/).
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JGO supervised the study, prepared Figures 1–6, and performed experiments (calcium imaging, contraction recording); IRK, NAT, and DAT performed experiments (DAR-4M AM); ASA performed experiments (contraction recording) and prepared supplementary figure 1; AMP wrote the main manuscript text. AMP and JGO designed of the work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Odnoshivkina, J.G., Averin, A.S., Khakimov, I.R. et al. The mechanism of 25-hydroxycholesterol-mediated suppression of atrial β1-adrenergic responses. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 476, 407–421 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-024-02913-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-024-02913-4