Laser speckle flowgraphy findings in focal scleral nodule

Dear Editor. Focal scleral nodule (FSN), renamed by Fung et al. in 2020 [1], is characterized by the partial elevation of the sclera and a solitary yellowish-white spot with clear boundaries. In the FSN lesion, the choroidal circulation may be locally impaired given previously reported hypofluorescence on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and nonperfusion of choriocapillaris on optical coherence tomography angiography [1]. To date, surveying macular choroidal blood flow using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) has played an important role in elucidating the pathophysiology of various fundus diseases [2–8]; however, the LSFG findings of FSN has not been reported so far. Here, we report the LSFG findings in 2 FSN cases. We would like to describe 2 cases. Our first case was a 56-year-old woman who was found to have an abnormality in her right fundus. Her medical and family history was unremarkable. The patient’s best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 OD. Funduscopic examination revealed an orange lesion of less than two-disc diameter on the inferonasal site of the macula (Fig. 1a). Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed scattered hypofluorescence and surrounding hyperfluorescence (Fig. 1c) in the early phase followed by granular enhancement (Fig. 1d). ICGA showed hypofluorescence in the early phase (Fig. 1e) and surrounding slight hyperfluorescence in the late phase (Fig. 1f). On enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), the sclera was elevated with the overlying choroid thinned to 20 μm (Fig. 1g), whereas the central choroidal thickness was 144 μm. B-mode echography showed no acoustic shadow (Fig. 1h). Contrast-enhanced MRI of the head and orbit (Fig. 1i), gallium scintigraphy, and blood tests showed no abnormal systemic or ocular findings. The patient was diagnosed with FSN and followed up without treatment. Five years later, the yellowish-white lesion and surrounding orange halo became funduscopically more evident than at the first visit (Fig. 1b). The LSFG color map of mean blur rate (MBR) showed localized cooler color at the lesion (white arrowheads, MBR = 4.6) than at the macula (black arrowheads, MBR = 7.7), indicating blood flow was disrupted in the FSN site (Fig. 1j). Key messages


Dear Editor.
Focal scleral nodule (FSN), renamed by Fung et al. in 2020 [1], is characterized by the partial elevation of the sclera and a solitary yellowish-white spot with clear boundaries. In the FSN lesion, the choroidal circulation may be locally impaired given previously reported hypofluorescence on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and nonperfusion of choriocapillaris on optical coherence tomography angiography [1]. To date, surveying macular choroidal blood flow using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) has played an important role in elucidating the pathophysiology of various fundus diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]; however, the LSFG findings of FSN has not been reported so far. Here, we report the LSFG findings in 2 FSN cases.
We would like to describe 2 cases. Our first case was a 56-year-old woman who was found to have an abnormality in her right fundus. Her medical and family history was unremarkable. The patient's best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 OD. Funduscopic examination revealed an orange lesion of less than two-disc diameter on the inferonasal site of the macula (Fig. 1a).
Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed scattered hypofluorescence and surrounding hyperfluorescence (Fig. 1c) in the early phase followed by granular enhancement (Fig. 1d). ICGA showed hypofluorescence in the early phase ( Fig. 1e) and surrounding slight hyperfluorescence in the late phase (Fig. 1f). On enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), the sclera was elevated with the overlying choroid thinned to 20 μm ( Fig. 1g), whereas the central choroidal thickness was 144 μm. B-mode echography showed no acoustic shadow (Fig. 1h). Contrast-enhanced MRI of the head and orbit (Fig. 1i), gallium scintigraphy, and blood tests showed no abnormal systemic or ocular findings. The patient was diagnosed with FSN and followed up without treatment. Five years later, the yellowish-white lesion and surrounding orange halo became funduscopically more evident than at the first visit (Fig. 1b).
The LSFG color map of mean blur rate (MBR) showed localized cooler color at the lesion (white arrowheads, MBR = 4.6) than at the macula (black arrowheads, MBR = 7.7), indicating blood flow was disrupted in the FSN site (Fig. 1j). Since FSN did not show a diffuse decrease in choroidal blood flow, which was the pattern of choroiditis, focal compression by scleral nodule but not choroiditis may be the primary condition of FSN.

Key messages
Our second case was a 56-year-old woman who was referred to our clinic because of a yellowish-white lesion in her left macula. Past medical and family history was unremarkable. BCVA was 20/16 OS. The fundus and other findings were similar to those in Case 1 ( Fig. 2a-i), but the elevation was closer to the macula and steeper. Late-phase FA showed hyperfluorescence across the fovea, indicating retinal pigment epithelial damage (Fig. 2d).
On LSFG, t he lesion showed a cooler color (Fig. 2j white ar rowheads, MBR = 3.3) than the macula (black arrowheads, MBR = 10.2), indicating blood f low reduction in the FSN site. Five years later, the lesion became more apparent than at the first visit (Fig. 2b).
Since the yellowish-white lesion in this disease was once considered an inflammatory disease of the choroid, Hong et al. named it unifocal helicoid choroiditis in 1997 [9], and Shields et al. solitary idiopathic choroiditis in 2002 [10]. However, recent EDI-OCT findings prompted Fung et al. to rename these lesions to FSN, reporting that these lesions originate from the sclera and not the choroid [1]. In both cases of this report, the cooler LSFG color showed a focal reduction in blood flow. It is noteworthy that the LSFG findings were strictly localized in the lesion. Conversely, in inflammatory diseases such as punctate inner choroidopathy, whose primary condition is choroiditis, LSFG shows reductions in blood flow beyond the visible area of involvement on clinical exam [7], whereas in FSN, reduction in blood flow on LSFG is noted only in the area of involvement on clinical exam. The localized blood flow reduction in LSFG is a finding supporting the pathophysiology of FSN, a primary scleral Code availability Not applicable.

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