Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Associations of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and kidney stones in U.S. general population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016

  • Original Article
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

It has been reported that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was associated with the increasing risk of various diseases. Utilizing the data from the general population of the U.S., we tried to assess the association between PAHs exposure and KS.

Methods

The dataset was extracted from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2016. The hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were detected as representative of urinary PAHs. Ranking-based PAHs score was used to evaluate the total PAHs exposure burden. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between PAHs exposure and KS after adjusting a series of confounding factors.

Results

8975 eligible participants were included. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, after adjusting confounding variables, 2-hydroxynaphthalene (OR 1.38, 1.16–1.65; p = 0.038) and 9-hydroxyfluorene (OR 1.39, 1.06–1.84, p = 0.019) were still observed to have significant positive correlations with the prevalence of KS, respectively. The incidence of KS increased significantly with the increase of total PAHs burden (p for trend = 0.011). Significant interaction effects were observed in the subgroup of gender (p for interaction < 0.05). Among female participants, PAHs exposure was more significantly correlated with KS. Higher 2-hydroxynaphthalene (OR 1.94, 1.39–2.70; p < 0.001), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR 1.57, 1.07–2.30; p = 0.022) and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (OR 1.85, 1.11–3.06; p = 0.018) were significantly associated with the increased incidence of KS in women.

Conclusions

There is a significant association between a high level of PAHs exposure and increased prevalence of KS. In particular, in the female population, the relationship between PAHs exposure and KS is especially significant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed in the present study are available in the website of NHANES datasets 2007–2016 (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes).

References

  1. Sun Y, Zhou Q, Zheng J (2019) Nephrotoxic metals of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic and the odds of kidney stones in adults: an exposure-response analysis of NHANES 2007–2016. Environ Int 132:105115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Antonelli JA, Maalouf NM, Pearle MS, Lotan Y (2014) Use of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculate the impact of obesity and diabetes on cost and prevalence of urolithiasis in 2030. Eur Urol 66(4):724–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jung H, Andonian S, Assimos D, Averch T, Geavlete P, Kohjimoto Y, Neisius A, Philip J, Saita A, Shah H et al (2017) Urolithiasis: evaluation, dietary factors, and medical management: an update of the 2014 SIU-ICUD international consultation on stone disease. World J Urol 35(9):1331–1340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mao W, Hu Q, Chen S, Chen Y, Luo M, Zhang Z, Geng J, Wu J, Xu B, Chen M (2021) Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and the risk of kidney stones in US adults: a population-based study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJ (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ Int 60:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Li J, Fan H, Liu K, Li X, Fan D, Lu X, Xia Y, Cao Y, Xiao C (2020) Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with albuminuria in U.S. adults, NHANES 2003–2014. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 195:110445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun L, Ye Z, Ling Y, Cai S, Xu J, Fan C, Zhong Y, Shen Q, Li Y (2020) Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and rheumatoid arthritis in US general population, NHANES 2003–2012. Sci Total Environ 704:135294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang Y, Dong S, Wang H, Tao S, Kiyama R (2016) Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors. Environ Pollut 213:809–824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lacquaniti A, Fenga C, Venuti VA, Pernice L, Catanzariti S, Sirna G, Pernice F, Arena A, Lupica R, Abbate C (2012) Hydrocarbons and kidney damage: potential use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and sister chromatide exchange. Am J Nephrol 35(3):271–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Daniel CR, Schwartz KL, Colt JS, Dong LM, Ruterbusch JJ, Purdue MP, Cross AJ, Rothman N, Davis FG, Wacholder S et al (2011) Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 105(7):1096–1104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R (2005) Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 65(4):545–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Niagolova N, McElmurry SP, Voice TC, Long DT, Petropoulos EA, Havezov I, Chou K, Ganev V (2005) Nitrogen species in drinking water indicate potential exposure pathway for Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Environ Pollut 134(2):229–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Sinnott B (2012) Clinical review. Kidney stones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(6):1847–1860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang B, Li Z, Ma Y, Qiu X, Ren A (2016) Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in housewives’ hair with hypertension. Chemosphere 153:315–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bushnik T, Wong SL, Holloway AC, Thomson EM (2020) Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and obesity in children aged 3–18: Canadian Health Measures Survey 2009–2015. J Dev Orig Health Dis 11(6):623–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang C, Yang J, Zhu L, Yan L, Lu D, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Li Z (2017) Never deem lightly the “less harmful” low-molecular-weight PAH, NPAH, and OPAH—Disturbance of the immune response at real environmental levels. Chemosphere 168:568–577

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sun Y, Taguchi K, Sumi D, Yamano S, Kumagai Y (2006) Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and suppression of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by 1, 2-naphthoquinone, a component of diesel exhaust particles. Arch Toxicol 80(5):280–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang X, Shi Z, Lyv J, He X, Englert NA, Zhang S (2015) Pyrene is a novel constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator and causes hepatotoxicity by CAR. Toxicol Sci 147(2):436–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Moe OW (2006) Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. Lancet 367(9507):333–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gore AC, Walker DM, Zama AM, Armenti AE, Uzumcu M (2011) Early life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals causes lifelong molecular reprogramming of the hypothalamus and premature reproductive aging. Mol Endocrinol 25(12):2157–2168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Huang Y, Guo J, Lv N, Li S, Wu Y, Bai R, Shen J, Chen G, Zhang D (2018) Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with age at natural menopause in U.S. women aged 35–65, NHANES 2003–2012. Environ Pollut 243(Pt B):1878–1886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhu W, Zhao Z, Chou FJ, Zuo L, Liu T, Bushinsky D, Chang C, Zeng G, Yeh S (2019) The protective roles of estrogen receptor β in renal calcium oxalate crystal formation via reducing the liver oxalate biosynthesis and renal oxidative stress-mediated cell injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:5305014

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. McKane WR, Khosla S, Burritt MF, Kao PC, Wilson DM, Ory SJ, Riggs BL (1995) Mechanism of renal calcium conservation with estrogen replacement therapy in women in early postmenopause–a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(12):3458–3464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nordin B, Need AG, Morris HA, Horowitz M (1999) Biochemical variables in pre-and postmenopausal women: reconciling the calcium and estrogen hypotheses. Osteoporosis Int 9(4):351–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Borman SM, Christian PJ, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB (2000) Ovotoxicity in female Fischer rats and B6 mice induced by low-dose exposure to three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: comparison through calculation of an ovotoxic index. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 167(3):191–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the National key research and development program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0908003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81902578, 81974098), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M612971), Post-doctoral Science Research Foundation of Sichuan University (2020SCU12041), Post-Doctor Research Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2018HXBH085), National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Z2018C01).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xianghong Zhou, Kun Jin, and Shi Qiu contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Xianghong Zhou, Kun Jin, Shi Qiu, Qiuxiang Yang, Lu Yang & Qiang Wei

  2. Infectious Diseases Unit, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China

    Peng Wang

  3. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China

    Yu Zhan

  4. West China School of Public Health, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Xinyi Huang

  5. Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Zhongyuan Jiang & Dan Hu

Authors
  1. Xianghong Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kun Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shi Qiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Qiuxiang Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Peng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yu Zhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xinyi Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zhongyuan Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Dan Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Lu Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Qiang Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

XZ: project development, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing; KJ: project development, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing; SQ: project development, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing; QY: data collection and manuscript writing; PW: data analysis; YZ: data analysis; XH: data collection; ZJ: project development; DH: project development; LY: project development and manuscript editing; QW: project development and manuscript editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lu Yang or Qiang Wei.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author has no conflict of interest to declare.

Ethical approval

Written informed consent was provided for each participant and the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board approved the project.

Informed consent

The data of participants were obtained from the public dataset NHANES in an anonymous form. Thus, additional consents were waived in the present study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 30 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhou, X., Jin, K., Qiu, S. et al. Associations of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and kidney stones in U.S. general population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. World J Urol 40, 545–552 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03847-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03847-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation