Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aktuelle WHO-Klassifikation des weiblichen Genitale

Viel Neues, aber auch manch Altes

Current WHO classification of the female genitals

Many new things, but also some old

  • Schwerpunkt: Neue WHO-Klassifikationen und Digitales Lernen
  • Published:
Der Pathologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die neue WHO-Klassifikation der Tumoren des weiblichen Genitale bringt einige, insbesondere prognostisch und therapeutisch relevante Änderungen mit sich: Es erfolgt eine Rückkehr zum Begriff Borderlinetumor. Implantate werden wieder wie früher unterteilt in nichtinvasive Implantate vom epithelialen oder vom desmoplastischen Typ. Invasive extraovarielle Implantate werden als low-grade seröses Karzinom (LGSC) klassifiziert. Die ehemaligen seromuzinösen Karzinome gehören jetzt zu den endometrioiden Karzinomen (seromuzinöser Subtyp). Neue Entitäten der Ovarialkarzinome sind das Mesonephric-like-Adenokarzinom, das undifferenzierte und dedifferenzierte Karzinom sowie das gemischtes Karzinom. Die Klassifikation der neuroendokrinen Neoplasien erfolgt unabhängig ihrer Lokalisation analog der pulmonalen und gastrointestinalen neuroendokrinen Neoplasien. Das endometrioide Endometriumkarzinom kann in 4 molekulare Subtypen klassifiziert werden, welchen eine wesentliche prognostische Bedeutung zukommt. Als neue Subtypen sind das muzinöse Karzinom vom intestinalen Typ und das Mesonephric-like-Adenokarzinom hinzugekommen. Stromasarkome des Endometriums werden anhand bestimmter molekularer Alterationen weiter subklassifiziert. Bei Adeno- (AC) und Plattenepithelkarzinomen (PEC) des unteren weiblichen Genitales werden HPV-assoziierte von HPV-unabhängigen Karzinomen unterschieden. Eine blockartige Färbung für p16 ist der akzeptierte immunhistochemische Surrogatmarker. Ein Grading ist für PEC nicht angegeben. Bei HPV-assoziierten AC der Cervix uteri erfolgt die prognostische Einschätzung mittels des Invasionsmusters (sog. Silva-Pattern). Bei serösen Karzinomen in der Cervix uteri handelt es sich um Endometriumkarzinome mit Zervixinfiltration.

Abstract

The new WHO classification of tumors of the female genitalia entails some changes, especially those of prognostic and therapeutic relevance: there is a return to the term borderline tumor. Implants are again subdivided into noninvasive implants of the epithelial or desmoplastic type as before. Invasive extraovarian implants are classified as low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC). Former seromucinous carcinomas are now classified as endometrioid carcinomas (seromucinous subtype). New entities of ovarian carcinomas are mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated and dedifferentiated carcinoma, and mixed carcinoma. The classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms is analogous to that of pulmonary and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms, regardless of their location. Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma can be classified into four molecular subtypes, which have significant prognostic significance. New subtypes include mucinous carcinoma of the intestinal type and mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma. Stromasarcomas of the endometrium are further subclassified based on specific molecular alterations. Adenocarcinomas (ACs) and squamous cell carcinomas (PECs) of the lower female genital tract are distinguished from HPV-associated and HPV-independent carcinomas. Block-like staining for p16 is the accepted surrogate immunohistochemical marker. Grading has not been reported for PEC. For HPV-associated AC of the cervix uteri, prognostic assessment is based on the pattern of invasion (so-called Silva pattern). Serous carcinomas in the cervix uteri are endometrial carcinomas with cervical infiltration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5
Abb. 6
Abb. 7

Literatur

  1. AWMF (2018) S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge der Patientinnen mit Endometriumkarzinom. https://www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/leitlinien/endometriumkarzinom/. Zugegriffen: 18. Jan. 2021

  2. AWMF (2021) S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge der Patientin mit Zervixkarzinom. https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/032-033OL.html. Zugegriffen: 26. Jan. 2021

  3. Burch DM, Tavassoli FA (2011) Myxoid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Histopathology 59:1144–1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04053.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cancer Genome Atlas Research N, Kandoth C, Schultz N, Cherniack AD, Akbani R, Liu Y, Shen H, Robertson AG, Pashtan I, Shen R, Benz CC, Yau C, Laird PW, Ding L, Zhang W, Mills GB, Kucherlapati R, Mardis ER, Levine DA (2013) Integrated genomic characterization of endometrial carcinoma. Nature 497:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Casey S, Harley I, Jamison J, Molijn A, van den Munckhof H, McCluggage WG (2015) A rare case of HPV-negative cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34:208–212. https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, McCalmont T, Nayar R, Palefsky JM, Stoler MH, Wilkinson EJ, Zaino RJ, Wilbur DC, Members of LPWG (2012) The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization Project for HPV-Associated Lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 136:1266–1297. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.LGT200570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Euscher ED, Bassett R, Duose DY, Lan C, Wistuba I, Ramondetta L, Ramalingam P, Malpica A (2020) Mesonephric-like carcinoma of the endometrium: a subset of endometrial carcinoma with an aggressive behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 44:429–443. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fader AN, Roque DM, Siegel E, Buza N, Hui P, Abdelghany O, Chambers SK, Secord AA, Havrilesky L, O’Malley DM, Backes F, Nevadunsky N, Edraki B, Pikaart D, Lowery W, ElSahwi KS, Celano P, Bellone S, Azodi M, Litkouhi B, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Schwartz PE, Santin AD (2018) Randomized phase II trial of carboplatin-paclitaxel versus carboplatin-paclitaxel-trastuzumab in uterine serous carcinomas that overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu. J Clin Oncol 36:2044–2051. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.5966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hellman K, Lindquist D, Ranhem C, Wilander E, Andersson S (2014) Human papillomavirus, p16(INK4A), and Ki-67 in relation to clinicopathological variables and survival in primary carcinoma of the vagina. Br J Cancer 110:1561–1570. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hemming ML, Wagner AJ, Nucci MR, Chiang S, Wang L, Hensley ML, George S (2017) YWHAE-rearranged high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: Two-center case series and response to chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 145:531–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.03.021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hockel M, Horn LC, Illig R, Dornhofer N, Fritsch H (2011) Ontogenetic anatomy of the distal vagina: relevance for local tumor spread and implications for cancer surgery. Gynecol Oncol 122:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.04.040

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hodgson A, Olkhov-Mitsel E, Howitt BE, Nucci MR, Parra-Herran C (2019) International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification (IECC): correlation with adverse clinicopathological features and patient outcome. J Clin Pathol 72:347–353. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Horn L‑CBC, Opitz S, Ulrich UA, Höhn AK (2019) FIGO-Klassifikation für das Zervixkarzinom 2019 – was ist neu? Pathologe 40(6):629–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-019-00675-w

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Howitt BE, Quade BJ, Nucci MR (2015) Uterine polyps with features overlapping with those of Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases emphasizing their likely benign nature. Am J Surg Pathol 39:116–126. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ip PP (2018) Benign endometrial proliferations mimicking malignancies: a review of problematic entities in small biopsy specimens. Virchows Arch 472:907–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-018-2314-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Joehlin-Price AS, McHugh KE, Stephens JA, Li Z, Backes FJ, Cohn DE, Cohen DW, Suarez AA (2017) The microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) pattern of invasion: a single institution report of 464 consecutive FIGO grade 1 endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 41:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000754

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Jones MR, Kamara D, Karlan BY, Pharoah PDP, Gayther SA (2017) Genetic epidemiology of ovarian cancer and prospects for polygenic risk prediction. Gynecol Oncol 147:705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.10.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kolin DL, Costigan DC, Dong F, Nucci MR, Howitt BE (2019) A combined morphologic and molecular approach to retrospectively identify KRAS-mutated mesonephric-like adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. Am J Surg Pathol 43:389–398. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee CH, Marino-Enriquez A, Ou W, Zhu M, Ali RH, Chiang S, Amant F, Gilks CB, van de Rijn M, Oliva E, Debiec-Rychter M, Dal Cin P, Fletcher JA, Nucci MR (2012) The clinicopathologic features of YWHAE-FAM22 endometrial stromal sarcomas: a histologically high-grade and clinically aggressive tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 36:641–653. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31824a7b1a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee CH, Ou WB, Marino-Enriquez A, Zhu M, Mayeda M, Wang Y, Guo X, Brunner AL, Amant F, French CA, West RB, McAlpine JN, Gilks CB, Yaffe MB, Prentice LM, McPherson A, Jones SJ, Marra MA, Shah SP, van de Rijn M, Huntsman DG, Dal Cin P, Debiec-Rychter M, Nucci MR, Fletcher JA (2012) 14-3‑3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:929–934. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115528109

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R, Snijders PJ, Clifford GM (2011) Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: Variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 128:927–935. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Li W, Li L, Wu M, Lang J, Bi Y (2019) The prognosis of stage IA mixed endometrial carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 152:616–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lokuhetty DWV, Watanabe R (2020) Female genital tumours, 5. Aufl. World Health Organization Classification of tumours,

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mackenzie R, Talhouk A, Eshragh S, Lau S, Cheung D, Chow C, Le N, Cook LS, Wilkinson N, McDermott J, Singh N, Kommoss F, Pfisterer J, Huntsman DG, Kobel M, Kommoss S, Gilks CB, Anglesio MS (2015) Morphologic and molecular characteristics of mixed epithelial ovarian cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 39:1548–1557. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000476

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Marino-Enriquez A, Lauria A, Przybyl J, Ng TL, Kowalewska M, Debiec-Rychter M, Ganesan R, Sumathi V, George S, McCluggage WG, Nucci MR, Lee CH, Fletcher JA (2018) BCOR internal tandem duplication in high-grade uterine sarcomas. Am J Surg Pathol 42:335–341. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Matias-Guiu X, Stewart CJR (2018) Endometriosis-associated ovarian neoplasia. Pathology 50:190–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McCluggage WG (2016) A practical approach to the diagnosis of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. Mod Pathol 29(Suppl 1):S78–S91. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. McCluggage WG, Judge MJ, Clarke BA, Davidson B, Gilks CB, Hollema H, Ledermann JA, Matias-Guiu X, Mikami Y, Stewart CJ, Vang R, Hirschowitz L, International Collaboration on Cancer R (2015) Data set for reporting of ovary, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal carcinoma: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR). Mod Pathol 28:1101–1122. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McFarland M, Quick CM, McCluggage WG (2016) Hormone receptor-negative, thyroid transcription factor 1‑positive uterine and ovarian adenocarcinomas: report of a series of mesonephric-like adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 68:1013–1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12895

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nicolas I, Saco A, Barnadas E, Marimon L, Rakislova N, Fuste P, Rovirosa A, Gaba L, Bunesch L, Gil-Ibanez B, Pahisa J, Diaz-Feijoo B, Torne A, Ordi J, Del Pino M (2020) Prognostic implications of genotyping and p16 immunostaining in HPV-positive tumors of the uterine cervix. Mod Pathol 33:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-019-0360-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nuovo AJ, Garofalo M, Mikhail A, Nicol AF, Vianna-Andrade C, Nuovo GJ (2013) The effect of aging of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues on the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry signals in cervical lesions. Diagn Mol Pathol 22:164–173. https://doi.org/10.1097/PDM.0b013e3182823701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Oliva E (2016) Practical issues in uterine pathology from banal to bewildering: the remarkable spectrum of smooth muscle neoplasia. Mod Pathol 29(Suppl 1):S104–S120. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Panagopoulos I, Thorsen J, Gorunova L, Haugom L, Bjerkehagen B, Davidson B, Heim S, Micci F (2013) Fusion of the ZC3H7B and BCOR genes in endometrial stromal sarcomas carrying an X;22-translocation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52:610–618. https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.22057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Parra-Herran C, Taljaard M, Djordjevic B, Reyes MC, Schwartz L, Schoolmeester JK, Lastra RR, Quick CM, Laury A, Rasty G, Nucci MR, Howitt BE (2016) Pattern-based classification of invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma, depth of invasion measurement and distinction from adenocarcinoma in situ: interobserver variation among gynecologic pathologists. Mod Pathol 29:879–892. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2016.86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pors J, Cheng A, Leo JM, Kinloch MA, Gilks B, Hoang L (2018) A comparison of GATA3, TTF1, CD10, and calretinin in identifying mesonephric and mesonephric-like carcinomas of the gynecologic tract. Am J Surg Pathol 42:1596–1606. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Proctor L, Hoang L, Moore J, Thompson E, Leung S, Natesan D, Chino J, Gilks B, McAlpine JN (2020) Association of human papilloma virus status and response to radiotherapy in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 30:100–106. https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rambau PF, McIntyre JB, Taylor J, Lee S, Ogilvie T, Sienko A, Morris D, Duggan MA, McCluggage WG, Kobel M (2017) Morphologic reproducibility, genotyping, and Immunohistochemical profiling do not support a category of seromucinous carcinoma of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 41:685–695. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rindi G, Klimstra DS, Abedi-Ardekani B, Asa SL, Bosman FT, Brambilla E, Busam KJ, de Krijger RR, Dietel M, El-Naggar AK, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Kloppel G, McCluggage WG, Moch H, Ohgaki H, Rakha EA, Reed NS, Rous BA, Sasano H, Scarpa A, Scoazec JY, Travis WD, Tallini G, Trouillas J, van Krieken JH, Cree IA (2018) A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal. Mod Pathol 31:1770–1786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-0110-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Roma AA, Mistretta TA, Diaz De Vivar A, Park KJ, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Rasty G, Chanona-Vilchis JG, Mikami Y, Hong SR, Teramoto N, Ali-Fehmi R, Barbuto D, Rutgers JK, Silva EG (2016) New pattern-based personalized risk stratification system for endocervical adenocarcinoma with important clinical implications and surgical outcome. Gynecol Oncol 141:36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.02.028

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Schultheis AM, Ng CK, De Filippo MR, Piscuoglio S, Macedo GS, Gatius S, Mies PB, Soslow RA, Lim RS, Viale A, Huberman KH, Palacios JC, Reis-Filho JS, Matias-Guiu X, Weigelt B (2016) Massively parallel sequencing-based clonality analysis of synchronous endometrioid endometrial and ovarian carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 108:djv427. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv427

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Singh N, Gilks CB (2020) Vulval squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors. Histopathology 76:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Soslow RA, Tornos C, Park KJ, Malpica A, Matias-Guiu X, Oliva E, Parkash V, Carlson J, McCluggage WG, Gilks CB (2019) Endometrial carcinoma diagnosis: use of FIGO grading and genomic subcategories in clinical practice: recommendations of the international society of gynecological pathologists. Int J Gynecol Pathol 38(Suppl 1):S64–S74. https://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stolnicu S, Barsan I, Hoang L, Patel P, Terinte C, Pesci A, Aviel-Ronen S, Kiyokawa T, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Pike MC, Oliva E, Park KJ, Soslow RA (2018) International endocervical adenocarcinoma criteria and classification (IECC): a new pathogenetic classification for invasive Adenocarcinomas of the Endocervix. Am J Surg Pathol 42:214–226. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000986

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Stolnicu S, Hoang L, Chiu D, Hanko-Bauer O, Terinte C, Pesci A, Aviel-Ronen S, Kiyokawa T, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Oliva E, Park KJ, Abu-Rustum NR, Soslow RA (2019) Clinical outcomes of HPV-associated and unassociated endocervical adenocarcinomas categorized by the international endocervical adenocarcinoma criteria and classification (IECC). Am J Surg Pathol 43:466–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001224

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Tessier-Cloutier B, Kortekaas KE, Thompson E, Pors J, Chen J, Ho J, Prentice LM, McConechy MK, Chow C, Proctor L, McAlpine JN, Huntsman DG, Gilks CB, Bosse T, Hoang LN (2020) Major p53 immunohistochemical patterns in in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva and correlation with TP53 mutation status. Mod Pathol 33:1595–1605. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-020-0524-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Visvanathan K, Vang R, Shaw P, Gross A, Soslow R, Parkash V, Shih Ie M, Kurman RJ (2011) Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1766–1775. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Wong RW, Ralte A, Grondin K, Talia KL, McCluggage WG (2020) Endometrial gastric (gastrointestinal)-type mucinous lesions: report of a series illustrating the spectrum of benign and malignant lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 44:406–419. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000001381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Thalkirchner Straße 36, 80337, München, Deutschland

    Doris Mayr & Elisa Schmoeckel

  2. Arbeitsgruppe Mamma‑, Gynäko- & Perinatalpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Deutschland

    Anne Kathrin Höhn, Grit Gesine Ruth Hiller & Lars-Christian Horn

Authors
  1. Doris Mayr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisa Schmoeckel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anne Kathrin Höhn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Grit Gesine Ruth Hiller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lars-Christian Horn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Doris Mayr.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

D. Mayr, E. Schmoeckel, A. K. Höhn, G. G. R. Hiller und L.-C. Horn geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

Additional information

Schwerpunktherausgeberin

E. Wardelmann, Münster

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mayr, D., Schmoeckel, E., Höhn, A.K. et al. Aktuelle WHO-Klassifikation des weiblichen Genitale. Pathologe 42, 259–269 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-021-00933-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-021-00933-w

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation