Nonnegative solutions for the fractional Laplacian involving a nonlinearity with zeros

We study the nonlocal nonlinear problem (-Δ)su=λf(u)inΩ,u=0onRN\Ω,(Pλ)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}[c]{lll} (-\Delta )^s u = \lambda f(u) &{} \text{ in } \Omega , \\ u=0&{}\text{ on } \mathbb {R}^N{\setminus }\Omega , \quad (P_{\lambda }) \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where Ω\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Omega $$\end{document} is a bounded smooth domain in RN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathbb {R}^N$$\end{document}, N>2s\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N>2s$$\end{document}, 0<s<1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0<s<1$$\end{document}; f:R→[0,∞)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f:\mathbb {R}\rightarrow [0,\infty )$$\end{document} is a nonlinear continuous function such that f(0)=f(1)=0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f(0)=f(1)=0$$\end{document} and f(t)∼|t|p-1t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f(t)\sim |t|^{p-1}t$$\end{document} as t→0+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\rightarrow 0^+$$\end{document}, with 2<p+1<2s∗\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$2<p+1<2^*_s$$\end{document}; and λ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\lambda $$\end{document} is a positive parameter. We prove the existence of two nontrivial solutions uλ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_{\lambda }$$\end{document} and vλ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$v_{\lambda }$$\end{document} to (Pλ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P_{\lambda }$$\end{document}) such that 0≤uλ<vλ≤1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0\le u_{\lambda }< v_{\lambda }\le 1$$\end{document} for all sufficiently large λ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\lambda $$\end{document}. The first solution uλ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_{\lambda }$$\end{document} is obtained by applying the Mountain Pass Theorem, whereas the second, vλ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$v_{\lambda }$$\end{document}, via the sub- and super-solution method. We point out that our results hold regardless of the behavior of the nonlinearity f at infinity. In addition, we obtain that these solutions belong to L∞(Ω)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$L^{\infty }(\Omega )$$\end{document}.


Introduction
This paper concerns with the existence of nonnegative solutions of the following nonlocal nonlinear elliptic problem where is a bounded smooth domain in R N , N > 2s, 0 < s < 1; f : R → [0, ∞) is a nonlinear continuous function such that f (0) = f (1) = 0 and f (t) ∼ |t| p−1 t as t → 0 + , with 1 < p < N +2s N −2s = 2 * s − 1; and λ is a positive parameter.
In the case s = 1, the local version of (1.1) is reduced to the problem where f is a nonnegative continuous function. When f is positive, it is known that its behavior at zero and/or infinity can get to play a crucial role in the existence question of solutions. This situation can be clearly observed for the choice f (t) = t p , p > 1, in star-shape domains, on which we know that there exist positive solutions in C 2 ( ) ∩ C( ) to (1.2) if and only if p < N +2 N −2 . For fairly general nonlinearities, and using different approaches, many other authors have also studied the influence of the behavior at zero and/or infinity of f in the existence question, see for example [2,3,7,8] among other research papers.
When f is nonnegative and has one zero, the existence issue of solutions to (1.2) is different, as was noted in [16]. This study has been extended to problems where the Laplacian was replaced by the p-Laplacian [13,14] or Pucci's operators [1,20]. In all these works, it was shown that there exist two positive solutions for sufficiently large λ and by assuming some additional conditions on f . We also know two interesting contributions which have arisen recently. Firstly, by considering f nonnegative and having r zeros, in [11], it was proved that (1.2) has 2r positive solutions provided only that f verifies a suitable non-integrability condition near each of its zeros. Secondly, in [4] was proved existence of positive solutions independently of the behavior of f near zero or infinity, for f Lipschitz having an isolated positive zero and verifying an additional growth hypothesis around such zero.
In the case 0 < s < 1, the existence of nonnegative solutions to (1.1) also has been studied. Indeed, such as the local problem, the behavior at zero and/or infinity of f also can get to exert an influence on the existence of nonnegative solutions. Again the choice f (t) = t p , p > 1, in star-shape domains, leads to nonexistence of bounded positive solutions, see [19]. We also know some recent research involving the fractional Laplacian, where some nonlinearities were considered. Based on a variational principle, in [15], it was proved multiplicity result when the nonlinearity leads to the well known convex-concave problem; whereas in [5], nonlinearities exhibiting semi-linear and super-linear growth were considered and by using analytic and probabilistic tools, some Ambrosetti-Prodi type results were stablished. However, as far as our knowledge is concerned, there is no results in literature that addresses nonlinearities with zeros when 0 < s < 1. Therefore, this is an interesting topic to investigate, which is the main objective of this paper.
To put into perspective our result, throughout this paper we consider f : R → [0, ∞) being a continuous function that verifies the following conditions: Observe that a such function f verifies f (0) = 0 due to (F 1 ). Our main result is the following.
The main ideas behind of the proof relies on known arguments for solving this type of problems. However, this issue is non-trivial, by which we need to treat the problem under an appropriate approach that allows to apply such arguments and, in this way, to save several technical difficulties that arise in the nonlocal case.
Specifically, we obtain the first solution u λ by truncating the nonlinearity and taking λ large enough, where we have assumed only the local condition at zero (F 1 ). The behavior of the norms, according to the parameter λ of the possible solutions, is based on the De Giorgi-Nash-Moser theory, precisely on Moser's iterative scheme. Such procedure was introduced in the mid 1950s and early 1960s, we refer to [9,18]. An important fact in the proof is that the functional energy associated with the truncated problem has the Mountain Pass (MP) geometry. Thus, we can control, in terms of the parameter λ, the MP level and the norm of the MP solution.
Respect to the second solution, we impose the conditions (F 2 ) and (F 3 ) on f , which are widely known when applying the sub-and super-solution method in problems like (1.1) with s = 1. Here we show that this idea still remains hold by defining properly sub-and super-solutions in our nonlocal context, it is when 0 < s < 1.
The document is organized as follows: in Sect. 2 we offer a brief review of the fractional spaces of Sobolev in the context of our problem and recall some useful results. In Sect. 3 we look for the first solution, while in Sect. 4 we find the second solution, which ends the proof of Theorem 1.1

Functional framework and preliminaries
In this section, we offer a brief review of the fractional Sobolev spaces in the context of our problem. Let S (R N ) be the Schwartz space of rapidly decaying smooth functions, i.e., Here, we are considering the fractional Laplacian (− ) s , with s ∈ (0, 1), of a function ϑ ∈ S (R N ) defined in the principal-value sense as where c(N , s):= R N 1−cos ζ 1 |ζ | N +2s dζ −1 is a normalization constant. We remark that the fractional Laplacian also can be viewed as a pseudo-differential operator of symbol |ξ | 2s defined for any function ϑ in S (R N ) as where F denotes Fourier transform, i.e., and F −1 its inverse, i.e., We consider now the fractional Sobolev space H s ( ) defined as where the term is the so-called Gagliardo seminorm of h. Denote by H s 0 ( ) the closure of C ∞ 0 ( ) with respect to the norm · H s ( ) .
In order to correctly encode the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions in the variational formulation, we need to work in a suitable functional analytical setting. In this way, it is convenient to introduce the set and consider the function K : R N \{0} → (0, ∞) that is defined as We also consider the set X s ( ) being the linear space of all Lebesgue measurable functions from R N to R such that the restriction to of any function u belongs to L 2 ( ), and the map (x, y) → (u(x) − u(y)) √ K (x − y) belongs to L 2 (Q). The space X s ( ) endowed with the norm We remark that · H s 0 ( ) and · X s ( ) are not the same space because × is strictly contained in Q, so that this makes the classical fractional Sobolev space approach not sufficient for studying the nonlocal problem. Now, we introduce the space endowed with the norm induced by the norm of X s ( ); that is, Note that · X s 0 ( ) is truly a norm in X s 0 ( ), since for every u ∈ X s 0 ( ), one has that u = 0 a.e. in c .
Before continuous we recall some properties of the fractional Sobolev space that we will use in next sections (see for example [17]).
, and an open bounded domain in R N with C 0,1 -boundary. Then, the following assertions hold: (i) There exists a positive constant C, depending only on N and s, such that for any u ∈ X s 0 ( ), (ii) There exists a constant C > 1, depending only on N , s and , such that for any u ∈ X s 0 ( ), is a norm in X s 0 ( ) equivalent to the usual norm. (iii) The embedding X s 0 ( ) → L r ( ) is continuous for any r ∈ [1, 2 * s ], and compact for any r ∈ [1, 2 * s ).
For convenience, from now on the space X s 0 ( ) is endowed with the equivalent norm Finally, we give the notion of weak solution that we use throughout this paper. We say that u ∈ X s 0 ( ) is a weak solution to (1.1) if

The first solution
Let f : R → [0, ∞) be a continuous function. Throughout this section, we only assume hypothesis (F 1 ) on f . The principal outcome of this section is the next theorem.
To prove Theorem 3.1, we first introduce an auxiliary problem. Since we are looking for solutions u λ close to zero in the L ∞ -norm, we truncate the problem (1.1) as follows.
For R ∈ (0, 1), we consider the truncated problem and t + = max{0, t}. Note now that problem (3.1) has a variational structure. Indeed, its weak formulation is given by and its associated energy functional J R,λ : X s 0 ( ) → R is given by Next lemma shows that if (3.1) has a solution, then it is nonnegative.
Proof. If u λ,R ∈ X s 0 ( ), then u λ,R ∈ X s ( ) and u λ,R = 0 a.e. c . To simplify notation, let us denote Taking v − as a test function in the weak formulation of (3.1) and, since In the sequel, we verify that the energy functional J R,λ given by (3.2) has the Mountain Pass geometry for all R sufficiently small. Lemma 3.3. Let λ > 0, and J λ,R be given by (3.2). Then, for each sufficiently small R, there exist positive numbers ρ λ and β λ such that (ii) There exists a function e ∈ X s 0 ( ) such that e X s 0 ( ) > ρ λ and J R,λ (e) < 0.
As already mentioned, the energy functional J R,λ of the truncated problem (3.1) has the geometry of the Mountain Pass Theorem for all sufficiently small R. Since f R is a purely power for large values, it is not difficult to prove that J R,λ is a C 1 -functional which satisfy the Palais-Smale condition. Consequently, we get the next existence result. Note that the function u λ,R ∈ X s 0 ( ) in Lemma 3.4 satisfies where c λ,R corresponds to the Mountain Pass level, that is, Proof. From (F 1 ), we have that there exists a constant d > 0 such that for all t ≥ 0 and for all sufficiently small R.
We now are interested in establishing the convergence rate of the solution u λ,R of (3.1) in terms of the Mountain Pass level c λ,R . The following lemma points in that direction. Proof. Thanks to (F 1 ), we have that there exists 0 <R < 1 such that for any 0 < R ≤R, there are positive constants α 0 and α 1 such that ( p + 1)α 0 > 4α 1 , and Notice that since u λ,R is a weak solution of (3.1), then for every v ∈ X s 0 ( ), and Then by taking v = u λ,R and by combining the two previous equalities, for any which finishes the proof.
Next lemma follows the arguments given in [6] (see also [12]), and it gives us the boundedness in the L ∞ -norm of any solution in X s 0 ( ) of the problem (3.1). Lemma 3.7. If u ∈ X s 0 ( ) is a nonnegative solution of (3.1), then the u belongs to L ∞ ( ). Moreover, there exists a constant L > 0 such that Proof. Since (F 1 ) is verified, it is easy to check that there exists ρ > 0 such that | f R (t)| ≤ ρ|t| p for all t ∈ R. Let M > 0 given and consider u M := min{u, M}. Note that u M belongs to X s 0 ( ) because it is just the composition of u with a Lipschitz function. Consider now the function which is Lipschitz as well. Therefore, ϕ k,M (u M ) = u 2k+1 M ∈ X s 0 ( ). We use it as a test function in the equation that corresponds to the weak formulation to problem (3.1) verified by u. Then, where we have used that u M ≤ u. By using inequality (C.2) of [6], we obtain and by Hölder's inequality, we get . Taking the limit as M goes to +∞, we obtain Defining k 1 ∈ R such a way that 2l(k 1 + 1) = 2 * s , that is, Now, we proceed by induction as 2l(k n + 1) = 2 * s (k n−1 + 1), then k n + 1 = 2 * s 2l n and (3.5) Setting , and letting n → ∞ in (3.5) we obtain Now, we have all the ingredients to conclude the existence of the first solution to the problem (1.1) if λ is chosen to be sufficiently large.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. By combining Lemmas 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 we get that for each sufficiently small R, where u λ,R verifies (3.3), and C is a positive constant independent of both R and λ. Indeed, recalling that c λ,R ∼ λ This means that there exists λ * > 0 such that 0 ≤ u λ,R ≤ R < 1 for any λ ≥ λ * . Hence, according to Lemma 3.4, u λ :=u λ,R becomes a nontrivial nonnegative solution of the original problem (1.1) since f (u λ ) = f R (u λ,R ) when 0 ≤ u λ ≤ R. Therefore, the proof is completed.

The second solution
The aim of this section is to prove that if λ > 0 is sufficiently large, then there exists a second solution to problem (1.1). We will reach the goal by means of the sub-and super-solution method. For convenience, we start by considering an auxiliary problem. Let g : ×R → R de a function. In what follows we will assume on g the following, t) is a Carathéodory function (i.e. g(·, t) is measurable for all t ∈ R and g(x, ·) is continuous for a.e. x ∈ ), and g(·, t) is bounded if t belongs to bounded sets.
(G 2 ) There exists M > 0 such that the map t → g(x, t) + Mt is nondecreasing for a.e. x ∈ .
Consider now the auxiliary problem For dealing with (4.1), it is convenient to introduce a precise definition of sub-and super-solution in our context, which we do with the help of the following lemma. Let ϕ ∈ C 2 0 ( ) and u ∈ X s ( ) ∩ L ∞ ( c ). Then, the following equalities hold true: According the previous lemma, and since we can see that for any u ∈ X s ( ) ∩ L ∞ ( c ) and ϕ ∈ C 2 0 ( ) it is verified Now, we introduce the notion of sub-and super-solution associated to (4.1) that we use here.

Definition 4.2.
Let g : ×R → R a Carathéodory function. We say that functions u ∈ L 1 ( ) and u ∈ L 1 ( ) are respectively a sub-solution and a super-solution of (4.1) if is respectively satisfied Other important tool to prove the existence of a second nontrivial solution to (1.1) is a weak comparison principle for a related problem. Despite the proof is straightforward, we include it for the reader convenience.

Lemma 4.3. (Weak comparison principle) Let
for all ϕ ∈ X s 0 ( ) with ϕ ≥ 0, and Proof. Let us choose ϕ = (u 2 − u 1 ) + ∈ X s 0 ( ). It follows that Since every term in the last expression is nonnegative, we obtain that (u 2 −u 1 ) + = 0 a.e. in R N , which leads to u 2 ≤ u 1 a.e. in R N . Therefore the proof is completed.
Consider now the auxiliary problem (4.1) with the particular choice where ψ verifies the hypotheses of Lemma 4.3, and h is a function that belongs to L 2 ( ). Under these assumptions on ψ and h, we will are able to prove existence of a solution for the associated equation for this g, which is the content of next lemma.

Lemma 4.4. Let ψ be a Carathéodory function satisfying the hypotheses of Lemma
Then, for every h ∈ L 2 ( ), the problem admits a unique weak solution u ∈ X s 0 ( ). Moreover, the associated operator T : L 2 ( ) → X s 0 ( ), h → u is nondecreasing, and strong-strong continuous, that is, if h k → h strongly in L 2 ( ), then T h k → T h strongly in X s 0 ( ).
Proof. Let u ∈ X s 0 ( ) and define It is not difficult to show that the functional I is coercive and weak lower semicontinuous. Indeed, by Hölder's inequality, Lemma 2.1, and Young's inequality, we get for all sufficiently small ε > 0. Note that we can fix a nonnegative constants B and a positive constant C such that for every ε > 0 sufficiently small Therefore, I is coercive. The lower semicontinuity follows from the lower semicontinuity of the X s 0 ( )norm, (iii) of Lemma 2.1, and the fact that if u k u in X s 0 ( ), thanks to Fatou's Lemma. Notice that again by (iii) Lemma 2.1, we get the strongly L 2 ( ) convergence by taking a subsequence.
Consequently, by the direct method of calculus of variations, there exists a unique u ∈ X s 0 ( ) such that The fact that T is nondecreasing follows from Lemma 4.3. Let us see T is strongstrong continuous. Let {h k } k∈N ⊂ L 2 ( ) be such that h k → h strongly in L 2 ( ). Denote u k = T h k , u = T h. Since ψ ≥ 0 and u k satisfies the equation in (4.2), from Hölder's inequality and Lemma 2.1 we deduce that Then, {u k } k∈N ⊂ X s 0 ( ) is a bounded sequence. Thus, there exists a subsequence {u k j } j∈N such that u k j v weakly in X s 0 ( ). Thanks to Lemma 2.1, we can assume in addition u k j → v strongly in L 2 ( ) and a.e. in by taking another subsequence if necessary.
Let ϕ ∈ X s 0 ( ) and consider it as a test function for the equation in (4.2) associated to h k . Then, Since h k → h strongly in L 2 ( ), u k j v weakly in X s 0 ( ), u k j → v strongly in L 2 ( ) and a.e. in as k → +∞; and bearing in mind that ψ is a Carathéodory function, by taking the limit j → ∞ we get Due to the uniqueness of solutions to this problem, we get v = u. Notice that the limit function does not depend on the election of the subsequence. Therefore, u k u weakly in X s 0 ( ). To deduce the strong convergence in X s 0 ( ), notice that Hence, by taking the limit as k → +∞, we get that h k → h strongly in L 2 ( ), u k → u strongly in L 2 ( ) and a.e. in ; and since ψ is a Carathéodory function, we get u k → u strongly in X s 0 ( ), which implies the strong-strong continuity of T . Assume there exist u, u ∈ X s ( ) ∩ L ∞ ( c ), a sub-solution and a super solution, respectively, with u(x) ≤ u(x) a.e. in . Then, there exists a minimal (and, respectively, a maximal) weak solution u * (resp. u * ) for the problem (4.3) in the "interval" Proof. Consider the set [u, u] with the topology of convergence a.e., and define the operator S : [u, u] → L 2 ( ) by , we find that S is nondecreasing and bounded.
x ∈ . Again, by (H 1 ) and the Dominated Lebesgue Convergence Theorem, We have proved the a.e-strong continuity of the operator S, that is, Consider Notice that H is a.e-strong continuous, that is, Let u 1 = H (u) and u 1 = H (u). Then, for every φ ∈ X s 0 ( ) with φ ≥ 0 we have that Applying Lemma 4.3, and taking into account that H is nondecreasing, we obtain that u ≤ H (u) ≤ H (u) ≤ H (u) ≤ u, a.e. in , for any u ∈ [u, u].
Therefore, λ 0 can be chosen sufficiently large, so that u λ < u ≤ v λ ≤ 1 =ū. In this way, the proof is completed if we take λ = λ 0 .
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