Unitary vertex algebras and Wightman conformal field theories

We prove an equivalence between the following notions: (i) unitary M\"obius vertex algebras, and (ii) Wightman conformal field theories on the circle (with finite-dimensional conformal weight spaces) satisfying an additional condition that we call uniformly bounded order. Reading this equivalence in one direction, we obtain new analytic and operator-theoretic information about vertex operators. In the other direction we characterize OPEs of Wightman fields and show they satisfy the axioms of a vertex algebra. As an application we establish new results linking unitary vertex operator algebras with conformal nets.


Introduction
Two-dimensional conformal field theory has attracted the attention of physicists and mathematicians for its rich algebraic and analytic structures (see e.g. [DMS97]). There are several well-developed approaches to axiomatizing unitary two-dimensional chiral conformal field theories (chiral CFTs), and in recent years the problem of reconciling the various approaches has garnered considerable interest. In this article, we will compare two formulations of two-dimensional unitary chiral conformal field theories, namely the vertex algebra approach (in terms of formal power series) and the Wightman approach (in terms of operator-valued distributions on the circle). While these two axiomatizations are supposed to describe the same theories, the manners in which they do so are quite different. In particular, Wightman fields rely on nontrivial analytic properties which are not readily visible in the vertex algebra formulation.
Our main result is that unitary Möbius vertex algebras are equivalent to Möbiuscovariant Wightman field theories that satisfy an analytic condition which we call uniformly bounded order. The adjective "Möbius" describes the underlying symmetry of the theories under consideration, which is sl 2 at the infinitesimal level or PSU(1, 1) at the global level. The main result is summarized in Theorem 3.12. A highlight of the result is that we do not impose any extraneous constraints on the vertex algebras under consideration, which is a departure from other results comparing axiomatizations of chiral CFTs. We establish the main result by giving a careful axiom-by-axiom comparison of the two notions, with emphasis on the key properties of locality and Möbius covariance.
The uniformly bounded ordered property arises in our treatment of the locality axiom, and it seems that this property had not been noticed in earlier comparisons of vertex operators and Wightman fields at a physical level of rigor (e.g. [Kac98, §1.2]; see Section 3.4 for further discussion). We use the locality axiom of vertex algebras to show that unitary Möbius vertex algebras satisfy uniformly bounded order, which yields new analytic information about these theories. On the other hand, we observe that uniformly bounded order for Wightman fields allows us to construct a vertex algebra structure. This amounts to showing operator product expansion for Wightman fields (cf. [Bos05]).
As an application, we are able to obtain further results comparing unitary vertex operator algebras (VOA) with conformal nets, another well-studied axiomatization of two-dimensional unitary chiral conformal field theories in the spirit of the Haag-Kastler axioms for algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT). First, starting from a conformal net we construct a canonical unitary VOA structure on a subspace of the finite-energy vectors of the theory. We show that this subspace is, in fact, the entire space of finite-energy vectors whenever the conformal net "comes from" a unitary VOA in a loose sense. This construction applies to arbitrary conformal nets, extending a result of [CKLW18] (based on the construction of [FJ96]). Second, we construct conformal nets from unitary VOAs possessing a strong commutativity property, which reproduces a result of [CKLW18] without requiring the technical assumption of "polynomial energy bounds." The article is organized as follows: In Section 2 we describe the vertex algebra and Wightman formulations of unitary two-dimensional chiral conformal field theories. We also give preliminary results constructing Wightman fields from unitary vertex algebras. In Section 3 we give a careful comparison of the two different axiomatizations, with particular attention to locality and Möbius covariance. Here, we prove our main result giving an equivalence between the two notions. In Section 4 we discuss conformal nets and give several applications of our results in this context.

Acknowledgements
CR and JT were supported by ARC Discovery Project DP200100067. CR was also supported by ARC Discovery Project DP170103265. YT was supported by Programma per giovani ricercatori, "Rita Levi Montalcini" of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research until 2020.
YT acknowledges the MIUR Excellence Department Project awarded to the Department of Mathematics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" CUP E83C18000100006 and the University of Rome "Tor Vergata" funding scheme "Beyond Borders" CUP E84I19002200005. JT gratefully acknowledges the support of "Rita Levi Montalcini" grant and the hospitality of the University of Rome, Tor Vergata, which facilitated this collaboration.

Two formulations of chiral CFT
In this section we introduce our two formulations of chiral CFT, namely unitary Möbius vertex algebras and Möbius-covariant Wightman field theories.

Positive-energy representations of the Möbius group
We denote by Möb the group of holomorphic automorphisms of the unit disk, which we identify with fractional-linear transformations via Möb ∼ = PSU(1, 1) = a b b a : a, b ∈ C, |a| 2 − |b| 2 = 1 / {±Id} .
It is a three-dimensional real Lie group with Lie algebra denoted Lie(Möb). If we consider Möb as a subgroup of the group Diff(S 1 ) of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of the unit circle S 1 ⊂ C, Lie(Möb) is identified with a three-dimensional subspace of the space of smooth vector fields Vect(S 1 ) on S 1 . Each vector field is identified with a differential operator f (e iθ ) d dθ for some smooth function f (e iθ ), and the Lie bracket is given by [f d dθ , g d dθ ] = (f g − f g ) d dθ , where f denotes df dθ . Note that this bracket is the opposite of the bracket of vector fields, which is the natural choice when identifying Vect(S 1 ) with the Lie algebra of Diff(S 1 ). This gives rise to an embedding Lie(Möb) ⊂ Vect(S 1 ), and the complexification Lie(Möb) C ∼ = sl(2, C) of Lie(Möb) is spanned by the elements {L −1 , L 0 , L 1 }, where L m is the complexified vector field −ie imθ d dθ . The vector fields L m satisfy the commutation relations [L m , L n ] = (m − n)L m+n , m, n = −1, 0, 1.
A representation of Lie(Möb) on an inner product space V is called a unitary representation if L m u, v = u, L −m v for all u, v ∈ V and m = −1, 0, 1. Here we have extended the representation of Lie(Möb) to its complexification, and, as an abuse of notation, used the same symbols L m for operators on the representation space. We are interested in positive-energy representations of Lie(Möb), which are unitary representations with the additional property that L 0 is a diagonalizable operator with nonnegative eigenvalues. Any positive-energy representation of Lie(Möb) in which L 0 has integral spectrum can be integrated to a continuous (in the strong operator topology, SOT) unitary representation of Möb on the Hilbert space completion H of V (see e.g. [Lon08], [Wei05,Appendix A], or [CKLW18, §3.1]).
Conversely, an SOT-continuous unitary representation H of Möb is called a positiveenergy representation if the generator of the rotation subgroup is a positive operator (with necessarily integral spectrum). In this case, the representation is the integration of a positive-energy representation of Lie(Möb) on the dense subspace V of finite-energy vectors (that is, the algebraic span of eigenvectors of the generator of rotation). In this article, we will emphasize positive-energy representations in which the generator of rotation L 0 ∈ Lie(Möb) C has finite-dimensional eigenspaces.

Unitary Möbius vertex algebras
In this section, we define (unitary) Möbius vertex algebras, which were introduced under the name quasi-vertex operator algebra in [FHL93]. The reader is cautioned that other authors have used the term Möbius vertex algebra to refer to a more general notion, in particular relaxing the requirement of finite-dimensionality of the weight spaces (e.g. [BK08]).
If V is a vector space, we denote by End(V)[[z ±1 ]] the set of formal power series in z ±1 with coefficients in End(V). Given v ∈ V and A(z) = n∈Z A n z n ∈ End(V)[[z ±1 ]], we can consider a formal series A(z)v = n A n vz n in the variables z ±1 with coefficients in V. Furthermore, for any If B(w) is another formal series, then the expression [A(z), B(w)] makes sense as a formal series in z ±1 and w ±1 .
, and a choice of vector Ω ∈ V such that the following hold: (VA3) Y (v, z)Ω has only non-negative powers of z for all v ∈ V.
For v ∈ V, the field Y (v, z) associated with v can be expanded as a formal series As a direct consequence of the axioms, when v is homogeneous with conformal dimension d we have By comparison of formal series, one can deduce that An (antilinear) automorphism of V is an (anti)linear bijection Θ : V → V that fixes Ω, commutes with the L m , and satisfies Θ(v (n) u) = Θ(v) (n) Θ(u) for all v, u ∈ V and n ∈ Z. A vector v ∈ V is called quasi-primary if it is homogeneous and L 1 v = 0. The field Y (v, z) associated with a quasi-primary vector v is called a quasi-primary field.
An invariant bilinear form (·, ·) on a Möbius vertex algebra V is a bilinear form such that Definition 2.2. A unitary Möbius vertex algebra is a Möbius vertex algebra V equipped with an inner product ·, · and an antilinear automorphism Θ such that the following hold: 1. L −n v, u = v, L n u for all v, u ∈ V and n = −1, 0, 1 (i.e. V is a positive-energy representation of Lie(Möb) C ).

·, Θ· is an invariant bilinear form
Note that we follow the convention that the inner product is linear in the first variable. As in [CKLW18,§5], the operator Θ is automatically an involution, and a unitary Möbius vertex algebra is simple (has no ideals) if and only if V(0) = CΩ. Moreover if V(0) = CΩ, then there is at most one involution Θ making V into a unitary Möbius vertex algebra, and so in this case we can omit Θ from the extra structure needed to specify unitarity.
If v ∈ V is homogeneous with conformal dimension d, then we write v n := v (n+d−1) for the degree-shifted mode, and we extend this definition to arbitrary v ∈ V by linearity. The shifted modes have the property that v n V(m) ⊂ V(m−n). For convenience of calculation, we will make use of both conventions throughout the paper. As in [CKLW18], we call a quasi-primary field Y (v, z) Hermitian if v n u, u = u, v −n u for every u, u ∈ V and n ∈ Z. This last condition is equivalent to requiring Θv = (−1) dv v, where d v is the conformal dimension of v.
Let S ⊂ V be a set of homogeneous vectors. We say that the fields We have the following version of [CKLW18, Proposition 5.17] for Möbius vertex algebras, proven exactly the same way as for vertex operator algebras in the reference.
Proposition 2.3. Let V be a N-graded Möbius vertex algebra with V(0) = CΩ. Suppose that V is equipped with an inner product such that Ω = 1 and such that the representation of Lie(Möb) C on V is unitary. Then V is a unitary Möbius vertex algebra if and only if it possess a generating family of Hermitian quasi-primary fields.

Möbius-covariant Wightman fields
We now give an alternate axiomatization of two-dimensional chiral CFTs, in terms of Wightman fields. The Wightman axioms are usually defined on the Minkowski space R d+1 , but they can be adapted to chiral conformal field theory.
Let H be a Hilbert space, and let D ⊆ H be a dense subspace. An operator-valued distribution on the unit circle S 1 with domain D is a continuous linear map where Hom(D, H) is the space of linear maps D → H, equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence. We regard ϕ(f ) as an unbounded operator 1 on H with domain D.
An operator-valued distribution ϕ with domain D is called adjointable (or an adjointable field) on D if there exists an operator-valued distribution ϕ † with domain D such that Equivalently, ϕ is adjointable if D ⊆ Dom(ϕ(f ) * ) for every f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ), in which case the adjoint distribution is given by ϕ † (f ) := ϕ(f ) * | D . Note that continuity of f → ϕ † (f )Φ is automatic, by the closed graph theorem. If ϕ is adjointable, then so is ϕ † and ϕ † † = ϕ. It follows that when ϕ is adjointable the operators ϕ(f ) and ϕ † (f ) are closable. Note that an adjointable field with domain D remains adjointable when restricted to a dense subspace D ⊂ D.
(2.1) Now, let D be a dense subspace of H. An operator-valued distribution with domain D is called Möbius-covariant of degree d (in the Wightman sense) if for every γ ∈ Möb we have U (γ)D = D and where the equality is that of maps D → H.
Remark 2.4. The function X γ ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ) is characterized in terms of the pushforward of the vector field d dθ ∈ Γ(T S 1 ) by the identity γ * It follows that when d > 0 the operation β d (γ) can be understood in terms of pushforwards of sections of the tensor product bundle T ⊗d−1 S 1 : Thus in some contexts the input to a Wightman field of degree d is best understood as a tensor field f d dθ ⊗d−1 of degree d − 1 rather than a function f (see [Lee13,Chapter 12]). Indeed, the same holds when d = 0, with d dθ ⊗−1 interpreted as dθ.
A set F of operator-valued distributions on S 1 with a common dense domain D ⊂ H, together with a SOT-continuous unitary representation U of Möb and a vector Ω ∈ D, are called a Möbius-covariant Wightman field theory on S 1 if they satisfy the following axioms: (W1) Möbius covariance: For every γ ∈ Möb, U (γ) preserves D. For each ϕ ∈ F there is d ∈ Z ≥0 such that ϕ is Möbius-covariant of degree d.
(W2) Adjoint: Each ϕ ∈ F is adjointable and F is closed under the involution sending ϕ to ϕ † .
(W5) Vacuum: The vector Ω is the unique (up to scalar) vector that is invariant under U , and Ω is cyclic for F in the following sense: whenever ϕ 1 , . . . , ϕ k ∈ F and f 1 , . . . , f k ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ) we have ϕ k (f k ) · · · ϕ 1 (f 1 )Ω ∈ D, and moreover D is spanned by vectors of this form.
The vacuum axiom implies that D is invariant under the operators ϕ(f ). It follows automatically that expressions such as ϕ 1 (f 1 ) · · · ϕ k (f k )Ω are jointly continuous in the f j . Indeed, f j → ϕ(f 1 ) . . . ϕ(f k )Ω has a closed graph, because f j → ϕ(f j )Φ, Ψ is continuous for any Φ, Ψ ∈ D and D is dense. As C ∞ (S 1 ) is a Fréchet space, the map is therefore continuous. Hence the expression ϕ(f 1 ) . . . ϕ(f k )Ω is separately continuous in the f j , and separately continuous maps from Fréchet spaces into a Fréchet space (the Hilbert space H) are jointly continuous (see e.g. [Rud91, Theorem 2.17]).
Let V be the finite-energy vectors V = ∞ n=0 V(n), where V(n) = ker(L 0 − n) and the direct sum is the algebraic direct sum. In this article we will emphasize theories that also satisfy: Examples of Wightman field theories that do not satisfy (W6) can be produced by the infinite tensor product construction, as in [CW05,§6].
We claim that if a Wightman field theory F satisfies (W6) then V ⊂ D. First, from the Möbius covariance axiom we see that the subspace W of D given by Since D is dense in H and expressions of the form ϕ k (f k ) · · · ϕ 1 (f 1 )Ω are continuous in the f j , W is also dense. But this means that W(n) is dense in V(n), and since V(n) was assumed finite-dimensional we must have W(n) = V(n). We conclude that V ⊂ D as claimed.
For v ∈ V, expressions of the form ϕ k (f k ) · · · ϕ 1 (f 1 )v are jointly continuous in the f j by the same argument given above in the case v = Ω. The Wightman fields that correspond to unitary Möbius vertex algebras satisfy an additional, apparently stronger, requirement that we now explain. For N ∈ R ≥0 , the N -Sobolev norm on C ∞ (S 1 ) is given by The Hilbert space completion of C ∞ (S 1 ) under this norm, denoted H N (S 1 ), can be identified with the subspace of L 2 (S 1 ) consisting of functions with finite N -Sobolev norm.
The topology on C ∞ (S 1 ) is induced by the norms · N , and a linear map from C ∞ (S 1 ) to a Banach space X is continuous precisely when it extends to a bounded linear map on some H N (S 1 ). Thus the argument above for C ∞ (S 1 ) shows that the expressions ϕ 1 (f 1 ) · · · ϕ k (f k )v extend to (jointly) continuous multilinear maps H N (S 1 ) k → H for some N that depends on v.
We consider the following additional property, asking that N can be chosen independent of v: (W7) Uniformly bounded order: For every collection ϕ 1 , . . . , ϕ k ∈ F, there is a positive number N such that for every v ∈ V the map (f 1 , . . . , f k ) → ϕ k (f k ) · · · ϕ 1 (f 1 )v extends continuously to H N (S 1 ) k .
Remark 2.5. We do not know if the condition of uniformly bounded order follows from the other axioms. Since we will show that Möbius-covariant Wightman field theories with uniformly bounded order correspond exactly to unitary Möbius vertex algebras, the uniformly bounded order condition is automatic if and only if every Möbius-covariant Wightman field theory corresponds to a vertex algebra. The axioms of a vertex algebra essentially require the existence of operator product expansions (OPE), while from the Wightman point of view a form of OPEs has been proved under additional analytic conditions (see e.g. [Bos05]). On the other hand, if we assume uniformly bounded order, then we prove that the fields generate a Möbius vertex algebra, and OPE A(z)B(w) = Remark 2.6. The definition of uniformly bounded order given here implicitly assumes that V ⊂ D, which will usually only occur when the weight spaces V(n) are finite-dimensional. If the V(n) are infinite-dimensional, then the condition (W7) should be modified to only require that the vectors v lie in V ∩ D.

Adjointable fields from unitary Möbius vertex algebras
Let V be a unitary Möbius vertex algebra. In this section, we show that the formal distributions Y (v, z) correspond to adjointable operator-valued distributions on S 1 , and that these distributions can be repeatedly applied to the vacuum. This is a first step in constructing a Wightman field theory from V. Other conditions of Wightman fields, such as Möbius covariance and locality, will be studied in Section 3.
Recall that for v ∈ V we have a formal series Here,f (n) are the coefficients of the Fourier series of f , and the degree-shifted mode v n is given by v n = v (n+d−1) when v is homogeneous with conformal dimension d, and otherwise extended linearly. Formally, the map Y 0 (v, f ) corresponds to the smeared field where ds is normalized arclength measure.
We will see shortly that with this formula Y 0 (v, f ) indeed maps V into the Hilbert space completion H of V, for any smooth f . The key estimate is given by the following lemma.
Lemma 2.7. Let V be a unitary Möbius 2 vertex algebra. Then for all v 1 , . . . , v k , u, u ∈ V, there exists a polynomial p such that The polynomial depends on the vectors v j , u, and u , but the degree of p may be bounded independent of u and u .
Proof. We proceed by induction on k. The case k = 0 is vacuous and the case k = 1 is immediate as v m u, u is nonzero for only finitely many m. Now suppose the result has been proven for a value k − 1, with k ≥ 2. We assume without loss of generality that each v j is homogeneous with conformal dimension d j , and similarly for u and u . First, observe that when m 1 < −d u we have v 1 m 1 v 2 m 2 · · · v k m k u, u = 0 by unitarity, and thus we need only consider We show separately that the two terms on the right-hand side are bounded by polynomials in the m j (with degrees controlled by the v j ). We begin with the first of these two terms. Observe that when m 1 > d u we have v 2 m 2 · · · v k m k v 1 m 1 u, u = 0, and thus we are left with finitely many values of m 1 to consider. For each fixed value of m 1 the inductive hypothesis asserts that v 2 m 2 · · · v k m k v 1 m 1 u , u is bounded by a suitable polynomial in m 2 , . . . , m k , which completes the argument for the first term.
For the second term on the right-hand side of (2.4), we write As the sum on the right-hand side is finite, it suffices to bound each term separately by a suitable polynomial. We will now apply the Borcherds commutator formula (see e.g. [Kac98, Section 4.8]), which is given in terms of degree-shifted modes by when a and b are homogeneous (with conformal dimensions d a and d b , respectively). The commutator formula yields By the inductive hypothesis, for each s we may bound for a polynomial p in the m j . As s takes only finitely many values we may choose a single p that works for all s. Note that the degree ofp, and thus of p, may be bounded independent of u and u , by the inductive hypothesis.
Taking absolute values in (2.5), we now have Observe that m 1 +d 1 −1 s is a polynomial in m 1 of degree s, and thus the above sum of binomial coefficients is a polynomial in m 1 of degree at most d 1 + d − 1. This shows that v 2 m 2 · · · [v 1 m 1 , v m ] · · · v k m k u, u is bounded by a suitable polynomial, which completes the proof.
If f is a Laurent polynomial (i.e. if f has only finitely many nonzero Fourier coefficients), then the map We have the following estimate for these maps.
Lemma 2.8. Let V be a unitary Möbius vertex algebra. Let v 1 , . . . , v k , u ∈ V, and let f 1 , . . . , f k ∈ C[z ±1 ] be Laurent polynomials. Then there is a positive number N , which depends only on the v j , such that The constant C depends on the v j and u.
Proof. Recall that f N refers to the Sobolev norm (2.2). The definition of a unitary Möbius vertex algebra implies that By Lemma 2.7 we may choose a polynomial p such that . . , m k , n 1 , . . . , n k )| , for all n j and m j , with the degree of p bounded independent of u. Choose M sufficiently large that for some constant C. Note that we may choose M independent of u (although the constant C does depend on u). We then have where in the last inequality we apply the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality to the expression f j (n) (1 + n 2 ) M +1/2 · (1 + n 2 ) −1/2 . Note that there is no issue of convergence, as the f j are Laurent polynomials and all sums are finite. This establishes the desired estimate with N = 2M + 1.
3) for arbitrary f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ). As noted in the proof of Lemma 2.8, the definition of a unitary Möbius vertex algebra implies that for all u, u ∈ V. Extending by continuity, we have

and thus we have an extension of unbounded operators
In particular Y 0 (v, f ) * is densely defined, and consequently the operators (2.6) A variant of the above argument shows that smeared fields Y (v, f ) may be repeatedly applied to finite-energy vectors.
Moreover, there exists a number N such that for every u ∈ V we have for some constant C (that depends on u).
Proof. We proceed by induction on k. Suppose that k ≥ 1 and that the result holds for k − 1 (with the base case k = 0 being vacuous). By the inductive hypothesis we may choose N such that By Lemma 2.8 and the following discussion, there is a continuous multilinear map X : H N (S 1 ) k → H such that when f 1 , . . . , f k−1 are Laurent polynomials Making N or N larger if necessary, we assume without loss of generality that N = N . Now let f 1 , . . . , f k ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ), and for j = 1, . . . , k − 1 choose sequences of Laurent polynomials f j,n such that f j,n → f j in H N (S 1 ). Then, by the inductive hypothesis, we have lim Since u ∈ V was arbitrary, we have that V is contained in the domain of the product ) and the continuity of X, completing the proof.
Remark 2.10. The natural analog of Proposition 2.9 with the vertex operators Y (v, z) replaced by a unitary module action Y M (v, z) also holds, with the same proof. However we will not discuss modules for vertex algebras in this article.
Corollary 2.11. Let V be a unitary Möbius vertex algebra and let v ∈ V. Let Then the assignment Proof. The fact that ϕ v and ϕṽ are operator-valued distributions on D follows immediately from Proposition 2.9. Adjointability and the formula for ϕ † v now follow immediately from Equation (2.6).
Note that Corollary 2.11 applies to an arbitrary unitary Möbius vertex algebra V, in contrast to earlier results (e.g. in [CKLW18]) which rely on specialized analytic assumptions on V, such as polynomial energy bounds.
One of the technical challenges in establishing the Wightman axioms is that all fields act on a common domain D which is in turn determined collectively by all of the fields (as it is spanned by expressions of the form ϕ k (f k ) · · · ϕ 1 (f 1 )Ω). It is easier to consider properties that can be studied for each field separately, which we will do by restricting our Wightman fields to the smaller domain of finite-energy vectors V. In this section, we will formulate a notion of "quasi-Wightman field theory" which corresponds to a family of operator-valued distributions with domain V that satisfy analogs of the axioms of Wightman fields, and we will show that, under the assumption of uniformly bounded order, Wightman field theories and quasi-Wightman field theories are both equivalent to unitary Möbius vertex algebras.

Regularity of adjointable fields on V
As before, fix a Hilbert space H carrying a positive-energy representation U : Möb → U(H) of Möb, and denote by V = n∈Z ≥0 V(n) the dense subspace of finite-energy vectors. We assume that each V(n) = ker(L 0 −n) is finite-dimensional and that dim V(0) = 1.
As discussed above, it will be a useful technical tool to consider a variation of the Wightman axioms in which the operator-valued distributions have domain V, and not a larger invariant domain. Working with such theories, which we call quasi-Wightman field theories, involve several technical trade-offs. For our purposes, a key benefit is that quasi-Wightman field theories are easier to construct than Wightman field theories, since almost all of the imposed conditions are phrased in terms of properties of individual fields as opposed to interactions of families of fields.
We will now study general properties of operator-valued distributions defined on the domain V. Write V = n∈Z ≥0 V(n) for the algebraic completion of V, namely, the set of all sequences (v 1 , v 2 , · · · ) with v n ∈ V(n), equipped with the product topology. We have inclusions V ⊂ H ⊂ V as linear spaces. The inner product on V gives an identification of V with V * , the algebraic dual space of the complex conjugate of V. We will generally use · , · to denote both the inner product on H and the induced sesquilinear pairing of V with V, adding subscripts to clarify when necessary. The topology on V is induced by the family of linear functionals · , u , for u ∈ V.
Lemma 3.1. Let ϕ be an operator-valued distribution with domain V. Then the following are equivalent: Proof. Note that joint and separate continuity of maps C ∞ (S 1 ) × H → V are equivalent by the Banach-Steinhaus theorem for Fréchet spaces (see e.g. [Rud91, Theorem 2.17]). First assume that ϕ is an adjointable field.
The latter expression is evidently continuous in ξ and f separately, hence jointly.
Conversely, assume that ϕ extends to a continuous map C ∞ (S 1 ) × H → V. We use the symbol ϕ(f ) to denote both the map V → H as well as the extension for ξ, v ∈ V, and by continuity this extends to all ξ ∈ H. By assumption the right-hand expression is continuous in f . Thus f → ϕ † (f )v is continuous as a map into H equipped with the weak topology. This then implies that this map is continuous into H with the norm topology by the closed graph theorem (see e.g. [Rud91, Theorem 5.1]), and thus ϕ † is an operator-valued distribution.
As a consequence of Lemma 3.1, when ϕ is an adjointable field with domain V we will implicitly extend ϕ(f ) to a continuous map ϕ(f ) : H → V. We will generally consider compound expressions which define vectors in V or some subspace. For example, if ϕ and ψ are adjointable fields and u ∈ V, then we have ϕ(f )ψ(g)u ∈ V.
As described in Section 2, Wightman fields arising from vertex operators are not only adjointable; they also satisfy a certain uniformity condition on the orders of the distributions. We describe this condition below in the context of a single operator-valued distribution with domain V. This is an analog of the condition (W7) of uniformly bounded order for a Wightman field theory, which is phrased for a collection of Wightman fields acting on an invariant domain. This condition will eventually play a crucial role in comparing locality of fields in the Wightman sense with locality in the sense of vertex operators. Note that for each v we are guaranteed that the map f → ϕ(f )v extends continuously to H N (S 1 ) for some N by the definition of the topology on C ∞ (S 1 ), but in Definition 3.2 we insist on choosing N independent of u.
We have the following analog of Lemma 3.1.
Lemma 3.3. Let ϕ be an adjointable field with domain V. Then the following are equivalent: 1. ϕ † has uniformly bounded order.
2. For some N > 0 the map ϕ : C ∞ (S 1 ) × H → V extends to a continuous map Proof. This can be proved in a parallel way as in Lemma 3.1, replacing the Fréchet space C ∞ (S 1 ) by the Hilbert space H N (S 1 ).

Möbius covariance for adjointable fields
As above, let H be a Hilbert space carrying a positive-energy representation U : Möb → U(H), and let V be the subspace of finite-energy vectors, with finite-dimensional weight spaces V(n) = ker(L 0 − n) and dim V(0) = 1. As described in Section 2.1, U is the exponentiation of a positive-energy representation of Lie(Möb). Given a complexified vector field g d dθ ∈ Lie(Möb) C , we write π(g d dθ ) ∈ span C {L −1 , L 0 , L 1 } for the corresponding operator, which we may regard as a map of V into V or as a map of V into V. Thus, if ϕ is an adjointable field, we may consider expressions π(g d dθ )ϕ(f )u ∈ V and ϕ(f )π(g d dθ )u ∈ H. This allows us to state transformation rules for ϕ under the action of Lie(Möb) in terms of familiar commutation relations.
is a linear combination of L 1 , L 0 and L −1 , and so it is essentially skew-adjoint on V by the commutator theorem [RS75, Theorem X.37] and the explicit estimates in [Lon08, Section 1.5]. Hence the domain of its closure on V coincides with the domain of (π(g d dθ )| V ) * . From this point of view, the operator π(g d dθ ) can be seen as a map from H to V and the domain of the closure of π(g d dθ ) | V consists of the vectors ξ ∈ H such that π(g d dθ )ξ ∈ H. An adjointable field ϕ on V is called Möbius-covariant (or quasi-primary) with degree d, in the Wightman sense if, for every f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ), u ∈ V, and γ ∈ Möb, we have 3 ϕ(f )U (γ) * u ∈ H, and moreover ϕ satisfies the covariance condition where β d is defined in (2.1). Similarly, an adjointable field ϕ on V is called Möbiuscovariant (or quasi-primary) with degree d in the vertex algebra sense if it satisfies the infinitesimal covariance condition with degree d: for all g d dθ ∈ Lie(Möb) C , u ∈ V, and f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ). For a quasi-primary field ϕ with degree d, we have a formal series expansionφ(z) = n ϕ(e n )z −n−d , where e n (e iθ ) = e inθ . By taking g(e iθ ) = −ie ikθ , we see that Möbius covariance in the vertex algebra sense is equivalent to the familiar condition Lemma 3.5. Let ϕ be an adjointable operator-valued distribution with domain V and let d be a non-negative integer. Then ϕ is Möbius-covariant with degree d in the Wightman sense if and only if it is so in the vertex algebra sense.
Proof. First assume that ϕ satisfies the infinitesimal covariance condition (3.1). Let g d dθ ∈ Lie(Möb) be a real vector field, and let γ t = exp(tg d dθ ) ∈ Möb be the corresponding one-parameter group. Note that the exponential map from Lie(Möb) to Möb is surjective, so it suffices to prove covariance for transformations of the form γ t . The operator π(g d dθ ) is skew-adjoint (we work with the closure of the operator defined on finite-energy vectors) and we have U (γ t ) = e tπ(g d dθ ) (see [Lon08, Section 1.5]). Fix u ∈ V, and let Note that u 1 naturally takes values in V and u 2 naturally takes values in H. We would now like to show that u 1 = u 2 . As both u 1 (t) and u 2 (t) are continuous in f (as maps into V), we may assume without loss of generality that f is a Laurent polynomial. We first argue that both u 1 and u 2 extend to holomorphic functions on a neighborhood of R. Indeed, by [Wei05, Proposition A.2.9], the function U (γ −t )u = U (γ −t 0 )U (γ −(t−t 0 ) )u extends to a holomorphic function into H defined on a neighborhood of an arbitrary t 0 ∈ R. Composing with the continuous linear map ϕ(f ) : H → V yields a V-valued holomorphic extension of u 1 (see [Rud91,Definition 3.30]).
We now consider u 2 . As each γ t maps S 1 onto itself, the map t → γ t has a holomorphic extension to a neighborhood of R, taking values in Möbius transformations that map S 1 into C × . Since f is a Laurent polynomial, the map (t, z) → (β d (γ t )f )(z) has an extension to a neighborhood of R × S 1 which is (separately, and therefore jointly) holomorphic. Thus the function t → β d (γ t )f extends to a holomorphic function from a neighborhood of R into C ∞ (S 1 ), since the z-derivatives of (β d (γ t )f )(z) are uniformly continuous in a compact neighborhood of S 1 . Composing with the continuous linear map ϕ shows that t → ϕ(β d (γ t )f )u has a holomorphic extension as a map into H. Hence, has a holomorphic extension for every v ∈ V. We conclude that u 2 extends to a holomorphic map from a neighborhood of R into V.
As both u 1 and u 2 are analytic, it suffices to show that their Taylor series centered at t = 0 coincide. For u 1 , it is straightforward to compute the derivatives Repeatedly differentiating (while noting that π(−g d dθ ) maps V into itself) we obtain u (n) We now turn our attention to u 2 . Recall from Remark 2.4 that β d (γ t )f is given by the pushforward where in the case d = 0 we formally set d dθ ⊗−1 := dθ. We thus have where L is the Lie derivative of tensor fields (see [Lee13,Chapter 12]). As f → ϕ(f )u is continuous, we can plug in the formula for d dt β d (γ t )f from (3.4) and compute d dt By the infinitesimal commutation relation (3.1), π(g d dθ )ϕ(β d (γ t )f ) is a linear combination of vectors in H, and thus lies in H as well. By Remark 3.4, ϕ(β d (γ t )f )u lies in the domain of the skew-adjoint unbounded operator π(g d dθ ). We can now continue the above calculation: We now repeatedly apply this computation to conclude that Combining this with (3.3), we obtain u (n) for all n ≥ 0. As u 1 and u 2 are analytic, we conclude that u 1 = u 2 . The map u 2 takes values in H, so it follows that u 1 does as well. Hence ϕ(f )U (γ −t )u ∈ H, and multiplying u 1 and u 2 by U (γ t ) we get completing one direction of the proof. Now assume conversely that ϕ satisfies the Wightman version of Möbius covariance. Without loss of generality we take f to be a Laurent polynomial as above, as the infinitesimal covariance condition is continuous in f . It suffices to consider g d dθ ∈ Lie(Möb), and we take γ t as above. The functions u 1 and u 2 , defined as above, are analytic, and this time by assumption we have u 1 = u 2 . Evaluating the derivatives as before, we have u. The infinitesimal covariance condition follows immediately from the equality of these two quantities.

Locality for adjointable fields
We continue with our Hilbert space H carrying a positive-energy representation U of Möb. We have finite-energy vectors V = ∞ n=0 V(n), with each V(n) finite-dimensional and dim V(0) = 1. We now turn to discussing the notion of locality for a pair of adjointable fields ϕ and ψ with domain V. Using the extension of adjointable fields to maps H → V from Lemma 3.1, we may consider products like ϕ(f )ψ(g) as maps V → V, and we can define locality in terms of these products.
Our goal is to relate adjointable fields to point-like formal distributions as studied in the context of vertex algebras. Let ϕ be an adjointable field with domain V that is Möbiuscovariant with degree d. Let ϕ n = ϕ(e n ), where e n (z) = z n , and observe that ϕ n ∈ End(V) by rotation covariance. The associated formal distributionφ(z) ∈ End(V)[[z ±1 ]] is given byφ (3.5) Now let ϕ and ψ be a pair of Möbius-covariant adjointable fields with domain V, and letφ andψ be the associated formal distributions. We say that ϕ and ψ are relatively local in the vertex algebra sense if for N sufficiently large we have an equality of formal series (z − w) N [φ(z),ψ(w)] = 0. On the other hand, ϕ and ψ are called relatively local in the Wightman sense if whenever f, g ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ) have disjoint support we have ϕ(f )ψ(g) = ψ(g)ϕ(f ) as maps V → V.
The equivalence of Wightman and vertex algebra locality was established in [CKLW18, Appendix A] under the hypothesis of polynomial energy bounds. It is not known whether every unitary VOA satisfies this property. Below, we observe that the argument from [CKLW18] goes through under the weaker hypothesis of uniformly bounded order (Definition 3.2), which we have shown holds in every unitary Möbius vertex algebra (see Proposition 2.9).
First, we need a technical result. Recall that a distribution on S 1 × S 1 with order N is a distribution that can be written as α ∂ α f α , where f α are continuous functions on S 1 × S 1 and α are multi-indices with |α| ≤ N .
Lemma 3.6. Suppose Λ is a distribution on S 1 × S 1 supported on the diagonal z = w which has order N . Then there are distributions c j on S 1 , for j = 0, . . . , N , such that Proof. For a distribution Λ on R supported on a point p with order N there are constants c α such that Λ = |α|≤N c α D α δ p (see [Rud91, Theorem 6.25]). The same holds for a distribution Λ on S 1 , because this property is determined in a neighbourhood of p. Let f, g be any smooth function on S 1 , and let F f,g (z, w) = f (z − w)g(w). Then the map f −→ Λ(F f,g ) is a distribution on S 1 of order N . As this is supported at 0, it follows that Λ(F f,g ) = n j=0 c j,g δ (j) (f ), where δ = δ 0 is the delta-distribution supported at 0, with coefficients c j,g that depend on g.
We claim that the map g −→ c j,g is a distribution on S 1 . Indeed, if we choose a test function f such that only the j-th derivative does not vanish at 0 (among 0-th to N -th derivatives), the map g −→ Λ(F f,g ) = n j=0 c j,g δ (j) (f ) = c j,g f (j) (0) is a distribution. That is, we found distributions c j (g) = c j,g .
For any pair of test functions f and g we have Λ(F f,g ) = N j=0 c j (g)f (j) (0), which is to say that Λ coincides with c j (w)δ (j) (z − w) on such pairs. As Λ is a distribution, this equality extends to any two-dimensional test function [Trè67, Theorem 39.2].
We can now establish the equivalence of Wightman and vertex algebra locality under the hypothesis of uniformly bounded order.
Lemma 3.7. Let ϕ and ψ be adjointable fields with domain V. Suppose that ϕ, ψ, ϕ † , and ψ † have uniformly bounded order. Then ϕ and ψ are local in the Wightman sense if and only if they are local in the vertex algebra sense.
Proof. Since the fields have uniformly bounded order, we may invoke Lemma 3.3 to see that the assignments (f, g) → ϕ(f )ψ(g)u and (f, g) → ψ(g)ϕ(f )u give continuous bilinear maps H N (S 1 ) × H N (S 1 ) → V for some number N which does not depend on u. By Lemma B.1, for any u, v ∈ V we have a continuous functional X u,v : This is a distribution of order M + 2 as we noted in Appendix B. Furthermore, M is independent of u and v. From here, we proceed as in [CKLW18, Proposition A.1]. First assume that ϕ and ψ are local in the Wightman sense. Then the distribution X u,v is supported on z = w, and by Lemma 3.6 we infer that (z − w) M +3 X u,v = 0. Specializing f and g to functions of the form z k and w , we get the same identity at the level of formal distributions: As u and v were arbitrary and M did not depend on these vectors, we obtain the vertex algebra locality condition (z − w) M +3 [φ(z),ψ(w)] = 0.
Conversely, suppose thatφ andψ are local in the sense of vertex algebras. By [Kac98, Corollary 2.2], we have that X u,v is supported on the diagonal and thus [ϕ(f ), ψ(g)]u = 0 when f and g have disjoint support.
We note that the property of uniformly bounded order was essential in going from Wightman locality to vertex locality in the proof of Lemma 3.7, allowing us to conclude that M was independent of u.

From vertex algebras to Wightman fields and back
Let us prove the first of our main results, namely that Wightman fields can be constructed from unitary Möbius vertex algebras V. Recall from Section 2.4 that we define closed unbounded operators Y (u, f ) on the Hilbert space completion H of V, and Proposition 2.9 says that the domain of Y (u, f ) contains expressions of the form Y (v k , f k ) · · · Y (v 1 , f 1 )Ω.
Let D = span{Y (v k , f k ) · · · Y (v 1 , f 1 )Ω : v j ∈ V, f j ∈ C ∞ (S 1 )}. By Corollary 2.11, we have adjointable distributions ϕ u : C ∞ (S 1 ) × D → H given by and if u is quasi-primary then ϕ † u = (−1) du ϕ Θu . Theorem 3.8. Let V be a unitary Möbius vertex algebra with dim V(0) = 1, and let H be the Hilbert space completion of V. Let S ⊂ V be a generating set for V consisting of quasi-primary vectors, and assume that S = (−1) L 0 ΘS. Let F = {ϕ u : u ∈ S}, for ϕ u as in (3.6). Then F is a Möbius-covariant Wightman field theory on H with uniformly bounded order.
Proof. We verify that F satisfies the axioms (W1)-(W7) of a Wightman field theory, leaving the nontrivial arguments for (W1) and (W3) for the end.
By Corollary 2.11, the ϕ u are adjointable distributions and if ϕ u ∈ F, then ϕ † u = ϕ (−1) L 0 Θu ∈ F as well. Hence, F satisfies the adjoint axiom (W2). As described in Section 2.1, we may exponentiate the positive-energy representation of Lie(Möb) C spanned by {L −1 , L 0 , L 1 } to a positive-energy representation of Möb. As (the closure of) L 0 is the generator of rotations, the spectrum condition axiom (W4) is satisfied by the definition of a unitary Möbius vertex algebra. The vacuum axiom (W5) is satisfied by construction, and we note that D contains V since S is a generating set, and thus D is dense. Finite-dimensionality of the L 0 -eigenspaces (W6) is part of the definition of Möbius vertex algebra. The fields ϕ u ∈ F satisfy the uniformly bounded order axiom (W7) by Proposition 2.9. It remains to check Möbius covariance (W1) and locality (W3).
We first consider Möbius covariance. From the definition of a Möbius vertex algebra, if u is quasi-primary we have [L k , Y (u, z)] = z k+1 d dz + (k + 1)z k d u Y (u, z) for k = −1, 0, 1, which implies that ϕ u is Möbius-covariant in the vertex algebra sense. By Lemma 3.5, it follows that if v ∈ V and γ ∈ Möb, we have Applying this relation repeatedly, we see that when f 1 , . . . , f m are Laurent polynomials and u 1 , . . . , u m ∈ S we have Since both sides are continuous in the f j by Proposition 2.9, the relation extends to all f j ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ), and we see that U (γ)ϕ u (f )U (γ) * = ϕ u (β d (γ)f ) as operators on D, which verifies the Möbius covariance axiom.
We give a similar proof of the locality axiom. Suppose that f 1 and f 2 are supported in disjoint intervals. By Lemma 3.7, ϕ u 1 (f 1 )ϕ u 2 (f 2 ) and ϕ u 2 (f 2 )ϕ u 1 (f 1 ) agree as maps V → V. In fact, since V lies inside the domain D, the two agree as maps into the Hilbert space. Thus if g 1 , . . . , g m are Laurent polynomials and v 1 , . . . , v m ∈ S we have Since such expressions are continuous in the g j , by the vacuum axiom we see that ϕ u 1 (f 1 )ϕ u 2 (f 2 ) = ϕ u 2 (f 2 )ϕ u 1 (f 1 ) as operators on D, completing the proof.
For the other direction, it is convenient to first introduce a weaker notion of Wightman fields, which will be sufficient to construct unitary vertex algebras.
Definition 3.9. Let H be a Hilbert space carrying a SOT-continuous unitary representation U of Möb. Let V = V(n) be the finite-energy vectors, where V(n) = ker(L 0 − n), and assume that each V(n) is finite-dimensional. A quasi-Wightman field theory on V is given by a family F of adjointable operator-valued distributions on S 1 with domain V, along with the representation U and a vector Ω ∈ V, such that the following hold: (QW1) Möbius covariance: Each ϕ ∈ F is Möbius-covariant in the Wightman sense.
(QW5) Vacuum: The vector Ω is the unique (up to scalar) vector in V that is invariant under U , and V is spanned by expressions of the form 4 ϕ 1 (z n 1 ) · · · ϕ k (z n k )Ω where ϕ j ∈ F and n j ∈ Z.
Note that a family of fields satisfying all of the conditions of Definition 3.9 except for the cyclicity of the vacuum yields a quasi-Wightman field theory on an appropriate subspace of H.
The difference between quasi-Wightman field theories and Wightman field theories is that in quasi-Wightman field theories we do not assume that the operators ϕ(f ) preserve the domain in general. However one of our main results (Theorem 3.12) implies that this property is automatic under the additional condition of uniformly bounded order.
We say that a quasi-Wightman field theory F has uniformly bounded order if every ϕ ∈ F has uniformly bounded order (Definition 3.2). The following is almost immediate.
Proposition 3.10. Let H be a Hilbert space carrying a positive-energy representation of Möb, let V be the finite-energy vectors, and suppose that each weight space V(n) is finite-dimensional. Let F be a Wightman field theory on H. ThenF = {ϕ| V : ϕ ∈ F} is a quasi-Wightman field theory on V. If F has uniformly bounded order then so doesF.
Proof. Observe that V ⊂ D since dim V(n) < ∞, as described in Section 2.3. An adjointable field remains adjointable when restricted to a dense subspace of the domain, so in particular each ϕ| V is adjointable. Each condition of the definition of quasi-Wightman field theory follows directly from the corresponding property of a Wightman field theory.
We now give a converse to Theorem 3.8 by constructing a unitary Möbius vertex algebra from a (quasi-)Wightman field theory.
Theorem 3.11. Let H be a Hilbert space carrying a positive-energy representation of Möb, with finite-energy vectors V. Assume that the weight spaces V(n) = ker(L 0 − n) are finite-dimensional and that dim V (0) = 1. Let F be a quasi-Wightman field theory on V with uniformly bounded order. Then there is a unique structure of a unitary Möbius vertex algebra on V such that for every ϕ ∈ F there is a quasi-primary v ∈ V such that Proof. We note that the uniqueness of such a vertex algebra structure is guaranteed by the fact that the condition ϕ(f ) = Y (v, f )| V determines the modes of the generating fields.
Recall from (3.5) that for a field ϕ ∈ F which is Möbius-covariant of degree d, the associated point-like field isφ(z) = n∈Z ϕ n z −n−d , where ϕ n = ϕ(z n ). Let be the family of point-like fields associated to F.
First, we construct an N-graded Möbius vertex algebra structure on V by showing thatF satisfies the six hypotheses of Theorem A.1. The first two hypotheses of Theorem A.1 hold by assumption. By Lemma 3.5, each field of F is Möbius-covariant in the vertex algebra sense, and thus the fourth hypothesis holds forF. By assumption, any pair of fields in F is relatively local in the sense of Wightman fields. It follows that the point-like fields inF are relatively local in the sense of vertex operators by Lemma 3.7 and the uniformly bounded orders of the fields. This shows that the fifth condition of Theorem A.1 is satisfied. The sixth condition, that V is generated by modes of fields fromF, is immediate from the definition of quasi-Wightman field theory.
It thus remains to show the third condition, namely thatφ(z)Ω has a removable singularity at z = 0. That is, we must show that ϕ −n Ω = 0 for n ≤ d−1. When n < 0 the positivity of L 0 implies that ϕ −n Ω = 0. It remains to consider the cases n = 0, 1, . . . , d−1. For such n, the Möbius covariance ofφ (3.2) and the Möbius invariance of Ω yield that Iteratively applying this identity, starting with n = 0, yields 0 = ϕ 0 Ω = ϕ −1 Ω = · · · = ϕ −(d−1) Ω, as required. By Theorem A.1, we conclude that there exists a N-graded Möbius vertex algebra structure on V such that for all ϕ ∈ F we haveφ(z) = Y (v ϕ , z), where v ϕ = lim z→0φ (z)Ω. It follows that ϕ(f )u = Y (v ϕ , f )u for f a Laurent polynomial, and indeed for all f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ) if both sides are regarded as elements of V. The vector v ϕ is quasi-primary as It remains to show that V is unitary. The assumption that F is invariant under † shows that 1 2 (φ + ϕ † ) and 1 2i (φ − ϕ † ) are fields of the vertex algebra which are Hermitian. Such fields generate V, and thus V is unitary by Proposition 2.3.
In summary, we have given constructions which relate the notions of unitary Möbius vertex algebra and Möbius-covariant (quasi-)Wightman field theories with uniformly bounded order. All of these constructions start with a Hilbert space H carrying a positive-energy representation of Möb. In all of the constructions, we require that the weight spaces V(n) = ker(L 0 − n) are finite-dimensional and that dim V(0) = 1. We write V = ∞ n=0 V(n) for the space of finite-energy vectors. The constructions are then given by the following steps: One may begin with a vertex algebra or (quasi-)Wightman field theory and cycle through the above steps, returning to the original object. We have therefore proven the following.
Theorem 3.12. Let H be a Hilbert space carrying a positive-energy representation of Möb, and let V = ∞ n=0 V(n) be the finite-energy vectors. Assume that V(n) is finitedimensional and dim V(0) = 1. Then the constructions of Theorem 3.8, Proposition 3.10, and Theorem 3.11 provide bijections between the following notions: 1. Unitary Möbius vertex algebra structures on V, equipped with a (−1) L 0 Θ-invariant set of quasi-primary vectors that generate V.
2. Wightman field theories on H with uniformly bounded order.
3. Quasi-Wightman field theories on V with uniformly bounded order.
We do not have an example of a (quasi)-Wightman field theory that does not have uniformly bounded order, and it is possible that this property is automatic. The smeared fields arising from vertex algebras have uniformly bounded order, so one approach to demonstrating that this property is automatic for Wightman field theories would be to give a proof of Theorem 3.11 which does not use the uniformly bounded order hypothesis. In particular, the only place where this hypothesis is invoked is in the proof of Lemma 3.7 regarding locality, so it would suffice to show that the fields of a Wightman field theory were automatically local in the vertex algebra sense. There is a sketch of an argument demonstrating this in [Kac98, §1.2], but it does not seem complete 5 .

The VOA associated to a conformal net
In this section, we introduce an operator-algebraic formulation of Möbius-covariant field theory. While we will primarily be concerned with Möbius-covariant nets, we will also briefly discuss diffeomorphism covariant conformal nets, which have the additional property that U extends to a projective unitary representation of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms Diff(S 1 ). This representation is required to satisfy U (γ)A(I)U (γ) * = A(γI) and moreover U (γ) ∈ A(I) when γ is supported in I.
For a discussion on unbounded operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebra, see [Ped89,§5.2]. We note that the requirement that ϕ † (f ) * is an extension of ϕ aff (f ) is the same as requiring that the domain of ϕ aff (f ) * contains V.
We will show that the Möbius-covariant fields affiliated with A satisfy all of the axioms of a quasi-Wightman field theory except perhaps cyclicity of the vacuum (which in turn produces a quasi-Wightman field theory on a subspace of the finite-energy vectors). The main step is to check the locality axiom, for which we will use the following basic lemma.
Lemma 4.2. Let X be a densely defined closed operator on a Hilbert space H, and suppose that X is affiliated with a von Neumann algebra M ⊂ B(H). Then there exists a sequence x n ∈ M such that x n ξ → Xξ for all ξ ∈ Dom(X) and x * n ξ → X * ξ for all ξ ∈ Dom(X * ).
We have X * = (v |X|) * = |X| v * since v is bounded, and thus v * maps Dom(X * ) into Dom(|X|). Thus if ξ ∈ Dom(X * ) we have Proof. We must check that F satisfies Definition 3.9. All of the conditions are immediate except closure under † and the locality axiom. Let ϕ ∈ F. We must show that ϕ † is affiliated with A and that it is Möbius-covariant. Fix a function f ∈ C ∞ (S 1 ) that is supported in I. Since ϕ is affiliated with A we have extensions with ϕ aff (f ) affiliated with A(I). Taking adjoints (and forgetting the closure of ϕ † (f )) we have Since the adjoint ϕ aff (f ) * is an extension of ϕ † (f ) and is affiliated with A(I), we have shown that ϕ † is again affiliated with A (see Definition 4.1). We now check Möbius covariance of ϕ † . By Lemma 3.5 we may check that ϕ † is Möbius-covariant in the vertex algebra sense, namely that for all g d dθ ∈ Lie(Möb) C we have [π(g d dθ ) , ϕ † (f )]u = ϕ † ((d − 1) dg dθ f − g df dθ )u, where π is the representation of Lie(Möb) C that integrates to U . Both sides of this condition depend continuously on f (in the topology of V) and thus it suffices to consider when f is a Laurent polynomial. By Möbius covariance for ϕ (applied to f and g) we have [π(g d dθ ) , Taking adjoints as endomorphisms of V, and applying the fact that π(g d dθ ) * = −π(g d dθ ), we obtain the Möbius covariance condition for ϕ † , which completes the proof that F is †-invariant.
We now show that F satisfies locality. Let ϕ, ψ ∈ F, let I 1 and I 2 be disjoint intervals, and suppose that f is supported in I 1 and g is supported in with ϕ aff (f ) and ψ aff (g) affiliated with A(I) and A(J), respectively. Applying Lemma 4.2, we may choose a sequence x n ∈ A(I) such that for every u ∈ V we have x n u → ϕ(f )u and and x * n u → ϕ(f ) * u = ϕ † (f )u. We also choose y n ∈ A(J) that approximate ψ(g) in the same manner, and observe that the x n and y n commute by the locality axiom for A. Then for u, v ∈ V we have which establishes locality, and completes the proof.
Note that any †-invariant subset of a quasi-Wightman field theory (perhaps missing cyclicity of the vacuum) is again a quasi-Wightman field theory (perhaps missing cyclicity of the vacuum). In order to apply Theorem 3.11, we are particularly interested in the sub-theory of uniformly bounded distributions.
provided that the L 0 -eigenspaces are finite-dimensional. This quasi-Wightman field theory has uniformly bounded order by construction, and so by Theorem 3.12 there is a unitary Möbius vertex algebra structure on V A . In general, we cannot guarantee that V A is not the trivial vertex algebra {Ω}. However, if A is a conformal net (i.e. if A is diffeomorphism covariant), then the associated stress-energy tensor T (z) = n∈Z L n z −n−2 induces a quasi-Wightman field affiliated with A [Car04, Appendix].
Corollary 4.5. Let A be a diffeomorphism covariant conformal net, and let T (z) = n∈Z L n z −n−2 be the associated stress-energy tensor. Suppose that the eigenspaces of L 0 are finite-dimensional. Then V A is a unitary vertex operator algebra with conformal vector ν = L −2 Ω and Y (ν, z) = T (z).
The following proposition shows that if the net A "comes from" a Möbius vertex algebra (in a relatively weak sense), then that vertex algebra is the one we have constructed. Proof. As in Theorem 4.3, we write F for the collection of Möbius-covariant, adjointable distributions with domain V that are affiliated with A, which form a quasi-Wightman field theory except perhaps for cyclicity of the vacuum. The vertex algebra V A corresponds to the subcollection F A ⊂ F consisting of distributions ϕ such that ϕ and ϕ † have uniformly bounded order.
Let S ⊂ V be a generating set of quasi-primary vectors for the vertex algebra V such that the associated operator-valued distributions are affiliated with A. For u ∈ S, let ϕ u (f ) = Y V (u, f )| V be the associated operator-valued distribution. By Theorem 3.8, the distributions ϕ u are adjointable and Möbius-covariant, and by assumption the ϕ u are affiliated with A. Hence ϕ u ∈ F. Moreover, by Proposition 2.9 the fields ϕ u and ϕ † u have uniformly bounded order, so ϕ u ∈ F A . It follows that S ⊂ V A and Y V (u, z)| V A = Y A (u, z) for u ∈ S, where Y A denotes the vertex algebra structure on V A arising from our construction. Since S generates V, we have V A = V as vertex algebras. The representations of Lie(Möb) and the inner products of V A and V coincide by construction.
Finally, as a result of our analysis of the domains of smeared vertex operators, we are able to give a construction of conformal nets from vertex algebras under looser assumptions than [CKLW18]. The key hypothesis will be the following.
Definition 4.7. A unitary Möbius vertex algebra V is called AQFT-local if for any u, v ∈ V the closed operators Y (u, f ) and Y (v, g) commute strongly 6 whenever f and g have disjoint support.
We have the following analog of [CKLW18, Theorem 6.8]. Proof. In the Möbius case, the only point to address is Möbius covariance. Let U : Möb → U(H) be the representation obtained by integrating the L k of V. By the relation with v quasi-primary. Let S ⊆ V be the set of quasi-primary vectors. Then the domain 6 Recall that two closed operators X and Y commute strongly when the von Neumann algebras vN(X) and vN(Y ) commute. Here, vN(X) is the smallest von Neumann algebra to which X is affiliated; it is generated by the polar partial isometry of X along with the spectral projections of |X|. We avoid the terminology "strongly local" because in [CKLW18] f 1 )Ω : v j ∈ S, f j ∈ C ∞ (S 1 )} contains V, and is contained in the domain of any Y (v, f ) by Proposition 2.9. Hence D is a core for Y (v, f ). By Theorem 3.8, we have U (γ)D = D for any γ ∈ Möb, and U Proof. For every quasi-primary u ∈ V the operator Y (u, f ) is affiliated with A V (I) when supp f ⊆ I. Thus the claimed result is an immediate consequence of Proposition 4.6.
There is another construction of conformal nets A V from unitary vertex operator algebras V which have a property called "bounded localized vertex operators" [Ten19b,Ten19c,Ten19a]. A straightforward argument shows that if V has this property then applying Corollary 4.5 to A V recovers V, but we will omit a discussion of bounded localized vertex operators here.
Work in progress of André Henriques and JT will show that every (diffeomorphism covariant) conformal net is of the form A V , for both the AQFT-locality construction and the bounded localized vertex operator construction. It would then follow that the unitary VOA V A from Corollary 4.5 is always defined on all of V, and moreover that V A is AQFT-local with corresponding conformal net A.
It would be interesting to know whether the dual nets of the Virasoro net with c > 1 [BSM90] or the W 3 -net with c > 2 [CTW21] come from vertex algebras. It is unknown whether these dual nets are diffeomorphism covariant.

A Generating unitary Möbius vertex algebras
The following theorem gives standard criteria for a collection of fields to generate a Möbius vertex algebra. However, standard references (e.g. [Kac98, Theorem 4.5]) provide a proof under additional hypotheses and do not treat L 1 -covariance. We summarize the necessary adjustments here: ]] of formal distributions, and a choice of vector Ω ∈ V such that the following hold: 3. For every A(z) ∈ F, A(z)Ω has a removable singularity at z = 0. 6. V = span{A 1 (n 1 ) · · · A k (n k ) Ω : A j ∈ F, n j ∈ Z, k ∈ Z ≥0 }, where A (n) denotes the nth mode of the formal series A(z).

For every
Then there exists a unique structure of an N-graded Möbius vertex algebra on V such that A(z) = Y (A(z)Ω| z=0 , z) for every A ∈ F.
Proof. Note that the uniqueness part of the conclusion is clear by the generating property 6 along with the Borcherds product formula [Kac98, Eq. (4.6.10)]. Let G be the collection of formal distributions obtained by closing F ∪ {Id} under derivatives, Borcherds (n)products for n ∈ Z, and linear combinations. Here (z − w) n is shorthand for the series expansion of that function in the domain |z| > |w|, and similarly (−w + z) n is expanded in the domain |w| > |z|. As in the proof of [Kac98, Theorem 4.5], G again satisfies properties 3 and 5 of the hypothesis, as well as the L −1 -commutation relations of 4. We note that Kac only considers (n)-products with n > 0, but that does not affect this step (most notably Dong's Lemma [Kac98, Lemma 3.2] has no restriction on n). By hypothesis 6, the map G → V given by A(z) → A(z)Ω| z=0 is surjective. The argument of the uniqueness theorem [Kac98,Theorem 4.4] [God89], shows that this map is injective. By inverting, we obtain the state-field correspondence Y of a vertex algebra such that Y (A(z)Ω| z=0 , z) = A(z) for every A ∈ F. It remains to check that the fields of this vertex algebra have the correct commutation relations with L 0 and L 1 . From the L 0 -commutation relation for F and the definition of the (n)-product, it is immediate to check the L 0 -commutation relation for G, and that A(z)Ω| z=0 ∈ V(d A ). To address the L 1 -commutation relation, observe that if A(z) ∈ F, then L 1 A(z)Ω| z=0 = [L 1 , A(z)]Ω | z=0 = (z 2 d dz + 2d A z)A(z)Ω | z=0 = 0. Thus, the states A(z)Ω| z=0 are quasi-primary, and so the fields Y (A(z)Ω| z=0 , z) satisfy the L 1 -commutation relation when A(z) ∈ F. The final step is to show that the L 1commutation relation extends from the generating set to the entire vertex algebra, which is the content of Lemma A.2 below.
Lemma A.2. Suppose that V satisfies all of the axioms of a Möbius vertex algebra, except perhaps the commutation relation with L 1 . Then the set of homogeneous vectors v ∈ V such that the L 1 -commutation relation holds is closed under Borcherds (n)-products u (n) v. That is, if Y (u, z) and Y (v, z) satisfy the L 1 -commutation relation, then where d u (n) v = d u + d v − n − 1.

B Remarks on Sobolev spaces
Recall that H N (S 1 ) can be defined as H N (S 1 ) = f ∈ L 2 (S 1 ) :
Using this norm, the map U such that (U f )(n) = √ 1 + n 2 + · · · + n 2Nf (n) is a unitary from H N (S 1 ) to L 2 (S 1 ) (with H N (S 1 ) equipped with the corresponding inner product). Any bounded operator x on L 2 (S 1 ) can be written as xf (m) = n x m,nf (n). As it is bounded, there is a constant C > 0 such that |x m,n | < C. Correspondingly, any bounded operator x on H N (S 1 ) can be represented by components x m,n and they satisfy |x m,n (1 + n 2 + · · · + n 2N ) − 1 2 (1 + m 2 + · · · + m 2N ) − 1 2 | < C for some C > 0. Similarly, H 2N +2 (S 1 × S 1 ) is a subspace of L 2 (S 1 × S 1 ) with the norm Any continuous linear functional ξ on H 2N +2 (S 1 × S 1 ) can be written as a linear combination of derivatives of f ∈ L 2 (S 1 × S 1 ) of order no greater than 2N + 2 [Leo17, Theorem 11.62]. Hence, ξ itself has order no greater than 2N + 4 as a distribution on S 1 × S 1 .
Therefore, we have that and x m,n defines a continuous linear functionalB on H 2N +2 (S 1 × S 1 ) such thatB(f, g) = m,n x m,nf (m)ĝ(n), which is an extension of the desired form.