Communications in Mathematical Physics The Generalised Complex Geometry of ( p , q ) Hermitian Geometries

We define (p, q) Hermitian geometry as the target space geometry of the two dimensional (p, q) supersymmetric sigma model. This includes generalised Kähler geometry for (2, 2), generalised hyperkähler geometry for (4, 2), strong Kähler with torsion geometry for (2, 1) and strong hyperkähler with torsion geometry for (4, 1). We provide a generalised complex geometry formulation of hermitian geometry, generalising Gualtieri’s formulation of the (2, 2) case. Our formulation involves a chiral version of generalised complex structure and we provide explicit formulae for the map to generalised geometry.

generalised complex geometry [2] as generalised Kähler geometry by Gualtieri [3], with the relation between the sigma model geometry and generalised complex geometry given by the Gualtieri map.
The supersymmetry algebras in two dimensions are labelled by two integers p, q. Requiring a non-linear sigma model to be invariant under ( p, q) supersymmetry places strong restrictions on the target space geometry, with various geometries arising for different values of p, q [8]. We will refer to the target space geometry of the ( p, q) supersymmetric sigma model as ( p, q) hermitian geometry; this will be defined in Sect. 2. The models of [1] giving rise to generalised Kähler geometry have (2, 2) supersymmetry while (2, 1) supersymmetry gives an interesting geometry [4,5] that is sometimes referred to as Strong Kähler with Torsion (SKT). SKT geometry was discussed within the formalism of generalised complex geometry in [6,7]. Our purpose here is to find the generalised complex geometry formulation of the all ( p, q) hermitian geometries. This will require the definition of a chiral form of generalised complex structure that we will refer to as a half generalised complex structure. We also aim to give a presentation that is closely related to the sigma model geometry, making the map to generalised complex geometry manifest.

( p, q) Hermitian Geometry
The ( p, q) supersymmetry algebra in two dimensions has p right-handed supercharges and q left-handed ones [4]. The general supersymmetric sigma models with (1, 1), (2,2) and (4,4) supersymmetry were constructed in [1], the ones with (1, 0) and (2, 0) supersymmetry were constructed in [4], the one with (2,1) supersymmetry was constructed in [5], while the remaining cases were given in [8]. The (1, 1) supersymmetric sigma model has a target space (M, g, H ) which is a manifold M with a metric g and a closed 3-form H . This can be given locally in terms of a 2-form potential b, H = db. Conversely, given such a geometry one may construct a (1, 1) supersymmetric sigma model with that target space. The (1, 1) model will in fact have ( p, q) supersymmetry with p, q = 1, 2 or 4 if it has a special geometry that we will call a ( p, q) hermitian geometry, which has p − 1 complex structures J a + (a = 1, . . . p − 1) and q − 1 complex structures J a − (a = 1, . . . q − 1). The space (M, g, H, J a + , J a − ) is a ( p, q) hermitian geometry if 1. J a + (a = 1, . . . p − 1) and J a − (a = 1, . . . q − 1) are complex structures on M. 2. The metric g is hermitian with respect to all complex structures For each complex structure J ∈ (J a + , J a − ), there is a differential operator d c = i(∂ −∂) and the corresponding 2-form ω = g J which satisfies dd c ω = 0. The condition (3) can be replaced with the following condition: (2,2) geometries were called generalised Kähler geometries in [3] while the (4,2) gives geometries that were called generalised hyperkähler geometries in [9]. The name strong Kähler with torsion (SKT) was proposed for (2, 1) (or (1, 2)) geometry and strong hyperkähler with torsion was proposed for (4, 1) (or (1, 4)) geometry in [10]. If H = 0, then p = q and the (2, 2) case gives Kähler geometry in which case ω is the Kähler form, while the (4, 4) case gives hyperkähler geometries. If p > 4 then the holonomy of ∇ (+) is trivial while if q > 4 then the holonomy of ∇ (−) is trivial; we will restrict ourselves to the cases p ≤ 4, q ≤ 4 here.
There is a rich interplay between ( p, q) hermitian geometry and the superspace formulation of the ( p, q) supersymmetric sigma model. For the (2, 2) case, if the two complex structures J + , J − commute, then the corresponding sigma model is formulated in terms of chiral and twisted chiral superfields [1]. On the other hand, if the commutator [J + , J − ] has trivial kernel, then the sigma model is formulated in terms of semichiral superfields [11]. It was shown in [12] that the general (2, 2) sigma model can be formulated in terms of chiral, twisted chiral and semichiral superfields, giving a complete characterisation of generalised Kähler geometry (away from irregular points) with the geometry given locally by a scalar potential. This will be discussed further in Sect. 10.

Generalised Geometry
For a d-dimensional manifold M, the generalised tangent space is the sum of the tangent bundle T and the cotangent bundle T * This has a natural O(d, d) invariant metric η defined by where X, Y are vector fields and and ξ, σ are one-form fields. There is a natural projection with ρ(X + ξ) = X . If g is a metric on M, then this gives a metric g −1 on T * and a metric H on T with There is also a natural map with defined in terms of the lowering and raising maps g : T * → T and g −1 : T → T * by A 2-form B on M defines the B-transformation which is a map that preserves the metric η.
The Courant bracket is defined on smooth sections of T ⊕ T * , and is given by where X + ξ, Y + σ ∈ C ∞ (T ⊕ T * ) and L X is the Lie derivative with respect to X . Given a 3-form H , the H -twisted Courant bracket , H is (3.11) so that e b is a symmetry of , H if and only if db = 0.
The map G has eigenvalues ±1 and the +1 and −1 eigenspaces both have dimension d. It then defines a splitting of T into the ±1 eigenspaces defined by the projection operators (3.14) The spaces have natural identifications with the tangent bundle given by Using the natural matrix notation in which X + ξ is written the metrics are represented by the matrices The map G acts through the matrix while the B-map is represented by The projection ρ is If H represents an integral cohomology class, b is a gerbe connection. Then a B-map using b takes a section W of T ⊕ T * to a local sectioñ and anchor mapρ : E → T . See [2,3,6,7,9] for further discussion. The H -twisted Courant bracket on T ⊕ T * is mapped to the untwisted Courant bracket on E: The map then givesη,H,G on E given byη = η and H is often referred to as the generalised metric. The mapG has eigenvalues ±1 and defines a splitting of E into the ±1 eigenspaces defined by the projection operators In discussing generalised complex geometry, we can either work on E with integrability defined with respect to the untwisted Courant bracket (as in [2,3]), or equivalently on T ⊕ T * with integrability defined with respect to the H -twisted Courant bracket. We will adopt the latter strategy. Our results can be transferred to E using the B-map.

Generalised Complex Geometry
A generalised almost complex structure J is a bundle endomorphism of T which squares to minus the identity and preserves the metric η, The generalised almost complex structure J splits the complexified generalised tangent bundle into the +i eigenspace L and the −i eigenspace L (4.1) A generalised complex structure [2] is a generalised almost complex structure for which the subspace L is involutive under the H -twisted Courant bracket, i.e. one for which A generalised Kähler structure [3] on a manifold M with metric g can be defined as a generalised complex structure J 1 that commutes with the map G defined in (3.5): Then defines a second generalised complex structure that commutes with J 1 . Gualtieri [3] showed that a generalised Kähler structure on M is equivalent to a (2, 2) or bihermitian geometry (M, g, H, J ± ) with complex structures J ± on M. The Gualtieri map gives the generalised complex structures in terms of the complex structures J ± . (4.5) Here ω ± are the Kähler forms ω ± = g J ± .
A generalised complex structure J on T gives a generalised complex structureJ on EJ such that the +i eigenspace L ofJ is involutive with respect to the untwisted Courant bracket, i.e. for which A generalised Kähler structure on E consists of aJ 1 commuting withG, and the Gualtieri map is nowJ

Half Generalised Complex Structures
The Gualtieri map can be written suggestively as so that where J ± are endomorphisms of T ± : This motivates defining structures on T ± instead of on T.

Definition 1.
A positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure J + is a bundle endomorphism of T + which vanishes on T − , squares to minus the identity on T + and preserves the metric η,

Definition 2.
A negative chirality half generalised almost complex structure J − is a bundle endomorphism of T − which vanishes on T + , squares to minus the identity on T − and preserves the metric η.
Using J + , we define another two projection operators This allows a further split into the +i eigenspace L + and the −i eigenspace L + . We define a positive chirality half generalised complex structure J + as a positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure for which L + is involutive with respect to the H -twisted Courant bracket, i.e. one for which We will refer to this as the condition that J + is integrable. There is a similar construction for negative chirality. A negative chirality half generalised almost complex structure J − gives a split into the +i eigenspace L − and the −i eigenspace L − and it will be a negative chirality half generalised complex structure if L − is involutive with respect to the H -twisted Courant bracket. Note that half generalised complex structures automatically commute with G. A generalised Kähler structure corresponds to two half generalised almost complex structure J ± . The maps ρ ± : T ± → T take the half generalised complex structures J ± on T ± to the complex structures J ± on T .
There is a similar construction on the Courant algebroid E. A positive chirality half generalised almost complex structureJ + is a bundle endomorphism of E + which squares to minus the identity on E + and preserves the metric η, With the decomposition where L is the +i eigenspace ofJ + , we define a positive chirality half generalised complex structureJ + on E as a positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure which is integrable, i.e. for which L is involutive with respect to the Courant bracket There is a similar construction for negative chirality. The structures on E ± are the B-transforms of the structures on T ± : so that explicitlỹ (5.14)

Algebraic Structure
If X ∈ C ∞ (T + ), then it takes the form for some vector field X ∈ C ∞ (T ), and the isomorphism ρ + T + → T takes ρ + : X → X , 2) The identification of T + with T leads to the identification of an automorphism A of T + with an automorphism A of T . In this section, we will develop some useful formulas making this identification explicit.

An automorphism of T has the general form
for some automorphisms This will be an automorphism of T + that leaves T − invariant if which implies A must take the form and A is an automorphism of T : The automorphism A can be rewritten as we have if and only if A satisfies the orthogonality condition g(AX, AY ) = g(X, Y ). (6.13) This is equivalent to g Ag −1 = (A t ) −1 (6.14) so that an orthogonal transformation A takes the form A positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure J + is then an orthogonal automomorhism of T + satisfying J 2 + = −1 T + . It then takes the form for an automorphism J + : T → T satisfying (J + ) 2 = −1 (6.17) and g(J + X, J + Y ) = g(X, Y ) (6.18) so that J + is an hermitian almost complex structure. As (J + ) −1 = −J + , (6.16) can be rewritten as for some X ∈ C ∞ (T ) and an automorphism of T − takes the form and A is orthogonal if and only A is, as before. A negative chirality half generalised almost complex structure J − is then for an hermitian almost complex structure J − : T → T . If T has a positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure J + and a negative chirality half generalised almost complex structure J − , then T has hermitian almost complex structures J + , J − and there are two commuting generalised almost complex structures and which can be rewritten as (4.5).

Integrability
An almost complex structure J on T splits the tangent bundle into +i eigenspace and the −i eigenspace¯ and can be used to define the projectors The almost complex structure J is integrable if is involutive with respect to the Lie bracket, i.e. if If it is integrable, then it is a complex structure on T . J is integrable if and only if the Nijenhuis tensor defined by vanishes for all vector fields X, Y . From Sect. 5, a positive chirality half generalised almost complex structure J + splits the generalised tangent space into the +i eigenspace L + and the −i eigenspace L + and defines the projection operators ∓ := 1 2 (1 ± iJ + ). It is a positive chirality half generalised complex structure if the subspace L + is involutive with respect to the H -twisted Courant bracket, i.e. if X, Y H ∈ L + if X, Y ∈ C ∞ (L + ). (7.6) This requires the vanishing of the generalised Nijenhuis tensor and the vanishing of it follows from (6.19) that so that the automorphism X → J + X of T + maps to the automorphism X → J + X of T . Then ± X = π ± X gπ ± X . . (7.11) We have that if and only if X ∈ C ∞ ( ). (7.12) We now turn to the form of the brackets on T + . For X, Y ∈ C ∞ (T + ) with the Courant bracket takes the simple form where [X, Y ] is the Lie bracket. Here the map S : where ∇ (0) is the Levi-Civita connection. In index notation, For the H -twisted Courant bracket, S is replaced in these formulae by which has the effect of replacing the connection ∇ (0) with the connection with torsion ∇ (+) given in (2.1). Then Then the H-twisted Courant bracket takes the form We now consider the conditions X, Y H ∈ C ∞ (L + ) if X, Y ∈ C ∞ (L + ) for J + to be a positive chirality half generalised complex structure. Now from (7.11), (7.14) and (7.20); . (7.21) This will be in L + if and only if the following two conditions hold 1.
The second condition is the condition that + X, + Y H ∈ C ∞ (T + ) and is equivalent to the vanishing of M(X, Y) in (7.8), as 23) Then the imaginary part of For this to hold for all X, Y requires that J + is covariantly constant with respect to ∇ (+) If this holds, then it follows from (7.7) and (7.21) that the generalised Nijenhuis tensor is given in terms of the Nijenhuis tensor and this will vanish if and only if N (X, Y ) = 0. We then have the result that Proposition. A positive chirality half generalised complex structure J + is equivalent to a hermitian complex structure J + that is covariantly constant with respect to ∇ (+) , ∇ (+) J + = 0.
Similar arguments lead to the result that a negative chirality half generalised complex structure J − is equivalent to a hermitian complex structure J − that is covariantly constant with respect to ∇ (−) , ∇ (−) J − = 0.
To see this, note that for X, Y ∈ C ∞ (T − ) with the Courant bracket takes the simple form Then this leads to the condition ∇ (−) J − = 0.

Strong Kähler with Torsion and Half Generalised Complex Structures
We can now give the formulation of Strong Kähler with Torsion geometry in terms of generalised complex geometry. Using the results of the previous sections, we have that a (2, 1) SKT geometry (M, g, H, J + ) is equivalent to a positive chirality half generalised complex structure J + and metric structure G on T. The analogue of the Gualtieri map is which can be written as where ω + = g J + . Similarly, a (1, 2) SKT geometry (M, g, H, J − ) is precisely a negative chirality half generalised complex structure J − and metric structure G on T, with The maps ρ ± : T ± → T take each half generalised complex structure J ± on T ± to a complex structure J ± on T . This can be made explicit as:

( p, q) Generalised Complex Geometry
This then gives us a precise correspondence between a ( p, q) generalised complex geometry (T, G, H, J a + , J a − ) and a ( p, q) hermitian geometry (M, g, H, J a + , J a − ).
If p ≥ 2 and q ≥ 2, any positive chirality half generalised complex structure can be combined with any negative chirality one to form a generalised complex structure, so that we have a basis of ( p − 1)(q − 1) generalised complex structures together with a further set of generalised complex structures GJ ab . This gives a generalised Kähler structure for p = q = 2, 3 generalised complex structures J a1 for ( p, q) = (4, 2) and 9 generalised complex structures J ab for ( p, q) = (4, 4). For ( p, q) = (4, 2), the space of generalised complex structures is a 2-sphere while for ( p, q) = (4, 4) it is S 2 × S 2 . The case of 3 generalised complex structures satisfying a quaternion algebra is a generalised hyperkähler structure [9].

Discussion
The There are some features of ( p, q) hermitian geometries that are particular to certain values of p and q. One interesting aspect of (2, 2) hermitian geometry, i.e., of generalised Kähler geometry, is that there are three Poisson structures on T , Another interesting feature of generalised Kähler geometry is that it has a generalised potential K that determines all geometric quantities. For commuting complex structures, the expressions for the metric and b-field are linear in the 2nd derivatives of the scalar function K [1], while they are non linear when the complex structures do not commute [13][14][15]. A proof of this relies on the superspace formulation of the sigma model away from irregular points. An alternative proof of the existence of K for a class of GKGs that does include irregular points was recently given in [16]. For ( p, q) models with p, q ≥ 2, the scalar potential governing the geometry is further constrained to allow for enhanced supersymmetry. In certain classes of models for which the supersymmetry algebra closes without use of equations of motion (i.e. off-shell), the general model can be found explicitly, giving a general construction of the corresponding potential and hence the local geometry [1,17,18].
For SKT geometry there is only one complex structure and so no Poisson structures or irregular points. The potential that determines the geometry again follows from the sigma model and is a complex vector potential (k α , kᾱ) [4,5]. For recent discussions of such (2, 0) and (2, 1) models, see [17,18]. For (4, 1) hermitian geometry (hyperkähler with torsion) the vector potential is further constrained, and has been studied in [17,18].