Abstract
In this manuscript we briefly describe bipolar disorder (a depressive and manic mental disease), its classification, its effects on the patient, which sometimes include suicidal tendencies, and the drugs used for treatment. We also address the status quo with regard to diagnosis of bipolar disorder and recent advances in bioanalytical approaches for biomarker discovery. These approaches focus on blood samples (serum and plasma) and proteins as the main biomarker targets, and use various strategies for protein depletion. Strategies include use of commercially available kits or other homemade strategies and use of classical proteomics methods for protein identification based on “bottom-up” or “top-down” approaches, which used SELDI, ESI, or MALDI as sources for mass spectrometry, and up-to-date mass analyzers, for example Orbitrap. We also discuss some future objectives for treatment of this disorder and possible directions for the correct diagnosis of this still-unclear mental illness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belmarker RH (2004) Medical Progress: bipolar disorder. New Engl J Med 351:476–486
Marmol F (2008) Lithium: Bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:1761–1771
Oswald P, Souery D, Kasper S, Lecrubier Y, Montgomery S, Wyckaet S, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J (2007) Current issues in bipolar disorder: a critical review. 17:687–695
Baldassano CF (2005) Assessment tools for screening and monitoring bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 7:8–15
Lachaine J, Beauchemin C, Mathurin K, Gilbert D, Beillat M (2014) Cost-effectiveness of asenapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in Canada. BMC Psychiatry 14(16):1–9
Novikova SI, He F, Cutrufello NJ, Lidow MS (2006) Identification of protein biomarkers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the postmortem prefrontal cortex using SELDI-TOF-MS ProteinChip profiling combined with MALDI-TOF-PSD-MS analysis. Neurobiol Dis 23:61–76
Clelland CL, Read LL, Panek LJ, Nadrich RH, Bancroft C, Clelland JD (2013) Utilization of never-medicated bipolar disorder patients towards development and validation of a peripheral biomarker profile. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069082
Sussulini A, Dihazi H, Banzato CE, Arruda MA, Stuhmer W, Ehrenreich H, Jahn O, Kratzin HD (2011) Apolipoprotein A-I as a candidate serum marker for the response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. 11:261–269
Suwalska A, Lojko D (2014) Sex dependence of cognitive functions in bipolar disorder. Sci World J. doi:10.1155/2014/418432
Geddes JR, Miklowitz DJ (2013) Treatment of bipolar disorder. Lancet 381:1672–1682
Rizzo LB, Costa LG, Mansur RB, Swardfager W, Belangero SI, Grassi-Oliveira R, McIntryre RS, Bauer ME, Brietzke E (2014) The theory of bipolar disorder as an illness of accelerated aging: implications for clinical care and research. Neurosci Biobehav R. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.004
Almeida JRC, Phillips ML (2013) Distinguish between unipolar depression and bipolar depression: current and future clinical and neuroimaging perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 73:111–118
Redpath HL, Cooper D, Lawrie SM (2013) Imaging symptoms and syndromes: similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 73:495–496
Le-Niculescu H, Kurian SM, Yehyawi N, Dike C, Patel SD, Edenberg HJ, Tsuang MT, Salomon DR, Nurnberger JT Jr, Niculescu AB (2009) Identifying blood biomarkers for mood disorders using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry 14:156–174
Patel S (2012) Role of proteomics in biomarker discovery and psychiatric disorders: current status, potentials, limitations and future challenges. Expert Rev Proteom. doi:10.1586/epr.12.25
Huang JTJ, Leweke FM, Oxley D, Wang L, Harris N, Koethe D, Gerth CW, Nolden BM, Gross S, Schreiber D, Reed B, Bahn S (2006) Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. Plos Med 3:2145
Sussulini A, Kratzin H, Jahn O, Banzato CEM, Arruda MAZ, Becker JS (2010) Metallomics studies of human blood serum from treated bipolar disorder patients. Anal Chem 82:5859–5864
Ray S, Patel SK, Kumar V, Damahe J, Srivastava S (2014) Differential expression of serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases: Specific or nonspecific signatures. Proteomics Clin Appl 8:53–72
Sokolowska I, Wetie AGN, Wormwood K, Thome J, Darie CC, Woods AG (2013) The potential of biomarkers in psychiatry: focus on proteomics. J Neural Transm. doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1134-6
Matsumoto J, Sugiura Y, Yuki D, Hayasaka T, Goto-Inoue N, Zaima N, Kunii Y, Wada A, Yang Q, Nishiura K, Akatsu H, Hori A, Hashizume Y, Yamamoto T, Ikemoto K, Setou M, Niwa S (2011) Abnormal phospholipids distribution in the prefrontal cortex from a patient with schizophrenia revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:1933–1943
Lakhan SE, Kramer A (2009) Schizophrenia genomics and proteomics: are we any closer to biomarker discovery? Behav Brain Funct. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-2
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental Illness Surveillance Among Adults in the United States. MMWR (2011) 60(Suppl):1–2
English JA, Pennington K, Dunn MJ, Cotter DR (2011) The neuroproteomics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 69:163–172
Sussulini A, Prando A, Maretto DA, Poppi RJ, Tasic L, Banzato CLM, Arruda MAZ (2009) Metabolic profiling of human blood serum from treated patients with bipolar disorder employing 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Anal Chem 81:9755–9763
Ahmed N, Rice GR (2005) Strategies for revealing lower abundance proteins in two-dimensional protein maps. J Chromatogr B 815:39–50
Javanmarda M, Emaminejada S, Guptab C, Provineb J, Davisa RW, Howe RT (2014) Depletion of cells and abundant proteins from biological samples by enhanced dielectrophoresis. Sens. Actuators B 193:918–924
Liu B, Qiu F, Voss C, Xu Y, Zhao M, Wu Y, Nie J, Wang Z (2011) Evaluation of three high abundance protein depletion kits for umbilical cord serum proteomics. Proteome Sci 9:24
Urbas L, Brne P, Gabor B, Barut M, Strlic M, Petric TC, Strancar A (2009) Depletion of high-abundance proteins from human plasma using a combination of an affinity and pseudo-affinity column. J Chromatogr A 13:2689–2694
Uzun L, Armutcu C, Bic O, Ersoz A, Say R, Denizli A (2013) Simultaneous depletion of immunoglobulin G and albumin from human plasma using novel monolithic cryogel columns. Colloids Surf B 112:1–8
Capriotti AL, Caruso G, Cavaliere C, Piovesana S, Samperi R, Laganà A (2013) Proteomic characterization of human platelet-derived microparticles. Anal Chim Acta 776:57–63
Kittel-Schnieder S, Weigl J, Volkert J, Geβner A, Schmidt B, Hempel S, Kiel T, Olmes DG, Bartl J, Weber H, Kopf J, Reif A (2014) Further evidence for plasma progranulin as a biomarker in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 157:87–91
Hu Y, Zhou J, Fang L, Liu H, Zhan Q, Luo D, Zhou C, Chen J, Li Q, Xie P (2013) Hippocampal synaptic Dysregulation of Exo/endocytosisassoated proteins induced in a chronic mild-stresses rat model. Neuroscience 230:1–12
Denisov E, Damoc E, Lange O, Makarov A (2012) Orbitrap mass spectrometry with resolving powers above 1,000,000. Int J Mass Spectrom 325–327:80–85
Clement CC, Aphkhazav D, Nieves E, Callaway M, Olszewski W, Rotzschke O, Santambrogio L (2013) Protein expression profiles of human lymph and plasma mapped by 2D-DIGE and 1D SDS–PAGE coupled with nanoLC–ESI–MS/MS bottom-up proteomics. J Proteom 78:172–187
Martin NJ, Bunch J, Cooper HJ (2013) Dried blood spot proteomics: surface extraction of endogenous proteins coupled with automated sample preparation and mass spectrometry analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 24:1242–1249
Déglon J, Thomas A, Mangin P, Staub C (2012) Direct analysis of dried blood spots coupled with mass spectrometry: concepts and biomedical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 402:2485–2498
de Sousa RT, Zarate CA Jr, Zanetti MV, Costa AC, Talib LL, Gattaz WF, Machado-Vieira R (2014) Oxidative stress in early stage bipolar disorder and the association with response to lithium. J Psychiatr Res 50:36–41
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Fundação de Amparo as Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, São Paulo, Brazil), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brasília, Brazil), and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES, Brasília, Brazil) for financial support and fellowships.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in the topical collection celebrating ABCs 13th Anniversary.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Jesus, J.R., de Campos, B.K., Galazzi, R.M. et al. Bipolar disorder: recent advances and future trends in bioanalytical developments for biomarker discovery. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 661–667 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8341-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8341-3