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Bioactive nutraceuticals as G4 stabilizers: potential cancer prevention and therapy—a critical review

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Abstract

G-quadruplexes (G4) are non-canonical, four-stranded, nucleic acid secondary structures formed in the guanine-rich sequences, where guanine nucleotides associate with each other via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding. These structures are widely found near the functional regions of the mammalian genome, such as telomeres, oncogenic promoters, and replication origins, and play crucial regulatory roles in replication and transcription. Destabilization of G4 by various carcinogenic agents allows oncogene overexpression and extension of telomeric ends resulting in dysregulation of cellular growth–promoting oncogenesis. Therefore, targeting and stabilizing these G4 structures with potential ligands could aid cancer prevention and therapy. The field of G-quadruplex targeting is relatively nascent, although many articles have demonstrated the effect of G4 stabilization on oncogenic expressions; however, no previous study has provided a comprehensive analysis about the potency of a wide variety of nutraceuticals and some of their derivatives in targeting G4 and the lattice of oncogenic cell signaling cascade affected by them. In this review, we have discussed bioactive G4-stabilizing nutraceuticals, their sources, mode of action, and their influence on cellular signaling, and we believe our insight would bring new light to the current status of the field and motivate researchers to explore this relatively poorly studied arena.

Graphical Abstract

Schematic diagram depicting nutraceuticals’ role in attenuating cancer progression

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Data availability

The review focuses on the anticancer activities of wide number of G4-stabilizing nutraceuticals and their derivatives, their sources, and their effect on oncogenic signaling cascade. The study is based on through survey of peer reviewed articles from January 2000 to December 2022 using databases from Web of Science (http://www.webofknowledge.com), Scopus (https://www.scopus.com), and PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), utilizing following keywords: G4, cancer chemotherapy, G-quadruplex stabilizing nutraceuticals, their derivatives, food sources, transcriptional regulation, cell signaling pathways, in vitro studies, in silico studies, and clinical and pre-clinical studies. No language limitations were applied for the search.

Abbreviations

ADMET:

Chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

APOE:

Apolipoprotein E

ALS :

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

5-ALA:

5-Aminolevulinic acid

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

ATM:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene

BAD:

Bcl-2 agonist of cell death

BAX:

Bcl-2-associated X protein

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

Bcl-xl:

B-cell lymphoma-extra large

BRCA:

Breast cancer gene

BLM:

Bloom helicase

CD:

Circular dichroism

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinase

ChIP:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

DR:

Death receptor

c-Myc:

Cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene

c-KIT:

Receptor tyrosine kinase

CLOCK:

Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput

CoMSIA:

Comparative molecular similarity indices analysis

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CXCR:

CXC chemokine receptor

DHX36:

DEAH box protein 36

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

eIF:

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor

eIF4A1:

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1

ER:

Estrogen receptor

ERK:

Extracellular signal–regulated kinase

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FTD:

Frontotemporal dementia

GADD:

Growth arrest and DNA damage–inducible gene

GsK3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

G0 :

Quiescent phase

G1 :

Gap1/growth 1 phase

G2/M:

Gap2/mitosis phase

G-4:

G-quadruplex

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HIF:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1

hTERT:

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase

IAP:

Inhibitor of apoptosis

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

ICAM:

Ig-like cell adhesion molecule

IKK-α:

Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha

IC50:

Half-maximal inhibitory concentration

IκK:

IkappaB kinase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Ka:

Association constant

Kb:

Binding constant

KIT:

KIT protooncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase

KRAS:

Kirsten rat sarcoma virus gene

LEPR:

Leptin receptor

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MAZ:

Myc-associated zinc protein

MD:

Molecular dynamics

MDM2:

Mouse double minute 2 homolog

MEK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

MMP:

Matrix metalloprotease

MRP-1:

Multidrug resistance protein 1

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MYB:

Myeloblastosis

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-B

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NOTCH:

Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein gene

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

Pif:

Phytochrome-interacting factors

PIM1:

Pro-proliferative and pro-survival protein kinase

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PpIX:

Protoporphyrin IX

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

p21:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1

Raf:

Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma

Rif1:

Replication Timing Regulatory Factor 1

RMSD:

Root-mean-square displacement

RMSF:

Root-mean-square fluctuation

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SP-1:

Specificity protein 1

TAM:

Tamoxifen

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

T m :

Melting temperature

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

TSS:

Transcription start site

UCP1:

Uncoupling protein 1

UTR:

Untranslated region

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WEE1:

Mitosis inhibitor protein kinase Wee1

WNT1:

Wingless-related integration site 1

WRN:

Werner helicase

WT1:

Wilms’ tumor 1

XIAP:

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein

Xlr3b:

X-linked lymphocyte-regulated 3b

3D-QSAR:

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships

5-ALA:

5-Aminolevulinic acid

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Acknowledgements

SDC is thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India, for the fellowship through project no. 09/0667(11122)/2021-EMR-I. DC is thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research, Govt. of India for funding the lab through project no. 17X(3)/Adhoc/63/2022-ITR.

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  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India

    Satabdi Datta Choudhury & Diptiman Choudhury

  2. School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India

    Prateek Kumar

  3. Centre for Excellence in Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India

    Diptiman Choudhury

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Satabdi Datta Choudhury: Writing original draft, preparation of figures, editing, revision. Prateek Kumar: in silico screening (writing). Diptiman Choudhury: Conceptualization, editing, revision. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.

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Choudhury, S.D., Kumar, P. & Choudhury, D. Bioactive nutraceuticals as G4 stabilizers: potential cancer prevention and therapy—a critical review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 3585–3616 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02857-z

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