Generic Vanishing, 1-forms, and Topology of Albanese Maps

Given a bounded constructible complex of sheaves $\mathcal{F}$ on a complex Abelian variety, we prove an equality relating the cohomology jump loci of $\mathcal{F}$ and its singular support. As an application, we identify two subsets of the set of holomorphic 1-forms with zeros on a complex smooth projective irregular variety $X$; one from Green-Lazarsfeld's cohomology jump loci and one from the Kashiwara's estimates for singular supports. This result is related to Kotschick's conjecture about the equivalence between the existence of nowhere vanishing global holomorphic 1-forms and the existence of a fibre bundle structure over the circle. Our results give a conjecturally equivalent formulation using singular support, which is equivalent to a criterion involving cohomology jump loci proposed by Schreieder. As another application, we reprove a recent result proved by Schreieder and Yang; namely if $X$ has simple Albanese variety and admits a fibre bundle structure over the circle, then the Albanese morphism cohomologically behaves like a smooth morphism with respect to integer coefficients. In a related direction, we address the question whether the set of 1-forms that vanish somewhere is a finite union of linear subspaces of $H^0(X,\Omega_X^1)$. We show that this is indeed the case for forms admitting zero locus of codimension 1.


Introduction
We study the topology of the Albanese map via constructible complexes on Abelian varieties.The latter has been recently explored extensively by Schnell [Sch15] using generalised Fourier-Mukai tranforms and the language of holonomic D-modules.His results vastly extended the foundational results in [GL87, GL91, Sim93, Ara97] about cohomology jump loci of rank one local systems, as well as their incarnations in the moduli of line bundles with connections or rank 1 higgs bundles on smooth irregular projective varieties.In particular, Schnell proved a structure theorem for cohomology jump loci for any bounded constructible complex of sheaves on complex Abelian varieties.To state Schnell's results, we first recall the definition of cohomology jump loci.
Let D b c (A) denote the category of bounded constructible complex of C-sheaves on a complex Abelian variety A. Set Char 0 (A) := Hom(H 1 (A, Z), C * ), which is the moduli space of rank one C-local systems on A.
Definition 1.1.The i-th cohomology jump loci of F ∈ D b c (A) is defined to be the set where C ρ denotes the rank 1 local system associated to ρ ∈ Char 0 (A).Furthermore, we write V(A, F) := i V i (A, F).
Schnell's structure theorem states that V i (A, F) is finite union of translated subtori of Char 0 (A) [Sch15].In this paper, we prove an equality relating the cohomology jump loci V(A, F) and the singular support of F on complex Abelian varieties.Moreover, we show that the projection of the singular support of F is linear, which is compatible with Schnell's structure theorem on cohomology jump loci, see Remark 1.3.
The (1, 0)-piece of the tangent space TC ρ (Char 0 (A)) at a character ρ ∈ Char 0 (A) is H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ). Let T (A, F) denote the union of the (1, 0)-part of the tangent space to the irreducible components of the subvariety V(A, F).
Theorem 1.2.Let A be a complex Abelian variety.For any F ∈ D b c (A), we have the equality π(SS(F)) = T (A, F), where SS(•) denotes the singular support (see Definition 2.7) of constructible complexes in the cotangent space T * A ≃ A × H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) and π : T * A → H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) is the natural projection.In particular, π(SS(F)) is a finite union of linear subspaces of the vector space H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ). Remark 1.3.The linearity part of the theorem could also follow from the structure theorem for V(A, F) proved by Schnell [Sch15, Theorem 7.3], once the equality (1) is provided.Here we give a direct proof of the linearity property of π(SS(F)) without using Schnell's results (see Proposition 3.2).
The key technique we use is to relate the two sides of the equality in Theorem 1.2 via the Euler characteristic formula given by the Kashiwara index theorem (see Theorem 2.6).In fact, Theorem 1.2 should be viewed as a modified version of Kashiwara index theorem on complex Abelian varieties, since SS(F) records a piece of information about characteristic cycles of F and V(A, F) records a piece of information about the Euler characteristic number of F.
As an application of Theorem 1.2, we have the following result proved recently by Schreieder and Yang [SY22,Corollary 3.4].This prompted us to prove Theorem 1.2 in arbitrary characteristics for simple abelian varieties (see Proposition 3.7) and obtain their result as a corollary.We thank the referee for encouraging us to generalize our main theorem in this direction.
Corollary 1.5.Let f : X → A be a morphism from a smooth complex projective variety to a simple Abelian variety.If there exists a C ∞ -fibre bundle structure p X : X → S 1 such that p * X (dθ) ∈ f * H 1 (A, R), where θ is a coordinate of the circle, then f is a Z-homology fiber bundle.Moreover, for any algebraically closed field coefficient K, π(SS(Rf * K X )) = {0}.
Remark 1.6.When the assumption on the simplicity of A is dropped in the Corollary above, our theorem more generally gives information on the topological structure of SS(Rf * C X ).See Corollary 3.8 for more details.
As another application of Theorem 1.2, we have the following Theorem 1.7.Let X be a smooth projective variety with a : X → A X its Albanese morphism.Under the linear isomorphism where both unions are running over all possible finite étale cover τ : X ′ → X.
The study of the above theorem is motivated by the following conjecture, which was posed by Kotschick [Kot21, Question 15] and Schreieder [Sch20].
Conjecture 1.8.Let X be a smooth complex projective variety.Then the following three statements are equivalent: (1) X admits a global holomorphic 1-form without zeros.
(2) X admits a C ∞ real closed 1-form which has no zeros, or equivalently X admits a C ∞ -fibre bundle structure over the circle [Tis70, Theorem 1].
Theorem 1.7 then gives the fourth criterion, which is equivalent to (3) in Conjecture 1.8: (4) There exists ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ) \ τ π(SS(R(a • τ ) * C X ′ )).Remark 1.9.All the 1-forms involved in Theorem 1.7 are contained in W (X), the collection of holomorphic one forms on X with zeros.By a result of Green and Lazarsfeld [GL91] we know that the set on the right side of (2) is contained in W (X). On the other hand, it follows from Kashiwara's estimate (see Theorem 2.8) that the left side is also contained in W (X). Hence we pose the following question: Is it true that Here • denotes the Zariski closure and the second union is running over all possible local systems L on X.
The answer is yes for varieties of dimension less than or equal to 3. In this situation, in fact, using Theorem 1.7, [Sch20, Corollary 3.1] and [HS21, Theorem 1.4] we have with the union running over all possible finite Abelian étale covers ν : X ′ → X.
1.1.linearity of 1-forms admitting zeros.By Theorem 1.2, π(SS(R(a • τ ) * C X ′ )) is a linear subspace of the vector space H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ).From the point of view of Theorem 1.7 and Remark 1.9, one may wonder whether the set W (X) is also a finite union of vector subspaces of H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ).Such a statement is true for the set of global holomorphic tangent vector fields with zeros due to the work of Carrell and Lieberman [CL73].
More specifically, consider ≤ i}, where Z(ω) is the zero set of ω. Green and Lazarsfeld showed [GL87] that W i (X) contains the (1, 0)-piece of the tangent cone of the cohomology jump loci of X up to degree i.Note that the cohomology jump loci of X are finite union of torsion translated sub-tori.We ask the following Question 1.10.Are W i (X) linear for every degree i, i.e. a finite union of vector subspaces of the vector space H 0 (X, Ω 1 X )?We answer the question positively for W 1 (X).
Theorem 1.11 (see Theorem 4.4).Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimension n.Then W 1 (X) is linear.
This follows from a result of Spurr [Spu88, Theorem 2]; whenever a 1-form ω vanish along a divisor E, one has either E is rigid in the sense that E 2 • H n−2 < 0 with respect to some polarisation H on X, or ω comes from a curve.We generalise this statement in the setting of a pair (see Theorem A.1) and prove the linearity statement for logarithmic 1-forms admitting codimension one zeros.
Theorem 1.12 (see Theorem 4.7).Let (X, D) be a pair with X a smooth projective variety and D a simple normal crossing divisor of X.Then the following set is linear Convention.In this paper, all complex of sheaves and perverse sheaves are defined with complex coefficients except in §2.2 and 3.2.All the varieties are complex quasi-projective varieties.Unless specified otherwise by 1-forms on a smooth projective variety, we mean global holomorphic 1-forms.

Preliminaries
2.1.1-forms and associated local systems.The results in this subsection should be well known to the experts and we include it here due to the lack of references.
The i-th cohomology jump loci V i (X, F) ⊂ Char 0 (X) for F ∈ D b c (X) is defined in a similar way as in Definition 1.1.As in the introduction V(X, F) = i V i (X, F).The corresponding tangent cone T (X, F) ⊂ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ) is also defined similarly as was done before Theorem 1.2.More precisely, T (X, where the union is running over representative points from irreducible components of V(X, F) and TC ρ V(X, F) ⊆ H 1 (X, C) denotes the tangent cone at ρ.When F = C X , we simply write X is a rank 1 local system resolved by the de Rham complex (see the proof of [Sch20, Lemma 2.2]) and hence What's more, the corresponding line bundle In order to obtain a Kodaira-Nakano-type vanishing theorem for degree zero line bundles Green-Lazarsfeld [GL87] considered the following spectral sequence associated to the complex (4) (ω) induced by d + ∧ω in complex (4).Using this spectral sequence, [GL87, Proposition 3.4] shows that if there is a holomorphic 1-form ω whose zero locus Z(ω) has codimension ≥ k, then the sequence Putting these together by the Hodge decomposition for is exact for all i < k.This prompts the following Definition 2.1 (Holomorphic resonant varieties).The k-th holomorphic resonant variety of X is defined as We will refer to the sequence (H • (X, C), ∧ω) above as the resonance sequence.
More generally, both K • (ω) and R k (X) can be twisted by unitary local systems.Recall that the space of unitary local systems is defined to be Char 0 (X) u := Hom(H 1 (X, Z)/ torsion, U (1)).
For any unitary character η ∈ Char 0 (X) u , the corresponding local system C η corresponds to a degree 0 line bundle L η := C η ⊗ C O X .In fact, this gives a one-to-one correspondence between Char 0 (X) u and Pic 0 (X).
Definition 2.2 (Generalised holomorphic resonant variety).Given a local system C η associated to a unitary character η, the k-th generalised holomorphic resonant variety associated to η is defined as As noted in the introduction, another way to understand R dol (X) is via the tangent cone of the cohomology jump loci V(X).We have the following lemma due to [GL87, Proposition 3.7, Remark on p. 404], which directly generalises the so-called tangent-cone equality Lemma 2.3.With the notation as above, we have A more precise version of the above lemma for anti-holomorphic 1-forms can be found in [BW15, Theorem 1.3] due to Budur-Wang.
The following corollary follows directly from Lemma 2.3.
Corollary 2.5.Let X be a smooth projective variety.Then we have T (X) = R dol (X).

Constructible Complexes of Sheaves and Perverse
denote the derived category of bounded constructible complex of sheaves on X with coefficients in a field K. Perverse sheaves on X are, roughly speaking, a generalisation of local systems, i.e. locally constant sheaves.We refer the readers to [HTT08, Chapter 8] and [Dim04, section 5] for definitions and a comprehensive background on this topic. Given For the definition when The Euler characteristic of F satisfy the following Kashiwara's index theorem, see [Kas85] for complex coefficients and also [MS22, Theorem 3.38, Example 3.39, 3.40] for any field coefficients.
where the dot denotes intersections of cycles in the complex manifold T * X.
When F happens to be a perverse sheaf P on X, n Z i ≥ 0 (see [Dim04, Corollary 5.2.24] or [MS22, Definition 3.34] for any characteristic) and its singular support of P is defined as Then we define the singular support of the bounded complex of constructible sheaves as follows.
Definition 2.7.For a constructible complex F ∈ D b c (X) and any integer i, the singular support of F is defined as SS(F) : where p H i (F) is the i-th perverse cohomogy of F.
Given f : X → A a morphism from s smooth projective variety X to an Abelian variety A, Kashiwara's estimate for the behaviour of the singular support produces a breeding ground for 1-forms with zeros.This estimate was exploited in [PS14] to show that all 1-forms admit zeros on smooth projective varieties of general type.We recall it in our current framework.Up to our knowledge, Kashiwara's estimate are only proved for complex coefficients.
Then for any complex local system L on X where 0 X denotes the zero section A ) under a suitable identification.We use this result frequently as follows: Finally we recall some special properties exhibited by the cohomology jump loci of perverse sheaves on Abelian varieties.Theorem 2.9 [LMW21, Theorem 4.3, Corollary 1.3, Corollary 4.8], [FK00, Corollary 1.4].Let P be a perverse sheaf with coefficients in fields of any characteristic on a complex Abelian variety A with dim A = g.The cohomology jump loci of P satisfy the following (1) Propagation property: (2) Signed Euler characteristic property: χ(A, P) ≥ 0.Moreover, the equality holds if and only if V 0 (A, P) ̸ = Char(A).
(3) For a general ρ ∈ Char 0 (A), H i (A, P ⊗ L ρ ) = 0 for all i ̸ = 0, where L ρ is the rank 1 local system associated to ρ.
The Statement (3) in positive characteristic above is originally due to [BSS18, Theorem 1.1].

Constructible complex of sheaves on Abelian varieties
3.1.Linearity and comparison.In this subsection, we prove that the set of 1-forms supported on the conormal sheaf of a subvariety of an Abelian variety is linear.As a consequence we obtain that the set of 1-forms associated to the singular support of any constructible complex F is linear.All constructible sheaves and complexes considered in this subsection are over the complex number.
Proposition 3.1.Let A be an Abelian variety.For any A ).This proposition directly follows from the following Proposition 3.2.Let A be an Abelian variety and Z be a proper irreducible subvariety of A. Then the following are equivalent (1) Z is not fibred by tori and dim Z > 0.
(2) General holomorphic 1-form ω ∈ H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) restricted to Z reg , i.e. ω| Z reg admits isolated zeros on the smooth locus Z reg .In particular, let B ⊆ A be the largest (in dimensional sense) Abelian subvariety such that Z is fibred by B, we have π(T * Z A) = H 0 (C, Ω 1 C ) identified as a vector subspace of the vector space H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ).Here C denotes the quotient Abelian variety A/B.Remark 3.3.When Z is smooth, this result is well-known (see e.g.[Laz04, Proposition 6.3.10.] when A is simple; it follows from [PS14] when A is not simple).Hacon and Kovács showed this under the additional assumption that A is simple [HK05, Proposition 3.1].In fact, our proof follows from a close inspection of Hacon and Kovács' argument.After this draft was written we also noticed that the result is stated in the preprint [Wei11, Theorem 1] with a different argument.
Then the non-trivial 1-forms coming from B do not vanish on the smooth locus of τ −1 (Z), hence general 1-forms on A do not vanish on the smooth locus of Z, which contradicts the assumption (2).
(1)⇒(2): Denote d = dim Z and g = dim A. If d = 0 it is trivial, so we assume d > 0. Let N be the normal bundle of Z reg in A. Associated to the surjection there is the following chain of maps φ := (P(N ) → Z reg × P(T 0 A) → P(T 0 A) = P g−1 ).
It suffices to show that φ is dominant.Denote by p : P(N ) → Z reg the projective bundle map.Given a point s ∈ S := φ(P(N )), we can associate a hyperplane H s ⊂ T 0 A. Then p induces an isomorphism p : φ −1 (s) When Z is fibred by some tori B, let C and φ : A → C be as in the beginning of the proof.Let φ * : H 0 (C, Ω 1 C ) → H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) be the induced injective morphism.We have Proof of Proposition 3.1.The claim follows from Proposition 3.2 since SS(F) is a finite union of conormal sheaves along various subvarieties of A. □ A consequence of the proposition above is the following Corollary 3.4.If X admits a finite morphism f : X → A to its image, then W (X) ∩ H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) (under suitable identification induced by f ) is linear.In particular, if the Albanese morphism is finite to its image, then W (X) is linear.
Step 1: We first prove the case where F = P is a perverse sheaf on A.
Note that for a short exact sequences of perverse sheaves on A 0 → P ′ → P → P ′′ → 0, we have V(A, P) = V(A, P ′ )∪V(A, P ′′ ) and SS(P) = SS(P ′ )∪SS(P ′′ ).Since perverse sheaves admit Jordan-Holder type filtration with simple perverse sheaves as quotients, it is enough to deal with the case of simple perverse sheaves.From now on let us assume that P is a simple perverse sheaf on A. First note that by the propagation property in Theorem 2.9 (1), we have V(A, P) = V 0 (A, P).
According to Theorem 2.9 (2), the argument can be split in two cases: Case I: χ(A, P) > 0. In this case Theorem 2.9 (2) shows that V 0 (A, P) = Char(A), hence T (A, P) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ). On the other hand by the Kashiwara index Theorem 2.6 we have χ(A, P) = CC(P) Therefore, SS(P) must contain a subvariety Z ⊂ A such that Z is not fibred by tori.By Proposition 3.2, we conclude that π(T * Z A) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) and the desired equality follows.Case II: χ(A, P) = 0.As in [Wei16, Main Theorem and Lemma 6] we have with notations from before.Since χ(C, P C ) > 0, by Kashiwara's index theorem (see also Lemma 3.6 in v3 of this article on arXiv) there exists a component T * Z A ⊂ SS(P) such that φ(Z) ⊂ C is not fibred by tori.Since P and P ⊗ C ρ have the same singular support, by Proposition 3.2 we conclude that π(SS(P) From Case I above we have T (C, P C ) = H 0 (C, Ω 1 C ).On the other hand, it follows from [LMW21, Theorem 5.5] that where φ * : Char(C) → Char(A) is given by the induced representation.Putting (11) and (12) together, the desired equality follows.
Step 2: In general for any F ∈ D b c (A), [LMW21, Proposition 6.11] shows that where p H i (F) is the i-th perverse cohomology of F. On the other hand, SS(F) = i SS( p H i (F)) by Definition 2.7.Then the claim follows.□ We are now ready to prove Theorem 1.7.Let us first introduce a general version for any morphism f : X → A from a smooth projective variety X to an Abelian variety A. Let Theorem 3.5.With the above hypothesis and notations, we have which is a finite union of vector subspaces of H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ). Proof.The first equality follows from Theorem 1.2.The second equality follows from Lemma 2.3.Finally the statement about linearity follows from Proposition 3.1.□ Proof of Theorem 1.7.Given any finite étale cover τ : X ′ → X, by Theorem 1.2 we have Given any such finite étale cover τ : X ′ → X, by the lemma below there exists a finite étale cover σ : X′ → X ′ such that Then the claim follows by taking unions over all possible finite étale covers on both sides.□ Lemma 3.6.Consider f : X → A to be a morphism from a smooth projective variety X to an Abelian variety A. Then there exists a finite étale Abelian cover σ : X → X such that Recall that V(A, Rf * C X ) has finitely many irreducible components, say {S 1 , • • • , S k } and every irreducible component S i is a torsion translated subtori of Char 0 (A) [Sch15].Then there exists a finite Abelian cover σ : X → X such that i,j f * C ρ j i = Rσ * C X for i = 1, • • • , k and finitely many powers j for each ρ i .Now, for any ρ ∈ Char 0 (X), by the projection formula we have In particular, every component ρ −1 i • S i contains the constant sheaf C A .Furthermore, for any j we have Then the claim follows by the tangent-cone equality (7).□ 3.2.Proof of Corollary 1.5.So far all the results in this section are about bounded constructible complexes of sheaves with complex coefficients.In this subsection, we prove when A is a simple Abelian variety Theorem 1.2 holds for any algebraic closed field coefficients.As most of the definitions and tools used in the proof of Theorem 1.2 works over K (see §2.2), the main difference here is in how we reduce the argument (see Step 2) from bounded complexes of constructible sheaves to perverse sheaves.In characteristic 0, we resorted to [LMW22] for this.
Proposition 3.7.Fix any algebraically closed field K. Let F be a bounded constructible complex of sheaves with field coefficients K on a complex simple Abelian variety A. Then we have Here Char 0 (A, K) = Hom(H 1 (A, Z), K * ) is the moduli space of rank one K-local system on A.
Proof.The proof is divided into 2 steps.
Step 1: We first prove the case where F = P is a perverse sheaf on A. Note that V(A, P) = V 0 (A, P) due to the propagation property, see e.g.[LMW21, Theorem 4.7].Since A is simple, then there are two possibilities as follows • Either V 0 (A, P) = Char 0 (A, K) and T (A, P) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ).In this case, by Theorem 2.9(3) we know that χ(A, P) ̸ = 0. Hence, by the Kashiwara index Theorem 2.6 we have χ(A, P) = CC(P) • T * A A ̸ = 0. Therefore, SS(P) must contain a subvariety Z ⊂ A such that Z is not fibred by tori.By Proposition 3.2, we conclude that π(T * Z A) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) and the claim follows.• Or, V 0 (A, P) ̸ = Char 0 (A, K) and hence χ(A, P) = 0.By [KW15, Proposition 10.1] (the proof for simple abelian varieties works over any characteristic; alternatively see the arxiv version 1 of [LMW22]), P is a shifted local system.Since K is algebraically closed, any K-local system on A is a extensions of rank one local systems.Hence V(A, P) are just finitely many points in this case and T (A, P) = {0}.
On the other hand, since P is a shifted local system we have that SS Step 2: More generally for any bounded complex of constructible sheaves F and any rank one K-local system L ∈ Char 0 (A, K), we consider the perverse cohomology spectral sequence Since p H j (F) are perverse sheaves, with Step 1 at our disposal we proceed as follows: • Either V(A, F) = Char 0 (A, K).In this case, V 0 (A, p H j (F)) = Char 0 (A, K) for some j.
Then π(SS( p H j (F))) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ), and hence π(SS(F)) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) by definition.• Or V(A, F) ̸ = Char 0 (A, K).In this case, we claim that V 0 (A, p H j (F)) ̸ = Char 0 (A, K) for all j.Indeed, by choosing L ∈ Char 0 (A, K) generically, by Theorem 2.9 (3) we have H i (A, p H j (F) ⊗ K L) = 0 for any i ̸ = 0.So the spectral sequence degenerates at the second page.It shows that H j (A, F ⊗ K L) ̸ = 0 for generic L ∈ Char 0 (A, K), giving V(A, F) = Char 0 (A, K), a contradiction.Then by Step 1, π(SS( p H j (F))) = {0}, and hence π(SS(F)) = {0} by definition.On the other hand, we claim that in this case, in fact, one has V(A, F) = j V 0 (A, p H j (F)).To see this, for any L ∈ j V 0 (A, p H j (F)), let j ′ be the lowest degree such that L ∈ contains the constant sheaf as a sub-local system.In particular, Meanwhile, for any i < −d, because of [LMW21, Theorem 4.7(i)], or for any j < j ′ , because of the choice of j ′ and the propagation property in Theorem 2.9 (1), we have E i,j 2 = 0. Therefore, the above spectral sequence satisfies Hence H −d+j ′ (A, F ⊗ K L) ̸ = 0 and L ∈ V(A, F).Now F being non-zero implies that V(A, F) are just finitely many points.The claim follows.

□
Now we are ready to prove Corollary 1.5.
Proof of Corollary 1.5.Following the proof of [SY22, Proposition 3.1], up to perturbing p * X (dθ) slightly and multiplying by a suitable integer, we reduce to the case where p * X (dθ) ∈ f * H 1 (A, Z).As observed in the proof of [SY22, Lemma 3.3], we only need to prove that Rf * K X is locally constant for any algebraically closed field K. Then it follows from Qin-Wang's result [QW18, Proposition 5.4] (see also [SY22, Proposition 3.1]) that χ(A, p H j Rf * K X ) = 0 or equivalently V 0 (A, p H j Rf * K X ) ̸ = Char 0 (A, L) for any j.Their proof is based on the observation that the eigenvalues on the cohomology of the fibers induced by the monodromy action of the circle bundle is a finite set.Since A is simple, Proposition 3.7 implies that π(SS(Rf * K X )) = {0} and hence p H j Rf * K X [−j] = R j f * K X are local systems for all j.□ When A is not necessarily simple, assuming K = C we prove a slightly stronger version.
Corollary 3.8.With the same assumptions and notations as in Corollary 1.5, without the simplicity of A, one has for every irreducible component Proof.Assume that there exists an irreducible component , where Z is of general type.By [Uen73, Theorem 3.10], Z is not fibred by any sub-Abelian variety of A. Hence π(T * Z A) = H 0 (A, Ω 1 A ) by Proposition 3.2.In particular, Theorem 1.7 implies that V(A, Rf * C X ) = Char 0 (A, C).On the other hand, the same proof as in Corollary 1.5 shows that one can find rank one C-local system C ρ on A such that where Z(ω) is the zero locus of ω.By Chevalley's upper-semicontinuity theorem, W i (X, D) are all algebraic sets. Define Arapura's work gives a geometric interpretation of the set Σ 1 (U ).We briefly outline it here.An algebraic morphism f : U → C from U to a smooth curve C is called an orbifold map, if f is surjective, has connected generic fibre, and one of the following condition holds: • χ(C) < 0 • χ(C) = 0 and f has at least one multiple fibre.Roughly speaking, Arapura [Ara97] (also see [Dim07, Corollary 5.4, Corollary 5.8]) showed that every positive dimensional component of Σ 1 (U ) arises from some orbifold map.More precisely, an orbifold map induces an injection: 2 Compare this notion to V i (U, CU ).In this section we will use Char(U ) instead of Char 0 (U ).Note that when where the first union is running over representative points from irreducible components of Σ 1 (U ), TC ρ Σ 1 (U ) ⊆ H 1 (U, C) denotes the tangent cone at ρ, and the second union runs over all possible orbifold maps for U .In particular, there are at most finitely many equivalent orbifold maps for a fixed U [Ara97, Theorem 1.6].So the second union is indeed a finite union.We define In particular, T 1 Σ (U ) is a finite union of vector subspaces.Remark 4.1.(1) Consider the following construction given in [DJL17, Example 1.11], which shows that T 1 Σ (X) indeed captures more information than T 1 (X) in general.Let C 1 be a higher genus curve that admits a degree 2 finite morphism to an elliptic curve E, and let C 2 be an elliptic curve.Consider σ 1 to be the involution action such that C 1 /σ 1 ≃ E and σ 2 induces an isogeny C 2 → C 2 /σ 2 .Then their example is given by X := C 1 × C 2 / ∼, where the ∼ is a diagonal action induced by σ 1 and σ 2 .In this case, one can compute that (2) In general, one should not expect T 1 Σ (X) = W 1 (X).For instance, let X be a complex Abelian surface and Y be the blowup of X along a point.Then we take Z to be the blowup of Y along a point in the exceptional divisor.Then T 1 Σ (X) = T 1 Σ (Z), but W 1 (X) ⊊ W 1 (Z).4.2.Projective case.The observation of Arapura discussed above allows us to turn the piece of W 1 (X) that traditionally arised from cohomology jump loci into a set arising out of orbifold maps.In fact we will see in Theorem 4.4 that holomorphic 1-form in W 1 (X) \ T 1 Σ (X) vanishes along some negative divisors.See Theorem 4.7 for its quasi-projective incarnation.Definition 4.2.Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimension n with a fixed ample line bundle H and an integral divisor E on X.We say that E is H-negative if E 2 • H n−2 < 0, where We need the following a more precise version of [Spu88, Theorem 2].
Lemma 4.3.Let E be an integral divisor in X. Suppose there exists a holomorphic 1-form ω such that E ⊆ Z(ω).Then the following statements are true: (1) When E is H-trivial, there exists an orbifold map f : ) and E is the only component of the fibre of f containing E.
(2) the sign of the intersection number E 2 • H n−2 does not depend on the choice H.
Proof.For (1), by [Spu88, Theorem 2], we only need to show that E is the unique component in the fibre containing it.To this end, let E ′ be the union of components not supported on E in the scheme-theoretic fibre containing E and let aE + E ′ denote the fibre class for some positive integer a.Since f has connected fibres, E • E ′ • H n−2 > 0. On the other hand since E ′ is contained in a fibre, we have (aE To see (2), note that if for any ample class H, E is H-nonnegative, i.e., E 2 •H n−2 ≥ 0, by [Spu88, Theorem 2] it must be H-trivial and then by (1), we know that E is the unique component of the fibre of f .Therefore for any other ample class H ′ , E must be H ′ -trivial.As a consequence, if E is H-negative, it is H ′ -negative for any other ample class H ′ .□ We denote W neg (X) := {ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ) |∃ some negative integral divisor E such that E ⊂ Z(ω)}.Then we have the following result.
Theorem 4.4.Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimenison n.With the above notations, we have W 1 (X) = T 1 Σ (X) ∪ W neg (X).In particular, W 1 (X) is linear.
(2) The two pieces T 1 Σ (X) and W neg (X) may overlap.For example let f : S → C be a morphism from a smooth projective surface S to a smooth projective curve C with genus g(C) ≥ 2. Take a 1-form ω ∈ H 0 (C, Ω 1 C ) which has a zero at p ∈ C. Let X be the blow-up of S along a point in f −1 (p).The exceptional curve E has negative self-intersection.Consider the natural morphism X). Lemma 4.6.Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimension n with an ample divisor H. Then there are at most countably many H-negative divisors in X.
Proof.Let E be any H-negative divisor.Let S be a general complete intersection surface by the hyperplanes in |mH| for m ≫ 0. Then E ∩ S is a negative curve.Since there are at most countably many negative curves on S, the claim follows.□ Proof of Theorem 4.4.We assume n > 1.For any 1-form ω ∈ W 1 (X), there is an integral divisor E ⊂ X such that E ⊆ Z(ω).By [Spu88, Theorem 2] we have either ω ∈ W neg , or there exists an orbifold map f : X → C with genus g(C) > 0 and ω = f * η for some η ∈ H 0 (C, Ω 1 C ).In the latter case by Lemma 4.3 we know that E is the only component of a fibre.Since E ⊆ Z(f * η) and E is the whole fibre, either f has a multiple fibre and g(C) = 1, or g(C) > 1 and η(f (E)) = 0. Hence ω ∈ T 1 Σ (X).Notice that T 1 Σ (X) ⊆ W 1 (X) and hence the first part of the theorem follows.For the second part, note that W 1 (X) is an algebraic set.Since T 1 Σ (X) is linear and W neg is a union of at most countably many linear subspaces in H 0 (X, Ω 1 X ) by Lemma 4.6 and Lemma 4.3, W 1 (X) is also linear.□ 4.3.Quasi-projective case.Let X be a smooth projective variety with a simple normal crossing divisor D = r j=1 D j .Set U = X − D. Similar to the projective case, we denote W neg (X, D) := {ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)) | E ⊆ Z(ω) for some negative integral divisor E}.Theorem 4.7.With the above notations, we have W 1 (X, D) = T 1 Σ (U ) ∪ W neg (X, D).In particular W 1 (X, D) is linear in H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)).The proof of Theorem 4.7 follows that of Theorem 4.4 closely with Theorem A.1 in appendix, which is a generalisation of Spurr [Spu88, Theorem 2] for pairs.Remark 4.8.In [BWY16], Budur, Wang and Yoon identified a linear piece of W 1 (X, D); namely R 1 ∪ R 2n−1 ∩ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)) ⊆ W 1 (X, D).Here we use the same notations as in their paper.Note that R 1 ∩ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D))coincides with T 1 Σ (U ).But it is not clear to us how R 2n−1 ∩ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)) is connected to W neg (X, D).Dimca in [Dim10] define the first logarithmic resonance variety LR 1 (U ) := {ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)) | H 1 (H 0 (X, Ω • X (log D)), ∧ω) ̸ = 0} as the same notation in his paper.In particular, [Dim10, Proposition 4.5] implies that LR 1 (U ) = f Im f * , where the union runs over all possible orbifold maps f : U → C with χ(C) < 0 and C not being a once-punctured elliptic curve.Hence LR 1 (U ) ⊆ T 1 Σ (U ).
f and E 2 • H n−2 ≥ 0. Hence E 2 • H n−2 = 0. Finally for (4), when χ(C) = 0, notice that for any non-zero η ∈ H 0 (C, Ω 1 C (log B)), it has no zeros.Then E has to be a multiple fibre.□ Proof of Theorem 4.7.We assume n > 1.For any 1-form ω ∈ W 1 (X, D), pick an integral divisor E ⊂ X such that E ⊆ Z(ω).We may assume that ω / ∈ W neg (X, D) so that E 2 • H n−2 ≥ 0. If E is not a component of D, then ω ∈ T 1 Σ (U ) by Theorem A.1.Otherwise, say E = D 1 a component of D. Then we have an injective map [EV92, 2.3 Properties (c)] H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)(−D 1 )) → H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D − D 1 )).In particular, ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D − D 1 )).Set U 1 = X − j̸ =1 D j .By Theorem A.1, we have an orbifold map f 1 : C (log B)), i.e. ω ∈ T 1 Σ (U ).The first part follows.To see the linearity, we notice that there are at most countably many negative divisors.Indeed, similar to the projective case the sign of the intersection of E 2 • H n−2 does not depend on the choice of H when E ⊂ Z(ω) for some ω ∈ H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)).This can be seen using the same argument as in the proof of Lemma 4.3.Then the proof follows the arguments in Theorem 4.4 verbatim.□ Proof of Proposition 3.2.(2)⇒ (1): Suppose Z is fibred by a Abelian subvariety B and dim Z > 0. Let C := A/B and Y = φ(Z) under the projection φ : A → C. Considering the isogeny τ which gives a contradiction.□ 4. (Logarithmic) 1-forms with codimension one zeros 4.1.Arapura's result about cohomology jump loci.Let X be a smooth projective variety with a simple normal crossing divisor D. Set U = X − D. Note that the space of logarithmic 1forms H 0 (X, Ω 1 X (log D)) does not depend on the choice of the good compactification of U .Similar to the projective case, one can define[BWY16]

C 1 (
log B 1 )), where B 1 = C 1 − C 1 .Note that f := f 1 | U : U → C is also an orbifold map, where C is the image of U .Furthermore we know that f * 1 H 0 (C 1 , Ω 1 C 1 (log B 1 )) is contained in f * H 0 (C, Ω 1 C (log B)), where C = C 1 and B = C − C. It implies that ω ∈ f * H 0 (C, Ω 1 Let B denote the Abelian subvariety generated by Z s in A. Note that B does not depend on general s, since A only contains countably many Abelian subvarieties.Also, dim B > g − 1 − dim S. Indeed, (1) implies that Z s cannot itself be an Abelian variety.By (10), H s ⊃ T 0 B for general s ∈ S. Thus dim T 0 B ≤ g−1−dim S, which gives the contradiction.Hence φ is quasi-finite dominant morphism.For the second part, if Z is not fibred by tori, π(T * Z