Energy distribution of harmonic 1-forms and Jacobians of Riemann surfaces with a short closed geodesic

We study the energy distribution of harmonic 1-forms on a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface S where a short closed geodesic is pinched. If the geodesic separates the surface into two parts, then the Jacobian variety of S develops into a variety that splits. If the geodesic is nonseparating then the Jacobian degenerates. The aim of this work is to get insight into this process and give estimates in terms of geometric data of both the initial surface S and the final surface, such as its injectivity radius and the lengths of geodesics that form a homology basis. The Jacobians in this paper are represented by Gram period matrices. As an invariant we introduce new families of symplectic matrices that compensate for the lack of full dimensional Gram-period matrices in the noncompact case.


Introduction
This paper grew out of the following question: given a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface S of genus g ≥ 2 and a simple closed geodesic γ separating it into two parts S 1 , S 2 ; if γ is fairly short, e.g. if it has length (γ ) ≤ 1 2 , does that imply that the Jacobian of S comes close to a direct product?
We shall answer this and related questions by analyzing the energy distribution of real harmonic 1-forms on thin handles.
Energy distribution. In what follows a differential form or 1-form on a Riemann surface S (compact or not) shall always be understood to be a real differential 1-form. If it is harmonic we shall call it a harmonic form. Given two differential forms ω, η we denote by ω ∧ η the wedge product and by η the Hodge star operator applied to η. The pointwise norm squared ω 2 of ω is defined by ω 2 dvol = ω ∧ ω, where dvol is the volume element with respect to the hyperbolic metric of S. When necessary we write ω( p) 2 to indicate that it is evaluated at point p ∈ S. The integral of an integrable function f over a domain D ⊆ S shall be denoted by D f dvol. Provided the integral exists we define the energy of a differential form ω over D as When D = S we write, more simply, E S (ω) = E(ω) and call it the energy of ω. We also work with the scalar product for 1-forms ω, η of class L 2 on S, In this paper we make extensively use of the fact that when S is compact, then in each cohomology class of closed 1-forms on S there is a unique harmonic form and that the latter is an energy minimizer, i.e. the harmonic form is the unique element in its cohomology class that has minimal energy.
Our main technical tool will be the analysis of the energy distribution of a harmonic form in a cylinder (Sect. 3). By the Collar Lemma for hyperbolic surfaces, discussed in Sect. 2.1, any simple closed geodesic γ on S is embedded in a cylindrical neighborhood C(γ ) whose width is defined by γ , the so called standard collar. The gray shaded area in Fig. 5 is an illustration in the case where γ is separating. A first application of this analysis towards the question asked above is the following, where the constant μ(γ ) is defined as Theorem 1.1 (Vanishing theorem) Let S be a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface and let γ be a simple closed geodesic of length (γ ) ≤ 1 2 separating S into two parts S 1 , S 2 . If σ is a nontrivial harmonic 1-form on S all of whose periods over cycles in S 2 vanish, then In other words, if σ "lives on S 1 " then its energy decays rapidly along C(γ ) and stays small in the rest of S 2 . The proof is given in Sect. 4. For technical reasons it is split: statement (a) appears as the first part of Theorem 4.1 and statement (b) appears as Theorem 4.2.
Jacobian and Gram period matrix. We denote by H 1 (S, Z) the first homology group and by H 1 (S, R) the vector space of all real harmonic 1-forms on S. Together with the scalar product (1.2) H 1 (S, R) is a Euclidean vector space of dimension 2g, and H 1 (S, Z) is an Abelian group of rank 2g.
For any homology class [α] ∈ H 1 (S, Z) and any closed 1-form ω the period of ω over [α] is the path integral α ω, defined independently of the choice of the cycle α in the homology class and we write it also in the form α ω = [α] ω. When [α] is the class of a simple closed curve we usually take α to be a geodesic (with respect to the hyperbolic metric on S). We call a set of 2g oriented simple closed geodesics A = (α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α 2g−1 , α 2g ) a canonical homology basis if for k = 1, . . . , g, α 2k−1 intersects α 2k in exactly one point, with algebraic intersection number +1, and if for all other couples i < j one has α i ∩ α j = ∅. For given A we let (σ k ) k=1,...,2g ⊂ H 1 (S, R) be the dual basis of harmonic forms It is at the same time a basis of the lattice = {n 1 σ 1 + · · · + n 2g σ 2g | n 1 , . . . , n 2g ∈ Z}, where is also defined intrinsically as the set of all λ ∈ H 1 (S, R) for which all periods are integer numbers. The quotient J (S) = H 1 (S, R)/ of the Euclidean space H 1 (S, R) by the lattice is a real 2g-dimensional flat torus, the (real) Jacobian variety of the Riemann surface S (for the relation with the complex form see, e.g., [11,Chapter III]). Up to isometry, the lattice is determined by the Gram matrix (suppressing the mention of A). As a riemannian manifold J (S) is isometric to the standard torus R 2g /Z 2g endowed with the flat riemannian metric induced by the matrix P S . Hence, knowing J (S) is the same as knowing P S . We call P S the Gram period matrix of S with respect to A.
Going to the boundary of M g . Let M g be the moduli space of all isometry classes of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g, g ≥ 2 and let ∂M g be its boundary in the sense of Deligne-Mumford. The members of ∂M g are Riemann surfaces with nodes where some collars have degenerated into cusps (e.g. Bers [2]).
Several authors have studied the Jacobian under the aspect of opening up nodes i.e., by giving variational formulas in terms of t for the period matrix along paths F t in M g ∪ ∂M g that start on the boundary, for t = 0, and lead inside M g for t = 0; see e.g. [12,19], [15,Appendix], [10] and, more recently, the accounts [13,14], where one may also find additional literature.
In contrast to this, our starting point is a surface S inside M g , a certain distance away from the boundary. Therefore, in order to formulate an answer to the question asked above we first have to determine some element on the boundary ∂M g whose (limit) Jacobian we may use for comparison. We shall apply two constructions that yield paths from S to such an element on the boundary, one uses Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates (e.g. [4,Chapter 1.7]), the other construction is grafting.

Fenchel-Nielsen construction
This way of going to the boundary seems to have been applied for the first time in [5] in connection with the small eigenvalues of the Laplace-Beltrami operator.
Fix a set of Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates corresponding to a partition of S into hyperbolic pairs of pants, where the partition is chosen such that γ is among the partitioning geodesics and (γ ) is one of the coordinates. For any t > 0, in particular for t ∈ (0, (γ )], there is a Riemann surface S t that has the same Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates as S for the same partitioning pattern, with the sole exception that the coordinate (γ ) is changed to (γ t ) = t. Furthermore, there is a natural marking homeomorphism φ t : S → S t that sends the partitioning geodesics of S to those of S t and preserves the twist parameters. Hence, a path S t t≤ (γ ) in M g , where " (γ ) is shrinking to zero." If γ is a nonseparating geodesic then the limit for t → 0 is a noncompact hyperbolic surface S F of genus g − 1 with two cusps, and the marking homeomorphisms φ t degenerate into a marking homeomorphism φ F : S γ → S F .
If γ separates S into two bordered surfaces S 1 , S 2 , say of genera g 1 , g 2 , then the limit is a pair of noncompact hyperbolic surfaces S F 1 , S F 2 of genera g 1 , g 2 each with one cusp, and the marking homeomorphisms φ t degenerate into a couple of marking homeomorphisms φ F i : S i γ → S F i , i = 1, 2. Grafting construction This is more widespread in the literature (see e.g. [16] or [9] for an account). The idea is to cut S open along γ and insert a Euclidean cylinder [0, l] × γ , l ≥ 0 with the appropriate twist parameter (details below (1.4)). The resulting family of surfaces S(l) l≥0 is a path in M g that converges to a boundary point which is a surface S G of genus g − 1 with two cusps if γ is nonseparating and a pair of surfaces S G 1 , S G 2 of genera g 1 , g 2 each with one cusp if γ is separating. Here too we have natural marking homeomorphisms φ (l) : S → S(l) and their limits φ G : S γ → S G respectively, φ G i : S i γ → S G i , i = 1, 2. The hyperbolic metrics in the conformal classes of S G , respectively S G 1 , S G 2 are given by the Uniformization Theorem, but there is no explicit way known to compute them. This Starting with a surface S that has a separating simple closed geodesic γ , we approach the boundary ∂M g of moduli space in two different ways "drawback" is compensated by the better comparison with the limit Jacobians in the results below. Figure 1 illustrates the two ways to go to the boundary in the case of a separating geodesic. The limit surfaces are depicted as noded surfaces with the two cusps pasted together at the node, i.e. along their ideal points at infinity.
Separating case. This is the context of the question asked in the beginning. We shall compare the Jacobian of S with the direct products of the Jacobians of S F 1 , S F 2 respectively, S G 1 , S G 2 in terms of Gram period matrices.
To this end we choose the homology basis A = (α i ) i=1,...,2g in such a way that α 1 , . . . , α 2g 1 ⊂ S 1 and α 2g 1 +1 , . . . , α 2g ⊂ S 2 . On S F 1 , more precisely on the one point compactification S F 1 , the homology classes [φ F 1 • α i ], i = 1, . . . , 2g 1 form a canonical homology basis. We let (σ F i ) i=1,...,2g 1 be the corresponding dual basis of harmonic forms on S F 1 and denote the associated Gram period matrix by P S F 1 . The matrices P S F 2 , P S G 1 , P S G 2 are defined in the same way.
With this setting we have the following result, where the members in the block matrices are enumerated consecutively disregarding their relative positions in the blocks, so that e.g. the first line is r 11 , . . . , r 1,2g 1 , ω 1,2g 1 +1 , . . . , ω 1,2g and the last is ω 2g,1 , . . . , ω 2g,2g 1 , r 2g,2g 1 +1 , . . . , r 2g,2g . Theorem 1.2 Assume that the separating geodesic γ has length (γ ) ≤ 1 2 . Then where the remainder matrices = ω i j , R F k = r F i j , R G k = r G i j have the following bounds, 2 )√ p ii p j j , (iii) |r F i j | ≤ 6 (γ ) 2 √ p ii p j j , and for the p ii , p j j we may take either, the diagonal elements of P S or the diagonal elements of the corresponding limit matrix.
Nonseparating case. Here we adapt the homology basis A = (α 1 , . . . , α 2g ) of S to the given setting by requiring that α 2 coincides with the nonseparating geodesic γ .
The nonseparating case is quite a different world. Two complications arise from the fact that the (compactified) limit surface has genus g − 1 instead of g: the rank of the homology and the dimension of the Gram period matrix are not the same as for S and, in addition, the condition [α 1 ] σ j = 0 for the members σ j of the dual basis of harmonic forms disappears.
A way to overcome the first difficulty could be to find a useful concept of 2g by 2g generalized Gram period matrix that can intrinsically be attributed to the limit surface. We did not quite succeed in this. However, in Sect. 7 we shall find a substitute for the lack of such a matrix in form of a package of geometric invariants that are defined in terms of harmonic differentials. Based on this we shall define, a concept of "blown up" Gram period matrices consisting of a one parameter family of symplectic 2g by 2g matrices P R (λ), λ > 0, attributable to any Riemann surface R of genus g − 1 with two cusps that is marked by the selection of a homology basis and a "twist at infinity" (Sects. 7.2 and 7.3). To formulate the main results we outline here the geometric invariants for P R (λ) in the case of the grafting limit R = S G .
First, we describe a variant of the grafting construction better adapted to our needs. Inside the standard collar C(γ ) introduced above there is a smaller such cylindrical neighborhood C (γ ) with boundary curves c 1 , c 2 of constant distance to γ that have lengths (c 1 ) = (c 2 ) = 1. Removing C (γ ) from S we obtain a compact surface M of genus g − 1 with two boundary curves c 1 , c 2 , the "main part" of S. The closure of the hyperbolic cylinder C (γ ) is conformally equivalent to the Euclidean cylinder [0, L γ ] × S 1 , where S 1 = R/Z is the circle of length 1 and (5.4)). From the conformal point of view, S is the Riemann surface obtained out of M by re-attaching [0, L γ ] × S 1 . We now define S L , for any L > 0, to be the Riemann surface obtained out of M by attaching, in the same way, The short hand "in the same way" means that if points p ∈ c 1 , q ∈ c 2 on the boundary of M are connected by the straight line [0, The part S L L≥L γ of the family of surfaces described in this way differs from the previously defined S(l) l≥0 only by an additive change of parameter. The limit surface S G is M with two copies of the infinite Euclidean cylinders [0, ∞) × S 1 attached (see Fig. 2). The natural marking homeomorphism φ L : S → S L is taken to be the mapping that acts as the identity from M ⊂ S to M ⊂ S L and performs a linear stretch from [0, L γ ] × S 1 to [0, L] × S 1 . In the limit, φ G : S γ → S G is defined similarly but with the stretching of the cylinders fixed in some nonlinear way.
For any L > 0 the mapping φ L sends the given homology basis on S to a homology basis on S L and we have the associated Gram period matrix P S L . For S G this is no longer fully the case and we make the following adaptions. For j = 3, . . . , 2g, we set α G j = φ G (α j ). These where q, q symbolize the two ideal points at infinity of S G . There is the dual basis of harmonic forms σ G j j=3,...,2g on S G and we denote by the corresponding Gram period matrix. We append two curves to the system α G 3 , . . . , α G 2g , where α 1 is α 1 minus the intersection point with γ = α 2 , and α 2 is one of the boundary curves of M oriented in such a way that it lies in the homology class of α 2 . On S G α G 2 is a null homotopic curve and α G 1 is an arc from q to q . A word is to be said about the latter. In Sect. 7.2 we shall define a concept of "twist at infinity" by markings with particular classes of curves that go from cusp to cusp. From that point of view our limit surface is S G marked with the class of α G 1 . In addition to the curves we also append two harmonic forms τ G 1 , σ G 2 , of infinite energy, to the system σ G 3 , . . . , σ G 2g . The first one is τ G 1 = d f G 1 , where f G 1 is a (real valued) harmonic function on S G with logarithmic poles in q, q ( [11,Theorem II.4.3]). It is made unique by the condition that α G 2 τ G 1 = 1. Since τ G 1 is exact all its periods vanish. The second form is defined by the condition that σ G 2 − τ G 1 is harmonic on S G and that it has the periods Even though σ G 2 is not an L 2 -form the following integrals are well defined For j = 2 the above integral does not converge. Hence, there is no q G 22 . But one can define the "gist of q G 22 ": since σ G 2 and τ G 1 have the same singularities the following quantity is well defined, In a certain way π G 22 measures how much additional energy it costs for σ G 2 to satisfy the duality condition (1.5). There is also a "gist of p G 11 " : if we denote, for L > 0, by S G L ⊂ S G the subsurface obtained out of M by attaching two copies of [0, L/2] × S 1 , then the energy E S G L (τ G 1 ) grows asymptotically like constant + L and we set Finally, we introduce the following limit periods, where we point out that the integral is well defined also for j = 2 despite the singularities of σ G 2 .
For an overview we put the invariants together into an array.
(1.6) P S G is not meant to be regarded as a matrix. However, we shall define a one parameter family of "true" matrices out of it in (1.9) and, more generally, in Sect. 7.3. All entries of P S G except m G are defined intrinsically by the conformal structure of S G and the given curve system α G 1 , . . . , α G 2g . The entry m G , however, makes use of the description of S G in terms of the main part M of S.
In contrast to the case of Theorem 1.2 the bounds for the error terms in the nonseparating case do not have a simple expression. We shall therefore use order notation to formulate the results. We make the following definition to indicate on what quantities the bounds depend: for real valued functions ρ(x), F(x), x ∈ (0, +∞), we say that if |ρ(x)| ≤ c ρ F(x), x ∈ (0, +∞), for some constant c ρ that can be explicitly estimated in terms of g, a lower bound on sys γ (S) and an upper bound on the lengths (α 1 ), . . . , (α 2g ) on S, where sys γ (S) is the length of the shortest simple closed geodesic on S different from γ . For the grafting limit the result is as follows. Theorem 1.3 Let p i j (S L ) be the entries of the Gram period matrix P S L . Then for any L ≥ 4 we have the following comparison, For S itself in this theorem one has to take L = L γ with L γ as in (1.4). For the Fenchel-Nielsen limit the array of constants P S F is similar to P S G except that it shall be defined in terms of the hyperbolic metric of S F . In analogy to (1.4) we abbreviate, for t > 0, The result is then as follows, where for S itself one has to take t = (γ ).

Theorem 1.4
For any surface in the family S t t≤ 1 4 of the Fenchel-Nielsen construction we have the comparison.
In Theorem 1.3 all occurrences of L are in the combined form m G + L (and a similar remark holds for Theorem 1.4). This observation suggests to translate the array P S G in (1.6) (and in a similar way P S F ) into a parametrized family of matrices P S G (λ), λ ∈ (0, +∞), that may be regarded as a substitute for the missing Gram period matrix for S G .
For the translation we regard the constants q G i j as constant functions q G i j (λ) = q G i j , i, j = 2, . . . , 2g, (i, j) = (2, 2); then define q G 22 (λ) = π G 22 + λ; and, for completion, q G 1 j (λ) = q G j1 (λ) = 0, j = 1, . . . , 2g. We also complete the list κ G 2 , . . . , κ G 2g setting κ G 1 = 1. The definition then is with the bounds for the entries of ρ G (L) as given. There is a similar expression for Theorem 1.4. We shall prove in Corollary 7.11 that the P S G (λ) are symplectic matrices. We do not know, however, whether or not they are Gram period matrices of compact Riemann surfaces.
The paper is divided into seven parts: Sect. 1 is the introduction. In Sect. 2 we construct mappings used to embed Riemann surfaces with a small geodesic into the limit surfaces with cusps obtained by the Fenchel-Nielsen construction. These mappings shall be used to compare the energies of corresponding harmonic forms with each other. In Sect. 3 we give decay and dampening down estimates for harmonic forms on flat cylinders. These are later used to provide the exponential decay estimates given in Theorem 1.1-1.3. Section 4 treats the case where the shrinking curve γ is separating and Sects. 5-7 the case where γ is nonseparating. Theorems 1.3 and 1.4 are proven as Theorems 7.10 and 7.12 in Sect. 7.4.
At various places we estimate energies of harmonic forms via test forms and then simplify the results "by elementary considerations". For the latter it is-and was-helpful to use a computer algebra system.

Mappings for degenerating Riemann surfaces
In this section we construct mappings used to embed Riemann surfaces with a small geodesic into the limit surfaces with cusps obtained by the Fenchel-Nielsen construction. These mappings shall be used to compare the energies of corresponding harmonic forms with each other.

Collars and cusps
We first collect a number of facts about collars and cusps that follow from the so-called Collar Theorem. For proofs we refer e.g. to [4,Chapter 4]. In the present section S is a surface of signature (g, m; n) with a metrically complete hyperbolic metric for which the m boundary components are simple closed geodesics and the n punctures are cusps. We assume, furthermore, that 2g + m + n ≥ 3.
For any simple closed geodesic γ on S (on the boundary or in the interior) the standard collar C(γ ) is defined as the neighborhood By the Collar Theorem C(γ ) is an embedded cylinder; moreover, the geodesic arcs of length cl(γ ) emanating perpendicularly from γ are pairwise disjoint (except for the common initial points of pairs of opposite arcs). This allows us to use Fermi coordinates for points in C(γ ) by taking γ as base curve, parametrized in the form t → γ (t), t ∈ [0, 1], with constant speed (γ ). The parameter t will also be interpreted as running through S 1 , where we set For any p ∈ C(γ ) we then have Fermi coordinates (ρ, t) defined so that |ρ| is the distance from p to γ and p lies on the orthogonal geodesic through γ (t). If γ lies in the interior of S then all ρ have negative signs on one side of γ and positive signs on the other. For the case where γ is a boundary geodesic, we adopt the convention that all ρ shall be nonpositive. The metric tensor in these coordinates is Hence, if γ lies in the interior of S then C(γ ) is isometric to the cylinder (− cl( (γ )), cl( (γ ))) × S 1 (2.5) endowed with the metric tensor (2.4). If γ is a boundary geodesic then C(γ ) is isometric to (− cl( (γ )), 0] × S 1 endowed with this metric. In this latter case we also call C(γ ) a half collar.
In a similar way, also by the collar theorem, there exists for any puncture q (to be understood as an isolated ideal boundary point at infinity) an open neighborhood V (q) that is isometric to the cylinder (− ln(2), +∞) × S 1 (2.6) endowed with the metric tensor Under this isometry any curve {r } × S 1 , for r ∈ (− ln(2), +∞), corresponds to a horocycle η λ of length λ = e −r on V (q) and the couples (r , t) are Fermi coordinates for points in V (q) based on the curve η 1 . We shall also look at parts of cusps: for a > b ≥ 0 the truncated cusp V b a is defined as the annular region V b a : = {p ∈ V (q) | p lies between η a and η b }, (2.8) where 'between" shall allow that p lies on η a , or η b . When b = 0 the truncated cusp becomes a punctured disk and we denote it by V a . Finally, the collar theorem further states that all cusps are pairwise disjoint, no cusp intersects a collar, and collars belonging to disjoint simple closed geodesics are disjoint.

Conformal mappings of collars and cusps
We shall make use of the standard conformal mappings ψ γ , ψ q that map collars and cusps into the flat cylinder Z = (−∞, +∞) × S 1 , with the Euclidean metric g E = dx 2 + dy 2 , (2.9) where we use (x, y) as coordinates for points in Z with x ∈ (−∞, +∞), y ∈ S 1 = R/Z, and y is treated as a real variable. It is straightforward to check that for any simple closed geodesic γ on S the mapping ψ γ : C(γ ) → Z defined in Fermi coordinates by is conformal. Similarly, for any cusp V (q) we have a conformal mapping ψ q : V (q) → Z defined in Fermi coordinates by ψ q (r , t) = (e r , t). (2.12) For later use we note that by (2.1), 13) and the inequality follows from elementary consideration. (M is not the same as L γ defined in (1.4) and later used in (5.4).) In the next section we shall combine ψ γ with ψ −1 q to conformally map half collars into cusps.

Mappings of Y-pieces
The results of this section are presented in [3]. We summarize them for convenience and slightly extend them for the present needs. A Y-piece or hyperbolic pair of pants is a surface as in the preceding section that has signature (0, 3; 0). To include limit cases we shall also admit signatures (0, 2; 1) and (0, 1; 2). We denote by Y = Y l 1 ,l 2 ,l 3 the Y-piece with boundary geodesics γ 1 , γ 2 , γ 3 of lengths (γ i ) = l i , for i ∈ {1, 2, 3}. For any pair γ i−1 , γ i , i = 1, 2, 3, (indices mod 3) there is a unique connecting geodesic arc a i orthogonal to γ i−1 and γ i at its end points. These arcs are called the common perpendiculars or orthogeodesics of Y . They decompose Y into two identical right angled geodesic hexagons, and there is an orientation reversing isometry σ Y : Y → Y , the natural symmetry of Y , that keeps the orthogeodesics pointwise fixed.
The boundary geodesics are parametrized with constant speed γ i : [0, 1] → ∂Y , with positive boundary orientation (with respect to a fixed orientation on Y ) and such that γ i (0) coincides with the endpoint of a i (see Fig. 3). We call this the standard parametrization. By the aforementioned collar theorem the sets are embedded circles. We parametrize them with constant speed in the form γ This too shall be called a standard parametrization. We extend these conventions to degenerated Y-pieces with cusps writing symbolically ' (γ i ) = 0', if the i-th end is a puncture. In this case the equidistant curves are horocycles and the collar C i is isometric to a cusp whose boundary length is equal to 2. We also consider restricted Y-pieces, where parts of the collars have been cut off: Take Y l 1 ,l 2 ,l 3 . Select in each C i an equidistant curve β i = γ ρ i i (respectively, a horocycle if C i is a cusp) of some length λ i , possibly β i = γ i , and cut away the outer part of the collar along this curve. The thus restricted Y-piece, Y λ 1 ,λ 2 ,λ 3 l 1 ,l 2 ,l 3 , is the closure of the connected component of Y l 1 ,l 2 ,l 3 {β 1 , β 2 , β 3 } that has signature (0, 3; 0). Our mappings shall have the following two properties. A homeomorphism Since the fixed point sets of σ Y and σ Y are the orthogeodesics it follows, in particular, that a symmetric φ sends orthogeodesics to orthogeodesics.
We need, in particular, the following restriction of Y-pieces. Assume first that for some i ∈ {1, 2, 3} we have 0 < (γ i ) = < 2. Then we define the reduced collar where, using (2.2), By (2.14) we have C i ⊂ C i . For convenient notation we complete the definition by setting We now extend the definition of C i to the case where γ i is a puncture. In this case C i is defined as the subset of all points in the cusp C i that lie outside the horocycle of length 1. With this set up we define, for all cases, the reduced Y-piece as We are ready to introduce the mappings. Let us first consider the case of a Y-piece where "one boundary geodesic is shrinking", i.e where l 1 , l 2 ≥ 0, and l 3 = > 0 with small. In [3,Theorem 5.1], it is shown that there exists a symmetric boundary coherent quasiconformal homeomorphism φ : Y l 1 ,l 2 , → Y l 1 ,l 2 ,0 of dilatation ≤ 1 + 2 2 . We extend φ to all of Y by letting it be an isometry on C 1 , C 2 and a conformal mapping on C 3 . To compute the image set we use the preceding section: the mapping ψ γ as in (2.10) with γ = γ 3 maps the closure of  16) and the inequality follows from elementary consideration. We then shift the cylinder forward to [1,M + 1] × S 1 and apply the inverse of the conformal mapping ψ q defined in (2.12), where q is the corresponding puncture of Y l 1 ,l 2 ,0 . The combination of the three mappings is our extension of φ to C 3 . From the above expression forM and the form of the metric tensor in (2.7) it follows that In particular, the boundary geodesic γ 3 of length goes to the horocycle hˆ of lengthˆ , where asymptoticallyˆ ∼ 2 π , as → 0. With φ thus extended we have the following variant of Theorem 5.1 in [3]: 1 2 , and defineˆ as in (2.17). Then there exists a symmetric boundary coherent quasi-conformal homeomorphism with dilatation q φ Y ≤ 1 + 2 2 and the property that the restriction of φ Y to C i is an isometry for i = 1, 2, and a conformal mapping for i = 3.
The theorem is illustrated in Fig. 3. Note that the bound is independent of l 1 and l 2 . Applying the theorem twice we also have the following: , and defineˆ 2 ,ˆ 3 as in (2.17). Then there exists a symmetric boundary coherent quasi-conformal homeomorphism ) and the property that the restriction of ψ Y to C i is an isometry for i = 1, and a conformal mapping for i = 2, 3.

Mappings between S F and S G
We extend the mappings of the preceding paragraph to quasi conformal mappings between S F and S G . For future reference the setting is slightly more general. The term marking preserving in the next theorem is explained in the proof.
Let R G be obtained by attaching flat cylinders [0, ∞) × γ i to γ i for i = 1, . . . , l, and let R F be obtained by choosing a partition of R and shrinking γ 1 , . . . , γ l to zero while keeping the remaining Fenchel-Nielsen parameters fixed. Then there exists a marking preserving quasi-conformal homeomorphism ψ : Proof By construction, we may label the Y-pieces of R and R F and the geodesics along which they are pasted together in the form Y 1 , . . . , Y q and γ m+1 , . . . , γ m+ p respectively, There exists then, in the same way as in Sect. 1, a marking homeomorphism φ F : R → R F that sends the Y j to the corresponding Y j , j = 1, . . . , q, and preserves the twist parameters. (This is also a marking homeomorphism in the sense of Teichmüller theory with R understood as base surface, e.g. [4, Section 6.1].) There is a similar marking homeomorphism φ G : R → R G and we shall say that a homeomorphism ϕ : R G → R F is marking preserving if the mappings ϕ • φ G and φ F are isotopic. Now, if, for a given i, the boundary geodesics of Y i are distinct from γ 1 , . . . , γ l , then there exists an isometry ψ Y i : Y i → Y i that preserves the labelling of the boundary geodesics. If, on the other hand, some of the boundary geodesics of Y i are amongst γ 1 , . . . , γ l , then, by Theorems 2.1 and 2.2, there exists a symmetric boundary coherent quasi-conformal embedding ψ Y i : Y i → Y i that preserves the labelling of the interior geodesics and has dilatation q ψ Y i ≤ (1 + 2 2 ) 2 . Since the mappings ψ Y i , for i = 1, . . . , q, are boundary coherent, and since the twist parameters for the pastings in R are the same as those for the corresponding pastings in R F , it follows that the ψ Y i match along the boundaries and together define a quasi-conformal embedding ψ : The mapping ψ sends γ 1 , . . . , γ l to horocycles in the cusps of R F and, again by boundary coherence, match with the conformal mappings between the attached cylinders and the outer parts of the horocycles. We may thus extend ψ to a (1 + 2 2 ) 2 -quasi conformal homeomorphism ψ : R G → R F that acts conformally on the cylinders [0, ∞) × γ i . Furthermore the so extended ψ sends the orthogeodesics of the pairs of pants of the partition of R G to the orthogeodesics of the pairs of pants of the partition of R F and is thus marking preserving.

Harmonic forms on a cylinder
In this section we give decay and dampening down estimates for harmonic forms on the flat We use (x, y) as coordinates for points in Z with x ∈ (−∞, +∞) and y ∈ S 1 , where y is treated as a real variable. Any real harmonic function h(x, y) on Z may be written as a series (a n cos(2πny) + b n sin(2πny))e −2π nx where h − is the first sum in (3.1) and h + the second. We call a 0 + b 0 x the linear part of h and h nl = h − + h + the nonlinear part . The differential of h is given by n(c n cos(2πny) + d n sin(2πny))e 2π nx B(x, y) = 2π ∞ n=1 n(−a n sin(2πny) + b n cos(2πny))e −2π nx + 2π ∞ n=1 n(−c n sin(2πny) + d n cos(2πny))e 2π nx .
Its pointwise squared norm is Integrating dh(x, y) 2 over S 1 we obtain (3.3) We now prove the following pointwise and L 2 -decay estimates that shall be used at various places. ("dvol" below is the volume element with respect to the flat metric of Z .) Fig. 4).

Then for any harmonic function h on Z l with nonlinear part h
Similarly, The Euclidean cylinder Z l with ends D L and D R From this and observing that we get the second inequality in (ii). Integrating |h − (x, y)| 2 and dh − (x, y) 2 over S 1 we obtain in a similar fashion as in (3.3): which implies the first. Item (iii) is obtained in the same way. Combining (ii), (iii) and using and then estimate the sums for a n and b n individually, beginning with a n . Let, with a glance at (3.4), With α n = |a n |e 2π nl (n(1 − e −8π nl )) 1 2 , the two terms may be written in the form By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, The second sum is further bounded above by where the simplification of the right uses that l ≥ 1 and 4π(x + l) ≥ 4πδ L ≥ 2π. Bringing everything together we get s 2 a < 1 2 E a e −4π(x+l) . An analogous inequality holds for the b n .
Using that (u + v) 2 ≤ 2(u 2 + v 2 ) and recalling (3.4) we get the first inequality in (v). The proof of the second inequality is following the same scheme beginning with The sum s a is now replaced by t a = 2π ∞ n=1 n|a n |e −2π nx , and instead of the above sum is taken over by t 2 a < 13E a e −4π(x+l) with its analog for the b n , and the result is Hence, the second inequality. The proof of (vi) is the same. For the proof of (vii) one uses (v) and (vi) and the fact that We also need the following orthogonality lemma, where Z = [x 0 , x 1 ] × S 1 . The proof is similar to that of the first part of the preceding lemma and is omitted. The term "sufficiently strongly" means that the series and the term by term differentiated series are absolutely uniformly convergent.

Lemma 3.2 (Orthogonality lemma) Let H ,H : Z → R be sufficiently strongly convergent series
and ω,ω on Z the forms (3.2) and ω the harmonic form where χ : Z l → R is the cut off function with the property that χ = 1 on D L , χ = 0 on D R and χ is a linear function of x on D int . Then for the three functions Integrating over D int we conclude the proof of (i) using Lemma 3.
, but this will not improve our later results). Statement (iii) is a consequence of the preceding ones.
The choice of 1 100 for w in the next lemma has been made so as to keep the increase of energy in the dampening down process small.
where χ : Z l → R is the same cut off function as in Lemma 3.3. Then Proof (i) is again an instance of Lemma 3.2. For the proof of (ii) we abbreviatê Taking the squares and integrating over D int we get, using (3.7), Introducing the lower bound κ in the following elementary inequality: We are now using that l ≥ 1, δ L = 1 2 , and w = 1 100 . For these values, it is easily checked that β is close to 0 and κ is close to 1, and we have the rough but sufficient estimate Finally, for t ∈ [0, ∞) the function α √ t − 3 4 t has the upper bound 1 3 α 2 , and plugging in the values of w, δ L , δ R into α (see (3.9)) we conclude the proof of (ii) by elementary simplification.

Separating case
The setting for this section is as follows. S is a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 that contains a simple closed geodesic γ of length separating S into two surfaces S 1 and S 2 of signatures (g 1 , 1) and (g 2 , 1), respectively (see Fig. 5). We let (α i ) i=1,...,2g be a canonical homology basis of S, such that (α 1 , .., α 2g 1 ) ⊂ S 1 and (α 2g 1 +1 , .., α 2(g 1 +g 2 ) ) ⊂ S 2 and let P S be the Gram period matrix with respect to this basis. In the first part of this section we look at the energy distribution of harmonic forms that have zero periods on S 2 respectively, S 1 . In the second part we make use of this to prove Theorem 4.3.

Fig. 5
A Riemann surface S with a short separating geodesic and adjacent Y-pieces

Concentration of the energies of harmonic forms
In the first part of the next theorem we prove point (a) of Theorem 1.1. We recall μ(γ ) from (1.3), for convenience, Proof We look at the decay of σ in the standard collar C = C(γ ) of γ (shaded area in Fig. 5, see (2.1), (2.2) for the definition). To make use of the preceding section we shall map C(γ ) conformally to a flat cylinder using the mapping ψ γ as in (2.10) which we repeat here, for convenience.
and by (2.13) We denote the inverse of ψ γ by φ C : On C the form σ has only zero periods and can therefore be written as σ = d F, with a harmonic function F : where χ is the cut off function as in Lemma 3.3 that goes linearly from 1 to 0 in the interval In addition, we have used that by the Orthogonality Lemma 3.
Since all periods of σ over cycles in S 2 vanish the two forms are in the same cohomology class and so we have E S (σ ) ≤ E S (s) by the minimizing property of harmonic forms. On the other hand, using that φ C is conformal, This proves part (i) of Theorem 4.1. For part (ii) we first remark that s = σ + dG σ for some piecewise smooth function G σ : S → R, given that σ and s are in the same cohomology class. By orthogonality and by Eq. (4.7) this function satisfies . Now consider τ . Repeating the procedure with the roles of S 1 , S 2 reversed we get a dampened down form t that vanishes on S 1 and can be written as Since t vanishes on S 1 and s vanishes on S 2 we have, again by orthogonality, It is interesting to observe that for σ as in Theorem 4.1 almost all of the energy decay in the direction of S 2 takes place in the collar C(γ ): with μ(γ ) as in (4.2) we have the following which is part (b) of Theorem 1.1 Theorem 4.2 Let S with separating geodesic γ and σ ∈ H 1 (S, R) with all periods over cycles in S 2 vanishing be as in Theorem 4.1. Then In particular, the upper bound for the energy of σ on S 2 C(γ ) is much smaller than that for σ on S 2 Proof We take over the setting of the proof of Theorem 4.1. However, this time the constant a 0 for the function h in (4.4) is chosen such that a 0 − b 0 M = 0, i.e. such that the linear part h lin (x) = a 0 + b 0 x vanishes at the left end of the cylinder Z M .
In a first step we take δ L = 1 2 , w = 1 100 and partially dampen down dh as in Lemma 3.4 setting In a second step we use Lemma 3.3 again, taking w = 1 8 , δ L = 2M − w , and further dampen down d H setting where χ is the cut off function that goes linearly from 1 at We now go back to S letting s be the test form that coincides with σ on S 1 C(γ ), is the pull-back of d H on C(γ ) via ψ γ and vanishes on This yields, altogether, where M is from (4.3). The theorem now follows by elementary simplification.
We remark that, by (4.9), the linear part of σ contributes very little to the total energy of σ in C(γ ).
For later use we also note that, by the inequalities preceding (4.9) (and using that by the Orthogonality Lemma 3.2 E Z M (dh − + dh + ) ≤ E Z M (dh)) the test form s satisfies, in particular, (4.10)

Convergence of the Jacobians for separating geodesics
We now compare the Jacobian of S with the Jacobian of the limit surface on ∂M g obtained by either the Fenchel-Nielsen or the grafting construction. Figure 6 illustrates the first case for the part S 1 with Fenchel-Nielsen limit S F 1 . The pair of pants, or Y-piece, Y 1 ⊂ S 1 with boundary geodesic γ and half collar C(γ ) is quasi conformally embedded into the degenerated Y-piece Y 0 1 with ideal boundary point q and cusp neighborhood V (q), similarly to the case illustrated in Fig. 3. The remaining parts of S 1 and S F 1 are isometric. The punctured surface S F 1 and its compactification S F 1 , understood as a Riemann surface in the conformal sense, have the same L 2 harmonic forms. We denote by P S F 1 the Gram period matrix of S F 1 with respect to the homology basis α 1 , . . . , α 2g 1 ; the matrices P S F 2 , P S G 1 , P S G 2 are defined in the same way. We now prove Theorem 1.2 which we restate for convenience. The entries of the blocks R k are named r i j , those of and its transpose t are named ω i j , and the numbering, disregarding the blocks, is i, j = 1, . . . , 2g.

Theorem 4.3
Assume that the separating geodesic γ has length (γ ) ≤ 1 2 . Then where {} stands for either {} F or {} G and the entries of the remainder matrices have the following bounds, Fig. 6 The bordered Riemann surface S 1 , its Fenchel-Nielsen limit and the one point compactification viewed as a conformal surface Proof Statement (i) is an instance of Theorem 4.1 (ii). For the proof of (ii) we take the part concerning P S G
We use that the surface S = closure of S 1 ∪ C(γ ), seen as a conformal surface, may be understood as a subset of the grafted surface S G 1 in a natural way: S is S 1 with a copy of the flat cylinder [0, M]×S 1 attached along the boundary, and S G 1 is S 1 with a copy of [0, ∞)×S 1 attached. For simplicity we write S G 1 =S. Consider now a harmonic form σ on S with vanishing periods over the cycles of S 2 and letσ onS be the harmonic form that has the same periods over α 1 , . . . α 2g 1 as σ . For later reference we writeσ = (σ ).
We shall dampen down σ andσ to test forms s ands with supports on S and compare the energies. To obtain s we apply to σ the two step dampening down procedure used in the proof of Theorem 4.2. Thus, s is s as in (4.10). By (4.10) it satisfies (4.11) To obtains we remark thatσ on Z M has a representationσ = dh, where we have h(x, y) = ∞ n=1 (a n cos(ny) + b n sin(ny))e −nx , i.e. dh has vanishing linear and dh + parts (owing to the fact that on the infinite cylinderσ has finite energy). We now lets be the test form onS that coincides withσ on S 1 C(γ ), is represented on Z M by dχ · h and vanishes on the rest. For χ we take the cut off function that goes linearly from 1 at Now s, having its support on S , may be extended by zero toS and thus also be seen as a test form forσ onS. Similarly,s may be seen as a test form for σ on S. Hence, by (4.11) and (4.12) Now, the above mapping that sends any harmonic σ on S with vanishing periods over the cycles of S 2 toσ = (σ ) is a linear isomorphism of vector spaces. Therefore, by Lemma 4.4 below, for any i, j = 1, . . . , 2g 1 ,  2 that extends conformally to the compactified surfaces (with the notation of Theorem 2.3 our φ here is ψ −1 ). Using that (γ ) ≤ 1 2 we simplify the bound on the dilatation to q φ ≤ 1 + 5 (γ ) 2 . By Lemma 4.5 below we have the following inequality for the harmonic forms σ i , σ j in the cohomology classes Now (σ 1 , . . . , σ 2g 1 ) is our chosen dual basis of harmonic forms on S F 1 whose scalar products σ i , σ j are the entries of the Gram period matrix P S   Euclidean vector spaces whose norms and scalar products we denote  by and , , let φ : U → V be a linear mapping and let ε > 0.
Proof We sketch the proof of this known fact, for convenience. The hypothesis and the conclusion are both scaling invariant so that we may assume that u = v = 1. Writing φ(u) = u and φ(v) = v we get, using the polarization identity, In the same way one shows that u , v ≥ u, v − ε.
As a corollary one has Proof Again we sketch the argument; for the analytic details we refer, e.g. to [17, proof of Theorem 2]. Let first τ be any closed 1-form on R. By the bound on the dilatation we have, pointwise, where and dvol are the pointwise norms and volume elements on the respective surfaces. Integration yields E R (φ * τ ) ≤ (1 + ε)E R (τ ). If now τ is harmonic, and τ the harmonic form in the cohomology class of φ * τ then, by the minimizing property of harmonic forms, E R (τ ) ≤ (1 + ε)E R (τ ). Repeating these arguments for φ −1 : R → R we get altogether (for harmonic τ and τ ), The inequality for the scalar product now follows from Lemma 4.4

The forms 1 1 1 and 1 1 1
Here begins the second part of the paper. In all that follows S is a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 and γ is a nonseparating simple closed geodesic on S.
In addition, a geodesic canonical homology basis A = (α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α 2g−1 , α 2g ) is given, with the intersection convention that, as in Sect. 1, α 2k−1 intersects α 2k , k = 1, . . . , g. Furthermore, α 2 coincides with γ . When, in a limit process, γ becomes short, then the first two members σ 1 , σ 2 of the dual basis of harmonic forms become more and more singular, while the other members are hardly affected. In this section we analyze σ 1 , beginning with energy bounds in terms of a certain conformal capacity which too varies only little when (γ ) → 0.

The capacity of S × S × S ×
We denote by S × the surface S cut open along the nonseparating geodesic γ . The capacity of S × , more generally the capacity cap(M) of any connected surface M with two disjoint boundary components ∂ 1 , ∂ 2 is defined as the infimum where the competing functions f are piecewise smooth. We shall estimate cap(S × ) when γ becomes small while all other Fenchel-Nielsen parameters of S are kept fixed. For this we look at a suitable subset M of S × whose capacity remains bounded under such a deformation. We shall define it as follows (see also Sect. 1, Fig. 2). Let γ 1 , γ 2 be the two boundary geodesics of S × . For i = 1, 2 we have the half collars C(γ i ) consisting of the points at distance < cl( (γ )) from γ i (see (2.2)). The larger boundary, b i , of C(γ i ) is a parallel curve of length ≥ 2, and we let c i in C(γ i ) be the parallel curve that has length (c i ) = 1. It splits C(γ i ) into two ring domains: C i from γ i to c i and B i from c i to b i . In what follows we shall understand C i and B i to be the closures of these domains. The subsurface M is obtained by cutting a way the parts C 1 , C 2 and taking the closure: In Sect. 7.2 we shall define M in a similar way for a Riemann surface with a pair of cusps. We set = 1 cap(M) .
Then [0, ] × S 1 is the cylinder that has the same capacity as M. We shall call M the main part of S.
To compare this with the capacity of S × we look at the lengths of the half collars. The conformal mapping ψ γ as in (2.10), with F γ as in (2.11) sends the closure of C(γ 1 ) onto the flat cylinder [0, F γ (cl( (γ )))] × S 1 . The parts C 1 , B 1 go to the parts 0, 1 2 L γ × S 1 and 1 2 L γ , respectively. Observe the notation: the quantity 1 2 L γ + d γ we are using here is the same as M( (γ )) in (2.13). From this equation it follows by elementary computation that and the inequality holds under the assumption that (γ ) ≤ 1 2 . For C 2 , B 2 we have the same properties. Since Proof The upper bound is obtained out of the test function F that grows linearly from 0 to L/2 L+ on Z 1 , linearly from 1 − L/2 L+ to 1 in Z 2 , and is harmonic with boundary values L/2 By the Orthogonality Lemma 3.2 we further have Bringing (5.9)-(5.11) together we obtain Now, a and b are not known. We therefore replace the right hand side of (5.12) by the infimum over all real values of a, b. This infimum is readily seen to be achieved for a = b = 1/(L + z ), and the corresponding value of the right hand side of (5.12), somewhat accidentally, also equals 1/(L + z ). This completes the proof.
If we paste the two boundary geodesics of S × L together, with respect to some arbitrary twisting parameter, then for the resulting surface S L we have an analogous result. To make this precise we assume that α 1 , . . . , α 2g and σ 1 , . . . , σ 2g have the same meanings for S L as for S, and that α 2 is the curve along which the two boundary curves of S × have been pasted together. We shall, however, write σ 1 = σ 1,L to indicate that the form is defined on S L .

Lemma 5.2 There exists a universal constant z < 2.3 such that for any L
Proof The proof is identical to the preceding one, owing to the fact that σ 1,L has a primitive f L on S × L . We fix its additive constant such that f L has mean value 0 on the left boundary of S × L and mean value 1 on the right. The splitting into linear and nonlinear parts is then again y) on B 2 ∪ Z 2 and the earlier arguments go through.

The form 1 1 1
When (γ ) → 0 or when L → ∞ the energy of σ 1 goes to 0, and σ 1 disappears in the limit. We introduce therefore a renormalized form that "survives". To this end we let τ 1 be σ 1 multiplied with a constant factor such that τ 1 on the collar C(γ ) has a representation i.e. τ 1 is normalized so that the linear part of its representations on the flat cylinders Z 1 ∪ B 1 and Z 2 ∪ B 2 is equal to dx. The form τ 1 is defined similarly on any S L and is then written τ 1,L . We observe that, by Theorem 5.3 below, τ 1,L depends only on the conformal class of S L and not the particular description we are using here.
We shall show in Sect. 7.1, Theorem 7.3 that as L → ∞, τ 1,L converges, locally uniformly, to the unique harmonic form τ G 1 on S G that has zero periods and poles with linear parts dx in the cusps.
As L → ∞ the energy of τ 1,L and the absolute value of its period over α 1 go to infinity. This is caused by the linear part in the cylinder. We introduce therefore an essential energy E (τ 1,L ) and an essential period P 1 (τ 1,L ) setting where C is the inserted cylinder conformally equivalent to and identified with [0, L] × S 1 and for any harmonic form ω on C, ω nl denotes its nonlinear part. We first make the following observation concerning σ 1 . The linear part of σ 1,L is αdy. Hence, the integral on the right hand side equals α and the theorem follows.
Since τ 1,L = 1 α σ 1,L an immediate consequence is that . (5.15) By additivity the period of τ 1,L over α 1 is the sum of P 1 (τ 1,L ) and L. On the other hand, τ 1,L has period 1 α . Hence, By the Orthogonality Lemma from which it follows that 5.18 E (τ 1,L ) = P 1 (τ 1,L ). (5.18) This allows us, among other things, to write Combining (5.17) with Lemma 5.2 we get the following.
In Sect. 7 we shall compare E (τ 1,L ) with the corresponding essential energy of the harmonic form τ G 1 on the limit surface S G . For this we prove here the following preparatory lemma. Lemma 5.5 Assume L ≥ 1. Then, for anyL ≥ L we have Proof The technique is to begin with the forms σ 1,L on S L and σ 1,L on SL which both have period 1 over the first base cycle, then dampen their nonlinear parts down so as to obtain comparison test forms and finally translate the result to τ 1,L and τ 1,L using (5.17).
In the flat cylinder Z = [− 1 2 (L + 1), 1 2 (L + 1)] × S 1 the form σ 1,L has a representation σ 1,L = d H = αdx + dh, where h is the nonlinear part of H . With a constant v ≤ 1 2 (L + 1) to be determined later (we shall take v = 1 8 ) we set 1 2 (L + 1) − d × S 1 and let χ be the cut off function in Z that is equal to 1 outside of the part D int , goes linearly down from 1 to 0 on [−v, 0] × S 1 and then linearly up again from 0 to 1 on [0, v] × S 1 . We let σ 1,χ be the form that coincides with σ 1,L outside of D int and inside has the representation σ 1,χ = αdx + d(χ h). Its period over the first base cycle is again equal to 1. By Lemma 3.3 (iii) applied twice (with w = v and δ = d) its energy satisfies Here E(σ 1,L ) − α 2 (L + 1) is an upper bound for the energy of the nonlinear part of σ 1,L in Z . Abbreviating and recalling that E(σ 1,L ) = α we rewrite the inequality in the form In a similar way, onZ = [− 1 2 (L + 1), 1 2 (L + 1)] × S 1 the form σ 1,L has a representation σ 1,L = dH =αdx + dh, whereh is the nonlinear part ofH . Here we set and letχ be the cut off function onZ that is equal to 1 outside ofD int , goes linearly down from 1 to 0 for x ∈ [− 1 2 (L +1)+d, − 1 2 (L +1)+d +v], remains 0 until x = 1 2 (L +1)−d −v and then goes linearly up again from 0 to 1 for We let σ 1,χ be the form that coincides with σ 1,L outside ofD int and inside has the representation σ 1,χ =αdx + d(χh). Its period over the first base cycle is 1. In the same way as before we have the inequality E(σ 1,χ ) ≤ (1 +m)α withm = μ · (1 −α(L + 1)).
On the part D = [− 1 2 (L − L), 1 2 (L − L)] × S 1 ofZ the form σ 1,χ coincides withαdx. Therefore, if σ ← 1,χ is the restriction of σ 1,χ to SL D and if we identify SL D with S L (by gluing the ends of SL D together with the same twist), then σ ← 1,χ becomes a test form on S L with period over the first base cycle equal to 1 −α(L − L) and energy In a converse way we may cut open Z in the middle, insert D and extend σ 1,χ to a test form σ → 1,χ on SL by defining it to be equal to αdx on D. Then σ → 1,χ has period 1 + α(L − L) over the first base cycle and its energy is To get comparison forms with periods 1 we set, abbreviatingL =L − L, . From the earlier relations we get We are ready to estimate the difference = E (τ 1,L ) − E (τ 1,L ). By (5.17), = 1 α − 1 α −L, and the above inequalities yield By (5.17) and the definition of m andm we have m L ). This yields, anticipating on the right hand side that μ < 1, The value of μ depends on the choice of v and is close to its minimum for v = 1/8 for which case we have the upper bound μ ≤ exp(−2π L − 2) and the lemma follows.
In the next lemma we estimate the variation of the essential energy of τ 1 under quasiconformal mappings. It will be used in Sect. 7 to compare E (τ G 1 ) with E (τ F 1 ). We prove the lemma for the following situation. The mapping φ : R → R is a (1 + ε)-quasi conformal homeomorphism between compact hyperbolic surfaces of genus g. On R and R nonseparating simple closed geodesics γ , γ of lengths (γ ) = (γ ) are given and φ maps the standard collar C(γ ) conformally (and, hence, isometrically) to C(γ ). We denote by σ 1 , σ 1 the first elements of the dual bases corresponding to homology bases on R, R that have as second member α 2 = γ , α 2 = γ , and τ 1 , τ 1 are the renormalizations of σ 1 , σ 1 whose linear parts in the collars are equal to dx.

Lemma 5.6 Under the above conditions for the compact Riemann surfaces R, R we have
Proof We let M ⊂ R, M ⊂ R be the main parts with respect to the cylinders C(γ ), C(γ ) as in (5.2). By Lemma 5.3 the linear parts of σ 1 and σ 1 in the collars are αdx and α dx respectively, with α = E R (σ 1 ) and α = E R (σ 1 ). Now φ * σ 1 is in the cohomology class of σ 1 and therefore α ≤ E R (φ * σ 1 ). Since φ is (1 + ε)-quasi conformal on M and conformal on R M we get (using that pointwise, as in (4.14), for p ∈ M ). By the Orthogonality Lemma It follows that α ≤ α + ε(α − α 2 L).

Bounds for cap(M) and 0 0 0
The estimates in Lemmas 5.2, 5.4, 5.5 and 5.6 are in terms of = 1/ cap(M) which is an analytic constant. We further estimate cap(M) geometrically using the following quantities: d M is the distance between the two boundary components and ρ M := 1 4 min{1, sys(M)}, where sys(M) is the systole, i.e. the length of the shortest closed geodesic on M. With these constants we have the following rough upper and lower bounds for the capacity: Proof The inequality 1 ≤ 1 is given in (5.5). For the second inequality we follow the lines of [18] where a stronger result is proved.
For the lower bound we consider the harmonic function h on M that realizes the boundary conditions h| c 1 = 0, h| c 2 = 1 and restrict it to the ribbon where A is the shortest geodesic from c 1 to c 2 . This geodesic has length d M and is orthogonal to the boundary at the endpoints. By the size of ρ M the geodesic arcs of length ρ M emanating orthogonally from A are pairwise disjoint. This follows by the lines of the proof of the main theorem in [6], where a corresponding result is shown for the diameter of a Riemann surface. Introducing Fermi coordinates for W based on A we get therefore a coordinate description of W that makes it isometric to the set endowed with the Riemannian metric ds 2 = cosh 2 (y)dx 2 + dy 2 . This is true except for a negligible difference at the left and right end of W which will not affect our rough estimates. Now W in turn is conformally equivalent to the flat strip (with the standard Euclidean metric) 1 2 ρ M (use (2.11) with (γ ) replaced by 1). Identifying W with W we can now write For the upper bound we take the test function

Relaxed dual basis
As pointed out in Sect. 1 two difficulties arise in the nonseparating case: the homology changes in the limit and the normalization condition α 1 σ j = 0, for j = 2, . . . , 2g disappears. In this section we deal with the second problem by introducing a weaker concept of dual basis of harmonic forms σ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , . . . , τ 2g , where the τ j have the same periods as the σ j . However, the condition α 1 τ j = 0 is dropped and replaced by the condition that the energy of these forms is minimal. This allows us to compare the energy of elements in a dual basis on S with the energy of elements of the relaxed basis on the limit surface. The harmonic forms of this basis have some nice properties that are interesting by themselves. In Sect. 7 we use them to prove Theorems 1.3 and 1.4. forms j j j for j = 2, . . . , 2g Let again S be a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2, γ a nonseparating simple closed geodesic on S, α 1 , . . . , α 2g a canonical homology basis with α 2 = γ enumerated such that . . . , g, and σ 1 , . . . , σ 2g the dual basis of harmonic 1-forms. As earlier we extend these notions to any surface in the family S L ) L>0 , write, however, most of the time σ i instead of σ i,L , i = 1, . . . , 2g, and similarly for τ 1 and the forms τ j introduced next.
It is easy to see that τ j is also an energy minimizer among all closed 1-forms that satisfy (a) We introduce the periods Again, if it is clear from the context we will use κ j instead of κ j,L , j = 2, . . . , 2g. By (a) and because σ 1 , . . . , σ 2g is a dual basis we then have Proof If ω is a harmonic 1-form on S that, for given j, satisfies the condition α i ω = δ i j , for i = 2, . . . , 2g, then ω = σ j + tσ 1 , for some t ∈ R. The function and the lemma follows.
Taking in (6.2) the scalar product with σ 1 we now get For the next lemma we consider an annular neighborhood C of γ (C need not be a distance neighborhood) and a conformal mapping ψ that sends C onto a flat cylinder Z = (−m 1 , m 2 ) × S 1 for some m 1 , m 2 > 0. For the cylinder we use the notation as in Sect. 3. In particular, x is the variable that runs through [−m 1 , m 2 ] and y runs through S 1 = R/Z. The mapping ψ is assumed to be such that the image of γ is the circle {0} × S 1 . The couple (Z , ψ) serves as a coordinate system for C , and by abuse of notation we write f = f • ψ −1 for the representation of functions on C , and ω = (ψ −1 ) * ω for 1-forms on C . Lemma 6.2 On C the τ j have vanishing linear d x-terms, j = 2, . . . , 2g.
Proof Without loss of generality we assume that m 1 = m 2 = m. We first consider the case j ≥ 3. Then τ j on C has a representation τ j = adx + dh nl , (6.4) where dh nl is the nonlinear part with a harmonic function h nl . We have to show that a = 0. We shall achieve this by dampening down, using the function Interpreting F as a function on C we define the closed form ω F = d F on C and ω F = 0 on S C . The difference t j = τ j − ω F has periods α i t j = δ i j , for i = 2, . . . , 2g. By the energy minimizing property of τ j we have Outside of the part D = [0, m 2 ] × S 1 the forms τ j and t j coincide. On D we may write where by (6.4) t j = dh nl . By the Orthogonality Lemma, Since τ j and t j coincide outside of D we also have Now (6.5) and (6.6) imply a = 0. The proof for the case j = 2 is the same except that instead of (6.4) we have τ 2 = adx + dy + dh nl , and on D we have t 2 = dh nl + dy, where we recall that dx and dy are orthogonal on D.

Essential energy and the periods Ä j
In this section we investigate the convergence of the periods κ j (see (6.1)) as (γ ) → 0 and also under the grafting construction. In order to avoid repetitions we prove the main technical lemma (Lemma 6.4) in a slightly more general context. Furthermore, in order to remain in the realm of compact surfaces we carry out the comparison with compact surfaces that have a thin handle and cover the cusp case by a limiting argument in Sect. 7. The setting for the lemma is as follows. S × L is the surface as in the preceding section consisting of the main part M (5.2) to which two flat cylinders [0, L/2] × S 1 are attached, and S L results from S × L by pasting together the two boundaries. These surfaces shall be compared with a second pair,S × L ,SL , defined in a similar way with some main partM to which cylinders of lengthsL/2 are attached. Furthermore, it is assumed that and that a marking preserving q φ -quasiconformal boundary coherent homeomorphism φ : M →M is given that acts conformally near the boundary and thus extends to an embedding of S × L intoS × L that acts isometrically on the flat cylinders. Finally, we assume that the pastings are such that the twist parameters of S L andSL are the same. By this we mean that, as in the grafting construction, if line For the grafting construction we shall haveM = M with φ the identity mapping; in the Fenchel-Nielsen constructionM is the main part of the surfaceS with geodesicγ that results from the construction and φ is the q-quasiconformal mapping as in Theorem 2.3 with q ≤ (1 + 2 2 (γ )) 2 , andL = Lγ .
As L becomes large, the energies of τ 3 , . . . , τ 2g remain bounded owing to the fact that their linear parts vanish in the cylinder [0, L] × S 1 (using Lemma 6.2). This is not the case for τ 2 . For this reason we define for τ 2 and, more generally, for any linear combination τ = a 2 τ 2 + · · · + a 2g τ 2g an essential energy E (τ ) as in (5.14) setting where C is the cylinder C = S L M which we identify with the conformally equivalent [0, L] × S 1 and ( ) nl denotes the nonlinear part. For later use we also define the scalar product for ω and η in the span of (τ i ) i=2,...,2g . By the Orthogonality Lemma E (τ ) may also be defined as follows, OnSL we define E in an analogous way. For the comparison of these energies and also for the comparison of the periods κ j of τ j over α 1 andκ j ofτ j overα j , j = 2, . . . , 2g we introduce the following constants,
In the following we think of S L and S × L as "sitting on the left hand side," whileSL and S × L "sit on the right hand side". The mapping φ then goes from the left to the right.
The dampened down formτ χ may be restricted to the subsetS × L ofS × L , then be pushed in the left direction to S × L via the quasiconformal mapping φ −1 and, upon arrival, be extended to S L . The so extended form shall be denoted byτ ← . As a result of the dampening down procedureτ ← is a test form in the cohomology class of τ . In a converse way, we push in the right direction the dampened down form τ χ toS × L and extend it by a 2 dy to a test form τ → onSL in the cohomology class ofτ . It follows, using the Orthogonality Lemma 3.2 that  1 2 , dh # the nonlinear term ofτ , respectivelyτ , δ # = l −w, and w = 1 8 ) yields that E (τ χ ) < (1 + 1 12 μ L )E (τ ) and E (τ χ ) < (1 + 1 12 μ L )E (τ ). Since φ and φ −1 act isometrically on the cylinders and are q φ -quasiconformal on M andM, it follows from [17] (or Lemma 4.5) that the essential energy increases at most by a factor q φ . This yields Now (6.15) and (6.16) imply (6.12).
The operator that associates to any ω = c 2 τ 2 + · · · + c 2g τ 2g ∈ H 1 (S L , R) the formω = c 2τ2 + · · · + c 2gτ2g ∈ H 1 (SL , R) is linear. Hence, using (6.12) in Lemma 4.4 inequality (6.13) follows. We turn to the proof of (6.14) and apply the preceding notations and results to the forms τ = τ j ,τ =τ j . Since the dampening down process on S L andSL acts as the identity in the neighborhoods of the boundaries of the collars, and since φ preserves line integrals, the periodκ j is not affected and, hence, Since the periods ofτ ← j − τ j over the remaining base cycles vanish we have therefore on for some function f j . By Lemma 6.1 the forms on the right hand side are mutually orthogonal so that .
and sinceτ ← j and τ j have the same linear part (dy if j = 2 and 0 if j ≥ 3) we get , then by the first inequality in (6.16) . If, on the other hand, E (τ j ) > E (τ j ), then by the first inequality in (6.16), the second inequality in (6.15) and the second inequality in (6.16) Altogether j and τ j have vanishing linear dx-part. We dampen down (τ ← j − τ j ) using the cut off function χ that goes linearly from 1 to 0 within distance 1 2 from M and then remains zero. The resulting form is denoted by θ j . Its period over α 1 is still −(κ j − κ j ). By Lemma 3.3 applied twice (with l = 1 4 , δ # = δ = 0 and w = 1 2 ) the energy of θ j has the upper bound That Lemma 3.3 is indeed applicable follows from the fact that φ acts isometrically on the cylinders, whose lengths, by (6.7), are ≥ L/2 > 2 and, hence, θ j is harmonic in the domain where the dampening down process takes place. Now θ j may also be interpreted as a test form on the surface S 1 that is obtained by attaching cylinders [0, 1 2 ] × S 1 to M and then pasting the boundaries together with the same twist parameter as S L . This means that if points p ∈ c 1 , q ∈ c 2 on the boundary of M are connected by the straight line Only this time, the cutting and pasting takes place at L/2 × S 1 and 1 2 × S 1 , respectively. On S 1 we have the following decomposition (where σ 1,1 is σ 1,L with L = 1): θ j = −(κ j − κ j )σ 1,1 + d F j for some function F j . By Lemma 5.2, applied to the case L = 1, we have E(σ 1,1 ) ≥ 1 1+z . Altogether we have and (6.14) follows.

Bounds for Ä
Proof We use the following identity for closed differentials θ , η, By Lemma 6.2 τ j has vanishing linear part in the cylinder C = S L M (which we identify with the conformally equivalent [0, L] × S 1 ). Using the Orthogonality Lemma we may thus write where ( ) nl is the nonlinear part. Settinĝ (The fact thatτ 2 is discontinuous at the boundary of C is not a problem here because we are only looking at integrals). We now use the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality: On the right hand side E(τ 2 ) = E (τ 2 ). This yields The first inequality of the lemma follows together with (6.18); the second inequality follows from (6.2) and Lemma 6.1 (which also holds on any S L ):

Bounds for the dual basis
The estimates in Lemmas 6.4 and 6.5 are in terms of the harmonic quantities E (τ 1 ), E (τ 2 ) and E(σ 3 ), . . . , E(σ 2g ). In Sect. 5 a geometric upper bound for E (τ 1 ) is obtainable via Lemma 5.4 and Theorem 5.7. We conclude this section with geometric bounds for the remaining quantities.
The first lemma provides bounds for the energies of τ k on S L and for the matrix entries p kk (S L ), k ≥ 3, in terms of the lengths of the geodesics α 3 , . . . , α 2g−1 , α 2g of the canonical homology basis on the original surface S. In view of the intersection convention for this basis (Sect. 1) we set, for k = 1, . . . , 2ĝ In the following we write τ k,L , κ k,L for τ k and κ k on S L , k = 2, . . . , 2g. We add that for (αk) → ∞ the upper bound grows asymptotically like 1 4 (αk) exp( 1 2 (αk)). In the second lemma we prove a geometric upper bound for E (τ 2,L ). It is more elaborate since it involves the entire homology basis A = (α 1 , . . . , α 2g ). The geometric quantity we use is w A = min For this we take the shortest geodesic A in M = M (α 3 ∪ . . . ∪ α 2g ) that connects the boundary curves c 1 , c 2 with each other. Such a geodesic exists because the boundary of M has interior angles < π at all of its vertices; if there are several such geodesics we take any of them. By the Collar Theorem A does not intersect any of the collars C(α k ) and thus has distance dist(A, α k ) ≥ w A , for k = 3, . . . , 2g. As in the proof of Theorem 5.3 the geodesic segments of length w A emanating orthogonally from A (in both directions) are pairwise disjoint and sweep out a ribbon W. In Fermi coordinates based on A the ribbon becomes with the metric tensor ds 2 = dρ 2 + cosh 2 (ρ)dt 2 . We let f be the function on W that is defined in these coordinates by f (ρ, t) = ρ 2w A . Its differential has norm d f (ρ, t) = 1 2w A and as W ⊂ S its energy has the upper bound We now interpolate f in the annular regions B 1 , B 2 ⊂ M (adjacent to the boundary of M, see Sect. 5.1, prior to (5.2)) so that its differential matches with the differential dy on the attached cylinder Z L . We complete the construction of s 2,L by setting it to be dy on Z L , d f on the domain in M where f (together with its interpolation) is defined, and setting s 2,L = 0 on the remaining part of M. The form is in the cohomology class of σ 2,L and has the energy bound where p is the energy cost of the interpolation. A rough but somewhat tedious argument which we omit shows that the interpolation can be carried out with p < 2, and the lemma follows.
In the next lemma we write κ 2,L = κ 2 (S L ), for clarity. Lemma 6.9 There exists an effective constant K depending on g, on a lower bound of sys(M) and on an upper bound of (α 1 ) on S such that for any S L , L ≥ L γ one has |κ 2 (S L )| ≤ K .
Proof By (6.3) using Cauchy-Schwarz we have on S = S L γ where by Lemma 5.2 1 σ 1 ,σ 1 ≤ L γ + z and by Theorem 5.7 is bounded above in terms of the systole of M and g. Furthermore, by (6.14) where E (τ 2 (S)) has a bound in terms of g sys(M) and (α 1 ) on S by Lemma 6.8. It suffices therefore to prove an upper bound of E(σ 2 ) on S. For this we need an embedded ribbon around α 1 .
Let w be the supremum of all δ such that geodesic segments of length δ emanating orthogonally from α 1 are pairwise disjoint. Then there exists a segment η of length 2w on S that meets α 1 orthogonally on both endpoints. Lift α 1 to the universal covering of S. On this lift there is an arc a of length (α 1 ) having two lifts η , η of η at its endpoints. On their other endpoints there are further lifts α 1 , α 1 of α 1 . Since α 1 is a simple geodesic the latter do not intersect each other. Hence a right angled geodesic hexagon with three consecutive sides of lengths 2w, (α 1 ), 2w. This hexagon consists of two isometric pentagons each having a pair of consecutive sides 2w, 1 2 (α 1 ). By trigonometry sinh(2w) sinh( 1 2 (α 1 )) > 1. Hence, a lower bound of w in terms of (α 1 ).
Taking the function f 2 on the ribbon of width w that grows linearly along the orthogonal geodesics from 0 on one boundary to 1 on the other and setting s 2 = d f 2 on the ribbon and s 2 = 0 outside we get a test function for σ 2 on S with the required energy bound.

Period matrix for a surface with two cusps
If we pinch a nonseparating simple closed geodesic then the limit surface has two cusps. A cusp neighborhood is conformally equivalent to a flat cylinder Z 1 = (−∞, 0]×S 1 of infinite length. In this section we first look at the L 2 harmonic forms on this surface to which we add the harmonic forms whose linear part is dx and dy, respectively in the cylinder and show how these can be seen as the limits of forms in (S L ) L . (As earlier x is the coordinate in the direction of (−∞, 0] and y is in the direction of S 1 .) Then we look at the compactified limit surface that has genus g − 1 instead of g. Two difficulties arise: the rank of the homology and the dimension of the Gram period matrix are not the same as for S and, in addition, the condition α 1 σ j = 0 for the members σ j of the dual basis of harmonic forms disappears.
As announced in the Introduction (Sect. 1) we overcome the first difficulty by introducing an array of invariants attributed to the limit surface as a substitute for the missing Gram period matrix. The array may also be translated into a parametrized family of matrices that constitutes a variant of this substitute (Sect. 7.3). With the help of these invariants we then prove the main theorems Theorems 1.3 and 1.4 from the Introduction.

The space H 1,v (R, R)
In the grafting construction the limit surface S G is represented in the form S G = Z 1 ∪M∪ Z 2 , where M is the main part of S and Z 1 , Z 2 are the attached infinite cylinders which we normalize here in the form With respect to the complete hyperbolic metric in its conformal class (albeit unknown explicitly) the surface has also a representation S G = Z 1 ∪ M G ∪ Z 2 , where M G is the main part of S G obtained by cutting away the cusps along the horocycles of length 1.
To cover both representations we consider in this section, more generally, an arbitrary conformal Riemann surface R of signature (g − 1, 0; 2), represented in the form where K is a conformal Riemann surface of signature (g − 1, 2; 0) and the cylinders Z 1 , Z 2 , are attached along the two boundaries of K with respect to some fixed pasting rules. We denote by R the two point compactification of R obtained by adding ideal points at infinity v 1 , v 2 to Z 1 , Z 2 , respectively. The space of L 2 harmonic forms on R is naturally identified with the space H 1 (R, R) of harmonic 1-forms on R and is denoted by H 1 (R, R).
In addition to these we consider harmonic forms with logarithmic poles. By the existence theorem of real harmonic functions with logarithmic poles ( [11,Theorem II.4.3]) there exists on R, up to a change of sign, a unique exact harmonic 1-form τ 1 with logarithmic poles at v 1 , v 2 . With the appropriate choice of sign this form has the following representation in the cylinders Z 1 , Z 2 , where the nonlinear part τ nl 1 is exponentially decaying for x → −∞ in Z 1 and for x → +∞ in Z 2 . We now define the space Observe that in Z 1 ∪ Z 2 any ω ∈ H 1,v (R, R) has a representation ω = adx + bdy + ω nl with the same a, b in Z 1 as in Z 2 , and that a = b = 0 iff ω ∈ H 1 (R, R). Analogously to (6.9) we define the finite scalar product for ω, η ∈ H 1,v (R, R), By the exponential decay of the nonlinear parts the integral on the right is well defined. Since any harmonic form that vanishes in K vanishes everywhere the product defined by (7.4) is positive definite and, hence, a scalar product. It is not intrinsic but shall serve its purpose.
Since (ω nl ) = ( ω) nl we have We also introduce the essential energy with respect to this product, respectively K, We now prove two properties of τ 1 . For the proof we introduce the following notation which will also be used later on. For any L > 0 we consider the finite cylinders Z 1,L = [− 1 2 L, 0] × S 1 , Z 2,L = [0, 1 2 L] × S 1 , and let R × L = Z 1,L ∪ K ∪ Z 2,L be the subsurface of R obtained by attaching the two cylinders to K with the same pasting rules as for Z 1 , Z 2 in the definition of R.
Proof By virtue of the Orthogonality Lemma we have τ 1 being exact it is of the form τ 1 = d F with a harmonic function F on R whose nonlinear part in Z 1 , Z 2 is exponentially decaying for x → −∞ respectively, x → +∞. By Stokes' theorem and because ω is of the form ω = adx + ω nl for some constant a we have Since |F| has at most linear growth while ω nl is exponentially decaying for x → −∞, respectively x → +∞, the right hand side goes to zero as L → ∞ and point (i) of the lemma follows. Point (ii) follows from (i) and (7.5) since for ω ∈ H 1 (R, R) we also have ω ∈ H 1 (R, R).
Proof This is straightforward, using the Orthogonality Lemma: For the convergence of the period matrices we need the convergence of harmonic forms. To cover all cases we consider the grafting in terms of R = Z 1 ∪ K ∪ Z 2 as defined in (7.1).
To this end we define R L to be the compact Riemann surface obtained from R × L by pasting together the two boundary curves by the rule that any point ( 1 2 L, y) on the boundary of Z 2,L is identified with the point (− 1 2 L, y) on the boundary of Z 1,L . In R L the pasted cylinders form the subset where ∪ pg means disjoint union modulo pasting. By abuse of notation we write Z L = [0, L]× S 1 . As in the case of S, for any L > 0 there is a marking homeomorphism φ L : R 1 → R L that acts as the identity from K ⊂ R 1 to K ⊂ R L and sends [0, 1] × S 1 to [0, L] × S 1 by the rule φ L (x, y) = (Lx, y). On R 1 we choose a canonical homology basis (α 1 , . . . , α 2g ) such that α 2 is the boundary curve c 1 of K. Setting α i,L = φ L (α i ), i = 1, . . . , 2g, we get a corresponding homology basis on R L , and we let (σ 1,L , . . . , σ 2g,L ) be the dual basis of harmonic forms on R L , and (τ 1,L , τ 2,L , . . . , τ 2g,L ) the modified basis with τ 1,L as in Sect. 5.2 and the τ j,L as in Sect. 6.1. We recall from Remark 6.3 that τ 1,L can be written as linear combination τ 1,L = τ 2,L + 2g k=3 c k,L τ k,L and thus has linear part dx in Z L . As L → ∞ these forms converge. To bring this statement into correct form we associate to any harmonic form ω on R L (as e.g. the τ j,L ) a form ω × on R in the following way: first we let ω × be the restriction of ω to R × L , then we interpret R × L as subset of R and finally we extend (discontinuously) ω × to all of R defining it to be zero outside R L . The statement is now as follows. Theorem 7.3 (Convergence theorem) Let R = Z 1 ∪ K ∪ Z 2 be a conformal Riemann surface as in (7.1) and let the forms τ × j,L be constructed as above for j = 1, . . . , 2g and L ∈ R. As L → ∞ we have (i) τ × 1,L converges uniformly on compact sets on R to τ 1 ; (ii) τ × j,L converges uniformly on compact sets to a harmonic form τ j ∈ H 1,v (R, R), j = 2, . . . , 2g.
Proof This is an adaption of [7,8], where a more general result is proved. We begin with the τ 2,L . To get suitable test forms for them we fix a smooth closed 1-form θ 2 on K that has vanishing periods over α 3 , . . . , α 2g and matches with dy along the boundary of the inserted cylinder Z L = {(x, y) | x ∈ [0, L], y ∈ S 1 }. Setting θ 2,L = θ 2 on K and θ 2,L = dy on Z L we get a test form with energy E(θ 2,L ) = ϑ + L where ϑ = E K (θ 2 ). On the other hand, E(τ 2,L ) ≥ L by the Orthogonality Lemma. Thus, It follows that the energies of all τ × 2,L on K and also the energies of their nonlinear parts in the infinite cylinders Z 1 , Z 2 are uniformly bounded by ϑ. Since the forms are harmonic one can now, using Harnack's inequality, apply the Arzelà-Ascoli diagonal argument to get a sequence of lengths {L n } ∞ n=1 with L n → ∞ such that τ × 2,L n converges uniformly on compact sets to a harmonic form τ 2 on R satisfying E K (τ 2 ) ≤ ϑ and α 2 τ 2 = 1, α k τ 2 = 0, k = 3, . . . , 2g. Now τ 2 is uniquely determined by these properties and the Arzelà-Ascoli argument applied a second time implies that the entire family τ × 2,L converges to τ 2 . Since all τ 2,L have linear part dy (by Lemma 6.2) the same is true for τ 2 . Finally, since E K (τ 2 ) is finite it follows that τ 2 belongs to H 1,v (R, R).
For τ k,L , k = 3, . . . , 2g, the proof is the same except that the linear parts vanish. Here the energies of the limit forms τ k are finite and, since isolated singularities of L 2 harmonic differentials are removable, we have For the proof of statement (i) we write τ 1,L = τ 2,L + 2g k=3 c k,L τ k,L (Remark 6.3), where c k,L = − α k τ 2,L . By the convergence of the τ k,L , k = 3, . . . , 2g, and since they have vanishing linear parts it follows that E K (τ 1,L ) is bounded above by some constant that does not depend on L. We can therefore apply the same argument for τ 1,L as for τ 2,L and use the uniqueness property of τ 1 to conclude the proof.

Twist at infinity
Let R be as before, but this time equipped with its complete hyperbolic metric. We represent it in the form R = V 1 ∪ M R ∪ V 2 where V 1 , V 2 are the cusp neighborhoods of the ideal points at infinity v 1 , v 2 , cut off along the horocycles of length 1 (7.8) The curves y = constant in V 1 , V 2 are geodesics. We shall call them cusp geodesics.
The part M R is the closure of R {V 1 ∪ V 2 } and shall be called the main part of R with respect to the hyperbolic metric. In the cases R = S G and R = S F we shall, respectively, use the notation M G and M F for it.
When R arises e.g. as the Fenchel-Nielsen limit of a family S t in which α 2,t shrinks to zero then, as mentioned earlier, two problems arise: a degree of freedom is lost since the twist parameter along α 2,t disappears, and secondly, the homology of α 1,t disappears. We eliminate both problems by introducing families of curves from v 1 to v 2 on R that play the role of "twist parameters at infinity".
We shall say that a parametrized curve α : R → R is an admissible curve if on R one has lim s→−∞ α(s) = v 1 , lim s→+∞ α(s) = v 2 and if, furthermore, α is asymptotic to a cusp geodesic in either of the two cusps. Asymptotic in V 1 (and similarly in V 2 ) means that if the part of α in V 1 with respect to the above coordinates is written in the form α(s) = (x(s), y(s)), then y(s) converges to some y 0 for s → −∞.

Remark 7.4
From the asymptotic property it follows that for any admissible curve α from v 1 to v 2 in R and any harmonic form ω ∈ span{H 1 (R, R), τ 1 } the integral α ω is well defined and finite.
A homotopy between admissible curves from v 1 to v 2 on R shall be called an admissible homotopy if in both cusps the curves remain asymptotic to their respective cusp geodesics. Such a homotopy is, of course, only possible if in either cusp the initial and the end curve is asymptotic to the same geodesic.
It turns out that the concept of admissible homotopy is too restrictive and we shall slightly weaken it. Before doing so we prove the following, where we return to the representation of R used in Sect. 7.1 Lemma 7.5 Assume R is represented in the form R = Z 1 ∪ K ∪ Z 2 as in (7.1). Then the straight lines y = const in the cylinders are asymptotic to cusp geodesics.
We note that this lemma is evident for the limit surface S G = V 1 ∪ M G ∪ V 2 , represented with respect to the complete hyperbolic metric that arises from the Uniformization Theorem, where V 1 , V 2 are the hyperbolic cusps as in 7.8 and M G is the main part with respect to the hyperbolic metric of S G . However, we also need this statement for the representation where M is the main part of S and the coordinate lines y = const. in the cylinders are not geodesics with respect to the hyperbolic metric of S G .
Proof This can be shown by using that passing from V i to Z i is a change of conformal coordinate systems in a neighborhood of v i ∈ R (i=1,2), and that for such changes the overlap map is biholomorphic. We use an other approach that measures the angle between the coordinate lines and the geodesics in terms of τ 1 . We do, however, not estimate the constants.
We begin with Z 2 . Since τ 1 is exact and has linear part dx it is of the form τ 1 = dh with a harmonic function h(x, y) = x + h nl (x, y), where by Lemma 3.1 the nonlinear part satisfies |h nl (x, y)| ≤ c 1 e −2π x , dh nl (x, y) ≤ c 2 e −2π x for some constants c 1 , c 2 . For x large enough the first property implies that h grows asymptotically like x, and the second property implies that the gradient gradh(x, y) at (x, y) and the "horizontal" coordinate line [0, +∞) × {y} through (x, y) form an absolute angle ≤ 2c 2 e −2π x . Now we turn to V 2 , where we write the coordinates asx,ỹ. Here τ 1 is dh with some harmonic functionh(x,ỹ), and the horizontal coordinate lines are geodesics. We have the same angle estimates (with different constants). Furthermore, sinceh(x,ỹ) grows asymptotically likex there exists a constant c 3 (possibly negative) such that if (x,ỹ) in V 2 and (x, y) in Z 2 represent the same point p of R, then x ≥x + c 3 .
The two angle estimates together with the inequality x ≥x + c 3 imply that for some positive constant c 4 andx large enough the horizontal coordinate line (in the sense of Z 2 ) through (x,ỹ) and the cusp geodesic through (x,ỹ) form an angle ∠(x,ỹ) ≤ c 4 e −2πx . This is sufficient to prove that the coordinate line is asymptotic to one of the cusp geodesics. In V 1 the proof is the same.
We now relax slightly the notion of admissible homotopy classes by allowing "synchronized twists" in the cusps. We define this in terms of an arbitrary description R = Z 1 ∪ K ∪ Z 2 and then give an intrinsic characterization. For this we use twist homeomorphisms J 1 , J 2 : R → R defined as follows. Choose any constant b ∈ R and let β : [0, 1] → S 1 be the path β(s) = bs mod 1 (e.g. if b = 2 then β goes twice around S 1 .) For any x 0 ≤ 0 (respectively, x 0 ≥ 0) we then have a path in Z 1 (respectively, Z 2 ) s → (x 0 , β(s)), s ∈ [0, 1].
Next, choose any a 1 ≤ 0, a 2 ≥ 0 and define the cut off functions This allows us to define homeomorphisms J 1 , and letting J 1 be the identity mapping on K ∪ Z 2 , and J 2 the identity mapping on Z 1 ∪ K.
Under the mappings J i the parts in the cylinders on the left of a 1 and on the right of a 2 are then both rotated by the angle 2πb. We shall call these mappings twist homeomorphisms with twist parameter b. The next lemma characterizes b in an intrinsic way. For the lemma we recall that by the remark subsequent to (7.3) any ω ∈ span{H 1 (R, R), τ 1 } has linear part wdy in Z 1 and Z 2 for some w ∈ R. Lemma 7.6 Let J 1 , J 2 : R → R be twist homeomorphisms with twist parameter b as above and ω ∈ span{H 1 (R, R), τ 1 } a harmonic form with linear part wdy in Z 1 , Z 2 . Then for any admissible curve α from v 1 to v 2 we have Proof Let a 1 , a 2 be the constants in the definition of J 1 , J 2 as above. If we replace a 1 , a 2 , by some other values a 1 ≤ −1, a 2 ≥ 1, and keep b fixed, then the twist homeomorphisms J 1 , J 2 based on these new constants have the property that J i • α and J i • α are homotopic with a homotopy that is the identity outside some compact region and thus J i •α ω = J i •α ω (i = 1, 2). This implies that for i = 1, 2, the difference d i := J i •α ω− α ω, seen as a function of a i is the constant function. Now, if a 1 → −∞ and a 2 → +∞, then, by the exponential decay of the nonlinear part of ω in the cylinders, d 1 converges to −bw and d 2 converges to bw.
We now define two admissible curves α, α from v 1 to v 2 to be twist equivalent if there exists an admissible homotopy of α into a curve α and a pair of twist homeomorphisms J 1 , J 2 with the same twist parameter b such that α = J 1 • J 2 • α .
It is a routine exercise to show that this is an equivalence relation thus splitting the admissible curves from v 1 to v 2 into twist equivalence classes. The next lemma shows, among other things, that this definition does not depend on the choice of the representation R = Z 1 ∪ K ∪ Z 2 .

Lemma 7.7
(i) If two admissible curves α, α from v 1 to v 2 on R are twist equivalent then α ω = α ω for any ω ∈ span{H 1 (R, R), τ 1 }. (ii) If two admissible curves α, α from v 1 to v 2 on R are homotopic on R then they are twist equivalent if and only if α τ 1 = α τ 1 .
Proof (i) From the exponential decay of the nonlinear parts of ω in the cylinders it follows that if α and α are homotopic by an admissible homotopy, then the integrals over α and α are the same. By Lemma 7.6 the same is true for the integrals over α and J 1 • J 2 • α if J 1 and J 2 have the same twist parameter b.
(ii) Now assume that α and α are homotopic on R (meaning that after a parameter change the curves are extended to v 1 , v 2 for endpoints and then the homotopy acts on the extended curves keeping v 1 , v 2 fixed). This condition is equivalent to saying that there exists an admissible homotopy from α to some admissible curve α and two twist homeomorphisms J 1 , J 2 with some twist parameters b 1 , b 2 (that do not coincide, in general) such that α = J 1 • J 2 • α . By (i) we have α τ 1 = α τ 1 , and by Lemma 7.6 α τ 1 If we now assume that α τ 1 = α τ 1 then b 1 = b 2 and thus α and α are twist equivalent. This proves (ii) in the " if " direction. The " only if " direction is a special case of (i).
For future reference we associate a twist parameter ϑ with any twist class using the representation R = V 1 ∪ M R ∪ V 2 as in the beginning of this section. Let c i be the common boundary of M R and V i , i = 1, 2. For the arcs of curves in M R with initial point on c 1 and endpoint on c 2 we have the homotopy classes with endpoints moving freely on c 1 , c 2 . These classes are in natural one-to-one correspondence with the homotopy classes of curves from v 1 to v 2 in R. Furthermore, in each class there is a unique orthogeodesic, i.e. a geodesic arc that meets c 1 , c 2 orthogonally at its endpoints.
Let now A 0 be an orthogeodesic from c 1 to c 2 (Fig. 7) and take ϑ ∈ R. Along c 1 we attach an arc a 1,ϑ of oriented length ϑ whose endpoint coincides with the initial point of A 0 ; we attach a similar arc a 2,ϑ along c 2 whose initial point coincides with the endpoint of A 0 . With respect to the earlier described coordinates for V 1 , V 2 (where the y-coordinates are taken mod 1) these arcs may be parametrized as A 1,ϑ (s) = (−1, ϑs + y 1 ), A 2,ϑ (s) = (1, ϑs + y 2 ), s ∈ [0, 1] for appropriate y 1 , y 2 . By further attaching cusp geodesics A 1 ⊂ V 1 to the initial point of A 1,ϑ and A 2 ⊂ V 2 to the endpoint of A 2,ϑ we get an admissible curve A 1,ϑ = A 1 A 1,ϑ A 0 A 2,ϑ A 2 (7.9) from v 1 to v 2 as depicted in Fig. 7. By Lemmas 7.6 and 7.7 we have the following.
Remark 7.8 A 1,ϑ represents a twist equivalence class of admissible curves from v 1 to v 2 on R. Conversely, any twist equivalence class is represented by a polygon as in (7.9) with uniquely determined orthogeodesic A 0 and uniquely determined ϑ. We call ϑ the twist parameter of the class and A 1,ϑ its representative in normal form. We also remark by virtue of Lemma 7.6 that for any fixed A 0 there exists a constant c 0 such that A 1,ϑ τ 1 = ϑ + c 0 , for all ϑ ∈ R. By fixing an orthogeodesic A 0 or, what amounts to the same, a homotopy class of admissible curves from v 1 to v 2 on R we can blow up R into a one parameter family by marking it with the twist equivalence classes occurring in (7.9). For R marked with A 1,ϑ we may then call ϑ its twist parameter at infinity.

Period matrix with a parameter
Let R = V 1 ∪ M R ∪ V 2 be as above and mark it with the twist equivalence class of some admissible curve A 1 from v 1 to v 2 . Let α 2 be the boundary curve of V 1 and select a canonical homology basis α 3 , . . . , α 2g of R satisfying A 1 ∩ α j = ∅, j = 3, . . . , 2g.
To this configuration we shall associate a parametrized family of 2g by 2g matrices P R (λ), λ > 0, where the notation suppresses the mention of the curve system. Here the parameter λ is related to the length of the attached cylinders.
Theorem 7.10 Let S be a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2, γ a nonseparating geodesic of length (γ ) ≤ 1 4 on S and S L L≥4 with limit S G the corresponding grafting family. Choose a canonical homology basis A = (α 1 , α 2 , . . . , α 2g ) with α 2 = γ and let P S L , P S G (λ) be the corresponding Gram period matrices. Finally set m G = E M (τ G 1 ), where M is the main part of S with respect to γ . Then for all L ≥ 4, where the entries of the error term ρ G (L) have the following growth rates As a consequence of the theorem we have the following.
Proof Any R can be understood as a limit S G of some family (S L ) L≥4 . Using the fact that the matrices P S L are symplectic for every L we have, writing S G = R, m G + L = λ and ρ G (L) = r (λ), J = P S L JP S L = P R (λ)JP R (λ) + (λ) with (λ) = P R (λ)Jr (λ) + r (λ)JP R (λ) + r (λ)Jr (λ). Now J is constant, P R (λ)JP R (λ) is a rational function of λ and (λ) is exponentially decaying as λ → ∞. This is only possible if P R (λ)JP R (λ) is constant and (λ) vanishes identically.
Proof of Theorem 7. 12 The notation is as in the proof before, except that we now use the Fenchel-Nielsen construction, which changes any notation ( ) G to ( ) F . In this case we have We recall that m L = E M (τ 1,L ), m F = E M (τ F 1 ).
In view of the geometric bounds from Sects. 5 and 6 the theorem is a consequence of the following inequalities. The estimate for ρ F 11 (L) then follows from (5.15) and the above inequality. The remaining inequalities follow in the same steps as in the previous proof, noting that now ν L and ρ L are of order O A (t 2 ) as the quasi-conformal map is involved. Furthermore by definition 1 L = 1 L t is of order O A (t).