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An insights into emerging trends to control the threats of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): an address to public health risks

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Abstract

Antimicrobial agents are used to treat microbial ailments, but increased use of antibiotics and exposure to infections in healthcare facilities and hospitals as well as the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics at the society level lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a public health concern and has rendered the treatment of different infections more challenging. The bacterial strains develop resistance against antimicrobial agents by limiting intracellular drug accumulation (increasing efflux or decreasing influx of antibiotics), modification and inactivation of drugs and its targets, enzymatic inhibition, and biofilm formation. However, the driving factors of AMR include the sociocultural and economic circumstances of a country, the use of falsified and substandard medicines, the use of antibiotics in farm animals, and food processing technologies. These factors make AMR one of the major menaces faced by mankind. In order to promote reciprocal learning, this article summarizes the current AMR situation in Pakistan and how it interacts with the health issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic aids in illuminating the possible long-term impacts of AMR, which are less immediate but not less severe since their measures and effects are equivalent. Impact on other sectors, including the health industry, the economy, and trade are also discussed. We conclude by summarizing the several approaches that could be used to address this issue.

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Abbreviations

MDR:

Multidrug-resistant bacteria

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

GNB:

Gram negative bacteria

GPB:

Gram positive bacteria

EU:

European Union

IR:

Intrinsic resistance

E. coli:

Escherichia coli

MATE:

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion

A. baumannii:

Acinetobacter baumannii

PBPs:

Penicillin-binding proteins

rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

LTAs:

Lipoteichoic acids

BM:

Bacterial meningitis

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

NAP:

National action plan

IPC:

Infection prevention and control practices

LMIC:

Middle or lower-income countries

NDM-1:

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1

WHO:

World health organization

PCV7:

7-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination

AMPs:

Antimicrobial peptides

IPD:

Invasive pneumococcal disease

T3SS:

Bacterial type III secretion system

TCS:

Two-component systems

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Ayesha Asghar & Aneeza Khalid

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

    Zulqarnain Baqar

  3. Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Nazim Hussain & Muhammad Zafar Saleem

  4. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Sairash

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan

    Komal Rizwan

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  1. Ayesha Asghar
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  2. Aneeza Khalid
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  3. Zulqarnain Baqar
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  4. Nazim Hussain
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  6. Sairash
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  7. Komal Rizwan
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Contributions

NH: conceptualization, visualization, writing—original draft. NH; ZB: project administration, writing—original draft. AA; AK; NH; KR: investigation, formal analysis, writing-review and editing. AK; ZB; KR: writing—review and editing. S; MZS: formal analysis, writing—review and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved it for publication.

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Asghar, A., Khalid, A., Baqar, Z. et al. An insights into emerging trends to control the threats of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): an address to public health risks. Arch Microbiol 206, 72 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03800-9

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