References
Mogensen TH (2009) Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:240–273. doi:10.1128/CMR.00046-08
Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R (2015) Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat Immunol 16:343–353. doi:10.1038/ni.3123
Nish S, Medzhitov R (2011) Host defense pathways: role of redundancy and compensation in infectious disease phenotypes. Immunity 34:629–636. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.009
Schroder K, Zhou R, Tschopp J (2010) The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger? Science 327:296–300. doi:10.1126/science.1184003
Wree A, Eguchi A, McGeough MD et al (2014) NLRP3 inflammasome activation results in hepatocyte pyroptosis, liver inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 59:898–910. doi:10.1002/hep.26592
Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D (2013) Immunosuppression in sepsis: a novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach. Lancet Infect Dis 13:260–268. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70001-X
Boomer JS, To K, Chang KC et al (2011) Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure. JAMA 306:2594–2605. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1829
Venet F, Chung C-S, Kherouf H et al (2009) Increased circulating regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25 (+)CD127 (-)) contribute to lymphocyte anergy in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 35:678–686. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1337-8
Liu Y-C, Chan K-G, Chang C-Y (2015) Modulation of host biology by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing signal molecules: messengers or traitors. Front Microbiol 6:1226. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01226
Wu L, Estrada O, Zaborina O et al (2005) Recognition of host immune activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Science 309:774–777. doi:10.1126/science.1112422
Le Berre R, Nguyen S, Nowak E et al (2011) Relative contribution of three main virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Crit Care Med 39:2113–2120. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e899f
Broquet A, Asehnoune K (2015) Apoptosis induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a lonely killer? Microb Biotechnol 8:49–51. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12144
Coburn J, Frank DW (1999) Macrophages and epithelial cells respond differently to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system. Infect Immun 67:3151–3154
Davenport EE, Burnham KL, Radhakrishnan J et al (2016) Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 4:259–271. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00046-1
Vega-Ramos J, Roquilly A, Asehnoune K, Villadangos JA (2014) Modulation of dendritic cell antigen presentation by pathogens, tissue damage and secondary inflammatory signals. Curr Opin Pharmacol 17:64–70. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.013
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Antoine Cales for preparing Fig. 1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to declare.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Asehnoune, K., Villadangos, J. & Hotchkiss, R.S. Understanding host–pathogen interaction. Intensive Care Med 42, 2084–2086 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4544-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4544-8