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Frakturen der lateralen Tibiavorderkante

Der vierte Knöchel

Fractures of the anterolateral tibial rim

The fourth malleolus

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Zusammenfassung

Die laterale Tibiavorderkante mit dem Tuberculum anterius tibiae (Tubercule de Tillaux-Chaput) dient als Ansatz für das Lig. tibiofibulare anterius. Sie kann auch als Malleolus anterior oder vierter Knöchel bezeichnet werden. Frakturen der lateralen Tibiavorderkante entstehen mehrheitlich durch einen Außenrotations- oder Abduktionsmechanismus im oberen Sprunggelenk. Sie werden in Röntgenaufnahmen häufig übersehen. Zur genauen Darstellung der Frakturanatomie und Therapieplanung ist eine CT erforderlich. Es können 3 prinzipielle Typen unterschieden werden: (1) extraartikuläre Avulsionen des vorderen Syndesmosenbandes, (2) Frakturen der anterolateralen distalen Tibia mit Beteiligung von Gelenk und/oder Tibiainzisur, (3) Impaktionsfrakturen des anterolateralen Tibiaplafonds. Die Osteosynthese dislozierter Frakturen der lateralen Tibiavorderkante dient der knöchernen Stabilisierung der vorderen Syndesmose, der Wiederherstellung der Incisura tibiae für die distale Fibula und Gelenkfläche. Dislozierte extraartikuläre Avulsionsfrakturen (Typ 1) werden mithilfe eines Nahtankers oder einer transossären Naht refixiert. Bei größeren Fragmenten mit Beteiligung der Gelenkfläche und Inzisur (Typ 2) erfolgt vorzugsweise eine Schraubenosteosynthese. Impressionsfrakturen des anterolateralen Tibiaplafonds (Typ 3) erfordern die Anhebung mit Wiederherstellung der Gelenkfläche, ggf. eine Spongiosaplastik und eine anteriore Plattenosteosnythese. Es existieren nur wenige Daten über die Behandlungsergebnisse von Tibiavorderkantenfrakturen bei Erwachsenen. Bei konservativer Therapie dislozierter Fragmente werden Pseudarthrosen und revisionspflichtige Fehlstellungen mit Inkongruenz der Knöchelgabel beschrieben. Nach Impaktionsverletzungen (Typ 3) können sekundäre avaskuläre Nekrosen des anterolateralen Tibiaplafonds entstehen.

Abstract

The anterolateral tibial rim with the anterior tibial tubercle (Tubercule de Tillaux-Chaput) serves as an insertion site of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL). It can also be termed the anterior malleolus or fourth malleolus. Fractures of the anterolateral tibial rim typically result from an external rotation or abduction mechanism of the talus within the ankle mortise. They are frequently overlooked in plain radiographs. Computed tomography (CT) is needed for an exact visualization of the fracture anatomy and treatment planning. A total of three main types can be differentiated: (1) extra-articular avulsion fracture of the AITFL, (2) fracture of the anterolateral distal tibia with involvement of the joint and tibial incisura and (3) impaction fracture of the anterolateral tibial plafond. Surgical fixation of displaced anterolateral distal tibial fractures aims at bone-to-bone stabilization of the anterior syndesmosis, restoration of the tibial incisura for the distal fibula and joint surface. Displaced extra-articular avulsion fractures (type 1) are fixed with a suture anchor or transosseal suture. Larger fragments involving the tibial incisura and plafond (type 2) are mostly fixed with screws. Impression fractures of the anterolateral tibial plafond (type 3) necessitate elevation with restoration of the joint surface, bone grafting of the impaction zone as needed and anterior buttress plating. Only a few studies have reported the treatment results of anterolateral tibial rim fractures in adults. Conservative treatment of dislocated fragments reportedly leads to non-union and malposition of the distal fibula with incongruence of the ankle mortise requiring revision. Impaction fractures (type 3) can lead to secondary avascular necrosis of the anterolateral tibial plafond.

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  1. UniversitätsCentrum für Orthopädie, Plastische und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland

    Stefan Rammelt, Annika Pauline Neumann & Livia Kroker

  2. 1. Medizinische Fakultät der Karls-Universität und Militärkrankenhaus Prag, Prag, Tschechien

    Jan Bartoníček

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Correspondence to Stefan Rammelt.

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S. Rammelt, J. Bartoníček, A.P. Neumann und L. Kroker geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Rammelt, S., Bartoníček, J., Neumann, A.P. et al. Frakturen der lateralen Tibiavorderkante. Unfallchirurg 124, 212–221 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-021-00959-y

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