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Spezialsituationen der Präkonditionierung und Prähabilitation in der onkologischen Viszeralchirurgie

Special situations of preconditioning and prehabilitation in oncological visceral surgery

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die präoperative Konditionierung vor komplexen viszeralonkologischen Operationen nimmt eine immer wichtigere Rolle ein.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung von Spezialsituationen der Präkonditionierung bei viszeralonkologischen Patienten. Als Spezialsituation mit konsekutiv erhöhtem Risikoprofil wurden folgende Bedingungen definiert: Kardiopulmonale Begleiterkrankungen, der geriatrische Patient, neoadjuvante Therapie und simultane Fatigue.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgte eine selektive Literaturübersicht, basierend auf einer Recherche in den elektronischen Datenbanken MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library und ISRCTN (International Standard Randomization Controlled Trial Number).

Ergebnisse

Die Identifikation von Hochrisikopatienten ist essenzieller Bestandteil der anästhesiologischen Evaluation vor einem chirurgischen Eingriff. Dabei wird neben dem kardiovaskulären auch das pulmonale Risikoprofil mittels Prädiktionsindizes und der Erfassung patienten- und eingriffsspezifischer Risikofaktoren erhoben. Der vermehrte Einsatz neuer oraler Antikoagulanzien und einer dualen Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung erfordert individuelle Behandlungsstrategien. Zahlreiche Studien belegen klinisch relevante Effekte bewegungstherapeutischer Interventionen über alle Phasen der onkologischen Behandlung. Neben positiven Einflüssen auf therapieassoziierte Nebenwirkungen kann Sport auch bei Krebspatienten Auswirkungen von Bewegungsmangel entgegenwirken und die gesundheitsspezifische Lebensqualität verbessern. Die Wirksamkeit von Sport- und Bewegungstherapien sowie psychologischen Interventionen bei onkologischen Patienten mit Fatigue (CRF) ist breit, wobei wichtige Bausteine die Motivation und Compliance sind.

Diskussion

Bei Risikopatienten ist ein interdisziplinäres Vorgehen der Planung und Durchführung der Prähabilitation essenziell, um perioperative Risikofaktoren und potenzielle Komplikationen frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu optimieren mit dem Ziel einer schnelleren Rekonvaleszenz, reduzierten Morbidität und Mortalität sowie auch der Möglichkeit eines verbesserten Langzeitüberlebens und einer gesteigerten Lebensqualität.

Abstract

Background

Prehabilitation prior to complex visceral oncological surgery is playing an increasingly important role.

Objective

The aim of this review article is to present special situations of preconditioning in visceral oncological patient cohorts. The following conditions were defined as special situations with subsequently increased risk profile: cardiopulmonary comorbidities, geriatric patients, neoadjuvant therapy and simultaneous fatigue.

Material and methods

A selective literature review based on a search in the electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and the International Standard Randomization Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) was performed.

Results

The identification of high-risk patients is an essential part of the preoperative evaluation conducted by the anesthesiologist prior to surgery. The cardiovascular and the pulmonary risk profile are determined by means of prediction indices evaluating patient-specific and surgery-related risk factors. The increased use of new oral anticoagulants and dual platelet aggregation inhibition requires individualized treatment strategies. Numerous studies have shown clinically relevant effects of exercise therapy interventions throughout all phases of oncological treatment. In addition to positive effects on therapy-associated side effects, sport can also counteract the effects of sedentary behavior in cancer patients and improve the health-related quality of life. The effectiveness of sport and exercise therapies as well as psychological interventions in oncological patients with fatigue (CRF) is broad, with important components being motivation and compliance.

Discussion

In high-risk patients an interdisciplinary approach to planning and conduction of prehabilitation is essential for the early detection and optimization of perioperative risk factors and potential complications. The aim is faster recovery, reduced morbidity and mortality and the possibility to improve long-term survival and quality of life.

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Correspondence to I. Gockel MBA.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Piegeler, S.N. Stehr, D. Pfirrmann, M. Knödler, F. Lordick, A. Mehnert, L. Selig, A. Weimann, M. Mehdorn, I. Gockel und P. Simon geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Den Beitrag Präkonditionierung vor viszeralonkologischen Operationen. Ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Viszeralchirurgie? finden Sie online unter https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0709-z.

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Piegeler, T., Stehr, S.N., Pfirrmann, D. et al. Spezialsituationen der Präkonditionierung und Prähabilitation in der onkologischen Viszeralchirurgie. Chirurg 89, 903–908 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0708-0

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