Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

S3-Leitlinie Hämorrhoidalleiden

Kurzfassung

S3 guidelines on hemorrhoidal disease

Abridged version

  • Leitlinien
  • Published:
coloproctology Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Hämorrhoidalbeschwerden sind in den westlichen Industrienationen ein häufiger Grund, medizinische Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen. In Deutschland kann mit ca. 3,3 Mio. Behandlungsfällen jährlich gerechnet werden. Für die Therapie stehen viele konservative und operative Methoden zur Verfügung. Im Jahr 2008 wurde in Deutschland initial eine S1-Leitlinie erstellt, die nun von der vorliegenden S3-Leitlinie abgelöst wurde.

Methode

Es wurde ein systematisches Review der Literatur (bis 2017) vorgenommen.

Ergebnisse

Das Hämorrhoidalleiden kann am besten stadiengerecht behandelt werden, wobei nur vergrößerte Hämorrhoiden mit Beschwerden therapiert werden sollten. Die verschiedenen konservativen und operativen Therapiemöglichkeiten werden ausführlich erfasst und anhand der vorliegenden Literatur bewertet. Hämorrhoiden 1. und 2. Grades sind die Domäne der konservativen Therapie (Sklerosierungs- und Gummibandligaturtherapie), Hämorrhoiden 3. und 4. Grades bedürfen in der Regel einer Operation. Bei der Therapiewahl sind neben den Stadien auch patientenspezifische Faktoren (Nebenerkrankungen, Medikamenteneinnahme, Vorgeschichte u. ä.) zu berücksichtigen. Die verschiedenen Komplikationsmöglichkeiten der Methoden werden ausführlich diskutiert und auch spezifische Patientenkonstellationen angesprochen (Einnahme von Gerinnungshemmern, chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED), Schwangerschaft, Analthrombosen, HIV).

Schlussfolgerung

Die neue S3-Leitlinie behandelt ausführlich alle evidenzbasierten Aspekte des Hämorrhoidealleidens mit dem Ziel einer korrekten Diagnostik sowie einer stadiengerechten und patientenadaptierten Therapie.

Abstract

Background

In western industrial nations hemorrhoidal complaints are a frequent reason for patients to seek medical advice. In Germany approximately 3.3 million hemorrhoidal treatment cases are to be expected annually. Many conservative and operative options are available for treatment. In 2008 the S1 guidelines were initially published, which have now been replaced by these new S3 guidelines.

Method

A systematic review of the literature (up until 2017) was performed.

Results

Hemorrhoidal diseases can best be treated according to the stage, whereby only enlarged symptomatic hemorrhoids should be treated. The various conservative and surgical treatment options are extensively documented and evaluated based on the available literature. First-degree and second-degree hemorrhoids can be treated conservatively (sclerosing and rubber band treatment), third-degree and fourth-degree hemorrhoids usually require surgery. In the selection of treatment patient-specific factors should also be considered (comorbidities, medication intake, previous history etc.) in addition to the stage. The various possible complications of the methods are discussed in detail and specific patient constellations are also addressed (medication with anticoagulants, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, pregnancy, anal thrombosis, HIV).

Conclusion

The new S3 guidelines extensively address all evidence-based aspects of hemorrhoid diseases with the aim of correct diagnostics as well as a stage-related and patient-adapted treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Herold A: Hämorrhoidalleiden: S1 Leitlinie AWMF. Version 07-2008. AWMF Leitlinienregister Nr. 2008: Nr. 081-007: 1–6.

  2. Joos AK, Arnold R, Borschitz T et al (2019) S3-Leitlinie – Hämorrhoidalleiden (AWMF-Registriernummer: 081/007)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Goligher JC, Duthie HL, Nixon HH, Duthie H, Nixon H (1985) Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon, 4. Aufl. Baillière Tindall, London

    Google Scholar 

  4. Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A (1990) The prevalence of hemorrhoids and chronic constipation. An epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 98(2):380–386

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Diagnosen Diagnosedaten der Krankenhäuser Deutschland Tabelle. http://www.gbe-bund.de/oowa921-install/servlet/oowa/aw92/dboowasys921.xwdevkit/xwd_init?gbe.isgbetol/xs_start_neu/&p_aid=3&p_aid=7375791&nummer=550&p_sprache=D&p_indsp=-&p_aid=91550870. Zugegriffen: 05.08.2021

  6. Gerjy R, Lindhoff-Larson A, Nystrom P (2008) Grade of prolapse and symptoms of haemorrhoids are poorly correlated: result of a classification algorithm in 270 patients. Colorectal Dis 10(7):694–700

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Riss S, Weiser FA, Schwameis K et al (2012) The prevalence of hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Colorectal Dis 27(2):215–220

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tang T, Lim PB, Miller R (2005) An approach to haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 7(2):143–147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D et al (2006) Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 101(1):181–188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, Heels-Ansdell D et al (2005) Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Broader JH, Gunn IF, Alexander-Williams J (1974) Evaluation of a bulk-forming evacuant in the management of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 61(2):142–144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Webster DJ, Gough DC, Craven JL (1978) The use of bulk evacuant in patients with haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 65(4):291–292

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Foster GE, Bollwell JS, Wright J, Hardcastle JD (1979) Controlled trial of bulk forming evacuants in the treatment of patients with hemorrhoids. Gut 20(Suppl. 2):A452

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hunt PS, Korman MG (1981) Fybogel in haemorrhoid treatment. Med J Aust 2(5):256–258

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Moesgaard F, Nielsen ML, Hansen JB, Knudsen JT (1982) High-fiber diet reduces bleeding and pain in patients with hemorrhoids: a double-blind trial of Vi-Siblin. Dis Colon Rectum 25(5):454–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jensen SL, Harling H, Tange G, Shokouh-Amiri MH, Nielsen OV (1988) Maintenance bran therapy for prevention of symptoms after rubber band ligation of third-degree haemorrhoids. Acta Chir Scand 154(5–6):395–398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Perez-Miranda M, Gomez-Cedenilla A, Leon-Colombo T, Pajares J, Mate-Jimenez J (1996) Effect of fiber supplements on internal bleeding hemorrhoids. Hepatogastroenterology 43(12):1504–1507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Porrett TR, Lunniss PJ (2001) A prospective randomized trial of consultant-led injection sclerotherapy compared with nurse practitioner-led noninvasive interventions in the management of patients with first and second degree haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 3(4):227–231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jensen SL, Harling H, Arseth-hansen P, Tange G (1989) The natural history of symptomatic haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 4(1):41–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ et al (2006) Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 93(8):909–920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Perera N, Liolitsa D, Iype S et al (2012) Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004322.pub3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Hansen HH (1979) Paravasal sclerotherapy: experimental study on the effect of sclerosing agents (author’s transl). Langenbecks Arch Chir 348(3):201–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bruhl W (1993) Diagnosis and therapy of hemorrhoids. New knowledge in sclerotherapy. Fortschr Med 111(4):39–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brühl W, Schmauz R (1991) Zur Verödungstechnik der Hämorrhoiden nach Blond. Coloproctol 13:344–347

    Google Scholar 

  25. Yoshikawa K, Kawashima R, Hirose Y et al (2017) Liver injury after aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid treatment of hemorrhoids. World J Gastroenterol 23(27):5034–5040

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Al-Ghnaniem R, Leather AJ, Rennie JA (2001) Survey of methods of treatment of haemorrhoids and complications of injection sclerotherapy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 83(5):325–328

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Clark CG, Giles GR, Goligher JC (1967) Results of conservative management of internal haemorrhoids. Br Med J 2(5543):12–14

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Greca F, Hares MM, Nevah E, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR (1981) A randomized trial to compare rubber band ligation with phenol injection for treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 68(4):250–252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sim AJ, Murie JA, Mackenzie I (1981) Comparison of rubber band ligation and sclerosant injection for first and second degree haemorrhoids—a prospective clinical trial. Acta Chir Scand 147(8):717–720

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sim AJ, Murie JA, Mackenzie I (1983) Three year follow-up study on the treatment of first and second degree hemorrhoids by sclerosant injection or rubber band ligation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 157(6):534–536

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Khoury GA, Lake SP, Lewis MC, Lewis AA (1985) A randomized trial to compare single with multiple phenol injection treatment for haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 72(9):741–742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gartell PC, Sheridan RJ, McGinn FP (1985) Out-patient treatment of haemorrhoids: a randomized clinical trial to compare rubber band ligation with phenol injection. Br J Surg 72(6):478–479

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chauhan A, Thomas S, Bishnoi PK, Hadke NS (2007) Randomized controlled trial to assess the role of raised anal pressures in the pathogenesis of symptomatic early hemorrhoids. Dig Surg 24(1):28–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kanellos I, Goulimaris I, Christoforidis E, Kelpis T, Betsis D (2003) A comparison of the simultaneous application of sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation, with sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation applied separately, for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a prospective randomized trial. Colorectal Dis 5(2):133–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Santos G, Novell JR, Khoury G, Winslet MC, Lewis AA (1993) Long-term results of large-dose, single-session phenol injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 36(10):958–961

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kanellos I, Goulimaris I, Vakalis I, Dadoukis I (2000) Long-term evaluation of sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. A prospective study. Int J Surg Investig 2(4):295–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Scaglia M, Delaini GG, Destefano I, Hulten L (2001) Injection treatment of hemorrhoids in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 44(3):401–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Trompetto M, Clerico G, Cocorullo GF et al (2015) Evaluation and management of hemorrhoids: Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR) consensus statement. Tech Coloproctol 19(10):567–575

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sajid MS, Bhatti MI, Caswell J, Sains P, Baig MK (2015) Local anaesthetic infiltration for the rubber band ligation of early symptomatic haemorrhoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Updates Surg 67(1):3–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Poon GP, Chu KW, Lau WY et al (1986) Conventional vs. triple rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids. A prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 29(12):836–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vicente PF, Fernandez Frias A, Arroyo SA et al (2003) Effectiveness of rubber band ligation in haemorrhoids and factors related to relapse. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 95(2):110–114, 105–9.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Iyer VS, Shrier I, Gordon PH (2004) Long-term outcome of rubber band ligation for symptomatic primary and recurrent internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 47(8):1364–1370

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Forlini A, Manzelli A, Quaresima S, Forlini M (2009) Long-term result after rubber band ligation for haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 24(9):1007–1010

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bayer I, Myslovaty B, Picovsky BM (1996) Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. Convenient and economic treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 23(1):50–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Savioz D, Roche B, Glauser T, Dobrinov A, Ludwig C, Marti MC (1998) Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids: relapse as a function of time. Int J Colorectal Dis 13(4):154–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Su M, Chiu C, Lin W, Hsu C, Chen P (2011) Long-term outcome and efficacy of endoscopic hemorrhoid ligation for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. World J Gastroenterol 17(19):2431–2436

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Lu LY, Zhu Y, Sun Q (2013) A retrospective analysis of short and long term efficacy of RBL for hemorrhoids. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17(20):2827–2830

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Aram FO (2016) Rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids: an office experience. Indian J Surg 78(4):271–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shanmugam V, Thaha MA, Rabindranath KS, Campbell KL, Steele RJC, Loudon MA (2005) Systematic review of randomized trials comparing rubber band ligation with excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 92(12):1481–1487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Murie JA, Mackenzie I, Sim AJ (1980) Comparison of rubber band ligation and haemorrhoidectomy for second- and third-degree haemorrhoids: a prospective clinical trial. Br J Surg 67(11):786–788

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Murie JA, Sim AJ, Mackenzie I (1982) Rubber band ligation versus haemorrhoidectomy for prolapsing haemorrhoids: a long term prospective clinical trial. Br J Surg 69(9):536–538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ambrose NS, Hares MM, Alexander-Williams J, Keighley MR (1983) Prospective randomised comparison of photocoagulation and rubber band ligation in treatment of haemorrhoids. Br Med J 286(6375):1389–1391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Weinstein SJ, Rypins EB, Houck J, Thrower S (1987) Single session treatment for bleeding hemorrhoids. Surg Gynecol Obstet 165(6):479–482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Linares Santiago E, Gomez Parra M, Mendoza Olivares FJ, Pellicer Bautista FJ, Herrerias Gutierrez JM (2001) Effectiveness of hemorrhoidal treatment by rubber band ligation and infrared photocoagulation. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 93(4):238–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Milligan E, Naunton MC, Jones L, Officer R (1937) Surgical anatomy of the anal canal, and the operative treatment of Haemorrhoids. Lancet 230(5959):1119–1124

    Google Scholar 

  56. Beattie GC, Wilson RG, Loudon MA (2002) The contemporary management of haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 4(6):450–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Dziki L, Mik M, Trzcinski R et al (2016) Surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease—the current situation in Poland. Prz Gastroenterol 11(2):111–114

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Herold A, Kirsch JJ (2001) Komplikationen nach Stapler-Hämorrhoidektomie Ergebnisse einer Umfrage in Deutschland. Coloproctology 23(1):8–16

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kraemer M, Bussen D, Leppert R, Sailer M, Fuchs KH, Thiede A (1998) Country-wide survey of therapeutic procedures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure. Chirurg 69(2):215–218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Argov S (1999) Ambulatory radical hemorrhoidectomy: personal experience with 1,530 Milligan-Morgan operations with follow-up of 2–15 years. Dig Surg 16(5):375–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Labas P, Ohradka B, Cambal M, Olejnik J, Fillo J (2002) Haemorrhoidectomy in outpatient practice. Eur J Surg 168(11):619–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Galizia G, Lieto E, Castellano P, Pelosio L, Imperatore V, Pigantelli C (2000) Lateral internal sphincterotomy together with haemorrhoidectomy for treatment of haemorrhoids: a randomised prospective study. Eur J Surg 166(3):223–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Seow-Choen F, Ho YH, Ang HG, Goh HS (1992) Prospective, randomized trial comparing pain and clinical function after conventional scissors excision/ligation vs. diathermy excision without ligation for symptomatic prolapsed hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 35(12):1165–1169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gawenda M, Walter M (1996) Surgical therapy of advanced hemorrhoidal disease—is an ambulatory surgery intervention possible? Chirurg 67(9):940–943

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Uba AF, Ihezue CH, Obekpa PO, Iya D, Legbo JN (2001) Open haemorrhoidectomy revisited. Niger J Med 10(4):185–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sayfan J, Becker A, Koltun L (2001) Sutureless closed hemorrhoidectomy: a new technique. Ann Surg 234(1):21–24

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Johannsson HO, Graf W, Pahlman L (2002) Long-term results of haemorrhoidectomy. Eur J Surg 168(8–9):485–489

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Denis J, Dubois N, Ganansia R, Du Puy-Montbrun T, Lemarchand N (1989) Hemorrhoidectomy: hospital Leopold Bellan procedure. Int Surg 74(3):152–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Mathai V, Ong BC, Ho YH (1996) Randomized controlled trial of lateral internal sphincterotomy with haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 83(3):380–382

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bessa SS (2011) Diathermy excisional hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective randomized study comparing pedicle ligation and pedicle coagulation. Dis Colon Rectum 54(11):1405–1411

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Argov S, Levandovsky O, Yarhi D (2012) Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy under local anesthesia—an old operation that stood the test of time. A single-team experience with 2,280 operations. Int J Colorectal Dis 27(7):981–985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jones CB (1974) A comparative study of the methods of treatment for haemorrhoids. Proc R Soc Med 67(1):51–53

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Eu KW, Seow-Choen F, Goh HS (1994) Comparison of emergency and elective haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 81(2):308–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hansen JB, Jorgensen SJ (1975) Radical emergency operation for prolapsed and strangulated haemorrhoids. Acta Chir Scand 141(8):810–812

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Medina-Gallardo A, Curbelo-Pena Y, de Castro X, Roura-Poch P, Roca-Closa J, de Caralt-Mestres E (2017) Is the severe pain after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy still currently remaining a major postoperative problem despite being one of the oldest surgical techniques described? A case series of 117 consecutive patients. Int J Surg Case Rep 30:73–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ferguson JA, Heaton JR (1959) Closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2(2):176–179

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McConnell JC, Khubchandani IT (1983) Long-term follow-up of closed hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 26(12):797–799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kosorok P, Mlakar B (2005) Haemorrhoidectomy as a one-day surgical procedure: modified Ferguson technique. Tech Coloproctol 9(1):57–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Khan S, Pawlak SE, Eggenberger JC et al (2001) Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial comparing closed excisional hemorrhoidectomy and the Harmonic Scalpel technique of excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 44(6):845–849

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hayssen TK, Luchtefeld MA, Senagore AJ (1999) Limited hemorrhoidectomy: results and long-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 42(7):909–914 (discussion 914–5)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wang L, Wu C, Hsiao C, Feng C, Jao S (2008) A modified Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy for circumferential prolapsed hemorrhoids with skin tags. Dis Colon Rectum 51(4):456–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Muldoon JP (1981) The completely closed hemorrhoidectomy: a reliable and trusted friend for 25 years. Dis Colon Rectum 24(3):211–214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Robinson AM, Smith LE, Perciballi JA (1990) Outpatient hemorrhoidectomy. Mil Med 155(7):299–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Milone M, Maietta P, Leongito M, Pesce G, Salvatore G, Milone F (2012) Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: is still the gold standard treatment? Updates Surg 64(3):191–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Parks AG (1956) The surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 43(180):337–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Parks AG (1959) Submucous haemorrhoidectomy. Proc R Soc Med 52:89–91

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Khosrovaninejad C, Marchal P, Daligaux S, Blaustein M, Martane G, Bodiou C (2008) Submucosal hemorrhoidectomy with Parks technique: prospective study of 327 patients. J Chir 145(1):37–41

    Google Scholar 

  88. Filingeri V, Gravante G, Baldessari E, Grimaldi M, Casciani CU (2004) Prospective randomized trial of submucosal hemorrhoidectomy with radiofrequency bistoury vs. conventional Parks’ operation. Tech Coloproctol 8(1):31–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rosa G, Lolli P, Piccinelli D et al (2005) Submucosal reconstructive hemorrhoidectomy (Parks’ operation): a 20-year experience. Tech Coloproctol 9(3):209–214 (discussion 214–5)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hasse C, Sitter H, Brune M, Wollenteit I, Lorenz W, Rothmund M (2004) Haemorrhoidectomy: conventional excision versus resection with the circular stapler. Prospective, randomized study. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 129(30):1611–1617

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Whitehead W (1882) The surgical treatment of Haemorrhoids. Br Med J 1(1101):148–150

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Corman ML (1980) Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Walter Whitehead 1840–1913: The surgical treatment of haemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 23(2):125–128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Whitehead W (1887) Three hundred consecutive cases of Haemorrhoids cured by excision. Br Med J 1(1365):449–451

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Tan K, Sng KK, Tay K, Lai J, Eu K (2006) Randomized clinical trial of 0.2 per cent glyceryl trinitrate ointment for wound healing and pain reduction after open diathermy haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 93(12):1464–1468

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ho YH, Seow-Choen F, Tan M, Leong AF (1997) Randomized controlled trial of open and closed haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 84(12):1729–1730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Imbelloni LE, Vieira EM, Gouveia MA, Netinho JG, Spirandelli LD, Cordeiro JA (2007) Pudendal block with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Dis Colon Rectum 50(10):1656–1661

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Bhatti MI, Sajid MS, Baig MK (2016) Milligan-Morgan (open) versus Ferguson Haemorrhoidectomy (closed): a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized, controlled trials. World J Surg 40(6):1509–1519

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Xu L, Chen H, Lin G, Ge Q (2015) Ligasure versus Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 25(2):106–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Mushaya CD, Caleo PJ, Bartlett L, Buettner PG, Ho YH (2014) Harmonic scalpel compared with conventional excisional haemorrhoidectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Tech Coloproctol 18(11):1009–1016

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Abo-hashem AA, Sarhan A, Aly AM (2010) Harmonic Scalpel compared with bipolar electro-cautery hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Surg 8(3):243–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ozer MT, Yigit T, Uzar AI et al (2008) A comparison of different hemorrhoidectomy procedures. Saudi Med J 29(9):1264–1269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Ivanov D, Babovic S, Selesi D, Ivanov M, Cvijanovic R (2007) Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: a painless procedure? Med Pregl 60(9–10):421–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ramadan E, Vishne T, Dreznik Z (2002) Harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: preliminary results of a new alternative method. Tech Coloproctol 6(2):89–92

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Armstrong DN, Frankum C, Schertzer ME, Ambroze WL, Orangio GR (2002) Harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: five hundred consecutive cases. Dis Colon Rectum 45(3):354–359

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Tan JJ, Seow-Choen F (2001) Prospective, randomized trial comparing diathermy and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 44(5):677–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Armstrong DN, Ambroze WL, Schertzer ME, Orangio GR (2001) Harmonic Scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective evaluation. Dis Colon Rectum 44(4):558–564

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Nienhuijs S, de Hingh I (2009) Conventional versus LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy for patients with symptomatic Hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006761.pub2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Tan EK, Cornish J, Darzi AW, Papagrigoriadis S, Tekkis PP (2007) Meta-analysis of short-term outcomes of randomized controlled trials of LigaSure vs conventional hemorrhoidectomy. Arch Surg 142(12):1209–1218 (discussion 1218)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Mastakov MY, Buettner PG, Ho Y (2008) Updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing conventional excisional haemorrhoidectomy with LigaSure for haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 12(3):229–239

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Milito G, Cadeddu F, Muzi MG, Nigro C, Farinon AM (2010) Haemorrhoidectomy with Ligasure vs conventional excisional techniques: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis 12(2):85–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Chen H, Woo X, Cui J, Chen C, Peng J (2014) Ligasure versus stapled hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a metaanalysis of randomized control trials. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 24(4):285–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Corman ML, Gravie J, Hager T et al (2003) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy: a consensus position paper by an international working party—indications, contra-indications and technique. Colorectal Dis 5(4):304–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Simillis C, Thoukididou SN, Slesser AAP, Rasheed S, Tan E, Tekkis PP (2015) Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing clinical outcomes and effectiveness of surgical treatments for haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 102(13):1603–1618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Au-Yong I, Rowsell M, Hemingway DM (2004) Randomised controlled clinical trial of stapled haemorrhoidectomy vs conventional haemorrhoidectomy; a three and a half year follow up. Colorectal Dis 6(1):37–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Senagore AJ, Singer M, Abcarian H et al (2004) A prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial comparing stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy: perioperative and one-year results. Dis Colon Rectum 47(11):1824–1836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Ammaturo C, Tufano A, Spiniello E et al (2012) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy vs. Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy for grade III haemorrhoids: a randomized clinical trial. G Chir 33(10):346–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kim J, Vashist YK, Thieltges S et al (2013) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in circumferential third-degree hemorrhoids: long-term results of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastrointest Surg 17(7):1292–1298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Boccasanta P, Capretti PG, Venturi M et al (2001) Randomised controlled trial between stapled circumferential mucosectomy and conventional circular hemorrhoidectomy in advanced hemorrhoids with external mucosal prolapse. Am J Surg 182(1):64–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Correa-Rovelo JM, Tellez O, Obregon L, Miranda-Gomez A, Moran S (2002) Stapled rectal mucosectomy vs. closed hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized, clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 45(10):1367–1374 (discussion 1374–5)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ortiz H, Marzo J, Armendariz P (2002) Randomized clinical trial of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus conventional diathermy haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 89(11):1376–1381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kairaluoma M, Nuorva K, Kellokumpu I (2003) Day-case stapled (circular) vs. diathermy hemorrhoidectomy: a randomized, controlled trial evaluating surgical and functional outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 46(1):93–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Racalbuto A, Aliotta I, Corsaro G, Lanteri R, Di Cataldo A, Licata A (2004) Hemorrhoidal stapler prolapsectomy vs. Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy: a long-term randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 19(3):239–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Bikhchandani J, Agarwal PN, Kant R, Malik VK (2005) Randomized controlled trial to compare the early and mid-term results of stapled versus open hemorrhoidectomy. Am J Surg 189(1):56–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ortiz H, Marzo J, Armendariz P, de Miguel M (2005) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs. diathermy excision for fourth-degree hemorrhoids: a randomized, clinical trial and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 48(4):809–815

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. van de Stadt J, D’Hoore A, Duinslaeger M, Chasse E, Penninckx F (2005) Long-term results after excision haemorrhoidectomy versus stapled haemorrhoidopexy for prolapsing haemorrhoids; a Belgian prospective randomized trial. Acta Chir Belg 105(1):44–52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Finco C, Sarzo G, Savastano S, Degregori S, Merigliano S (2006) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy in fourth degree haemorrhoidal prolapse: is it worthwhile? Colorectal Dis 8(2):130–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Mattana C, Coco C, Manno A et al (2007) Stapled hemorrhoidopexy and Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in the cure of fourthdegree hemorrhoids: long-term evaluation and clinical results. Dis Colon Rectum 50(11):1770–1775

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Zacharakis E, Kanellos D, Pramateftakis MG et al (2007) Long-term results after stapled haemorrhoidopexy for fourth-degree haemorrhoids: a prospective study with median follow-up of 6 years. Tech Coloproctol 11(2):144–147 (discussion 147–8)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Ceci F, Picchio M, Palimento D, Cali B, Corelli S, Spaziani E (2008) Long-term outcome of stapled hemorrhoidopexy for Grade III and Grade IV hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 51(7):1107–1112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Watson AJM, Hudson J, Wood J et al (2016) Comparison of stapled haemorrhoidopexy with traditional excisional surgery for haemorrhoidal disease (eTHoS): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 388(10058):2375–2385

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Madiba TE, Esterhuizen TM, Thomson SR (2009) Procedure for prolapsed haemorrhoids versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy—a systematic review and meta-analysis. S Afr Med J 99(1):43–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Jayaraman S, Colquhoun PHD, Malthaner RA (2006) Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005393.pub2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Laughlan K, Jayne DG, Jackson D, Rupprecht F, Ribaric G (2009) Stapled haemorrhoidopexy compared to Milligan-Morgan and Ferguson haemorrhoidectomy: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 24(3):335–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Lee K, Chen H, Chung K et al (2013) Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing outcomes for stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy for symptomatic hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Surg 11(9):914–918

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Yang J, Cui P, Han H, Tong D (2013) Meta-analysis of stapled hemorrhoidopexy vs LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy. World J Gastroenterol 19(29):4799–4807

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Morinaga K, Hasuda K, Ikeda T (1995) A novel therapy for internal hemorrhoids: ligation of the hemorrhoidal artery with a newly devised instrument (Moricorn) in conjunction with a Doppler flowmeter. Am J Gastroenterol 90(4):610–613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Theodoropoulos GE, Sevrisarianos N, Papaconstantinou J et al (2010) Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation, rectoanal repair, sutured haemorrhoidopexy and minimal mucocutaneous excision for grades III–IV haemorrhoids: a multicenter prospective study of safety and efficacy. Colorectal Dis 12(2):125–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Bronstein M, Issa N, Gutman M, Neufeld D (2008) Ligation under vision of haemorrhoidal cushions for therapy of bleeding haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 12(2):119–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Giordano P, Nastro P, Davies A, Gravante G (2011) Prospective evaluation of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation for stage II and III haemorrhoids: three-year outcomes. Tech Coloproctol 15(1):67–73

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Gupta PJ, Kalaskar S, Taori S, Heda PS (2011) Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation does not offer any advantage over suture ligation of grade 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 15(4):439–444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lan P, Wu X, Zhou X, Wang J, Zhang L (2006) The safety and efficacy of stapled hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten randomized control trials. Int J Colorectal Dis 21(2):172–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Arnold S, Antonietti E, Rollinger G, Scheyer M (2002) Doppler ultrasound assisted hemorrhoid artery ligation. A new therapy in symptomatic hemorrhoids. Chirurg 73(3):269–273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Lienert M, Ulrich B (2004) Doppler-guided ligation of the hemorrhoidal arteries. Report of experiences with 248 patients. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 129(17):947–950

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ramirez JM, Aguilella V, Elia M, Gracia JA, Martinez M (2005) Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation in the management of symptomatic hemorrhoids. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 97(2):97–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Dorn H, Mory M (2007) 5 Jahre HAL: Erfahrungen und Langzeitergebnisse. Coloproctol 29(4):205–210

    Google Scholar 

  146. Szmulowicz UM, Gurland B, Garofalo T, Zutshi M (2011) Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation: the experience of a single institution. J Gastrointest Surg 15(5):803–808

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Ul Ain Q, Bashir Y, Eguare E (2018) Evaluation of the effectiveness and patients’ contentment with transanal haemorrhoidal artery dearterialisation and mucopexy (THD) for treatment of haemorrhoidal disease: a 6-year study. Ir J Med Sci 187:647–655

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Greenberg R, Karin E, Avital S, Skornick Y, Werbin N (2006) First 100 cases with Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation. Dis Colon Rectum 49(4):485–489

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Walega P, Scheyer M, Kenig J et al (2008) Two-center experience in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease using Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation: functional results after 1‑year follow-up. Surg Endosc 22(11):2379–2383

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Ratto C, Giordano P, Donisi L, Parello A, Litta F, Doglietto GB (2011) Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) for selected fourth-degree haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 15(2):191–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Spyridakis M, Christodoulidis G, Symeonidis D et al (2011) Outcomes of Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation: analysis of 90 consecutive patients. Tech Coloproctol 15(Suppl 1):S21–S24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Loganathan A, Das A, Luck A, Hewett P (2016) Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization for the treatment of grade III and IV haemorrhoids: a 3-year experience. ANZ J Surg 86(1–2):59–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Liu H, Yang C, Chen B, Wu J, He H (2015) Clinical outcomes of Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 8(4):4932–4939

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Giordano P, Overton J, Madeddu F, Zaman S, Gravante G (2009) Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 52(9):1665–1671

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Elshazly WG, Gazal AE, Madbouly K, Hussen A (2015) Ligation anopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of second- and third-degree hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 19(1):29–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Tagariello C (2011) Manual hemorrhoidopexy in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Updates Surg 63(1):45–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Walega P, Romaniszyn M, Kenig J, Herman R, Nowak W (2010) Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation with Recto-Anal-Repair modification: functional evaluation and safety assessment of a new minimally invasive method of treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease. Colorectal Dis 12:e326–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02034.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Scheyer M, Antonietti E, Rollinger G, Lancee S, Pokorny H (2015) Hemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) and rectoanal repair (RAR): retrospective analysis of 408 patients in a single center. Tech Coloproctol 19(1):5–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Schuurman J, Borel Rinkes IHM, Go PMNYH (2012) Hemorrhoidal artery ligation procedure with or without Doppler transducer in grade II and III hemorrhoidal disease: a blinded randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 255(5):840–845

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Schuurman J, Go PMNYH (2012) Anal duplex fails to show changes in vascular anatomy after the haemorrhoidal artery ligation procedure. Colorectal Dis 14(6):e330

    Google Scholar 

  161. Aigner F, Kronberger I, Oberwalder M et al (2016) Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation with suture mucopexy compared with suture mucopexy alone for the treatment of Grade III haemorrhoids: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 18(7):710–716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Huang H, Yao Y, Tang Y (2016) Application of ’tying, binding and fixing operation’ in surgical treatment of severe mixed hemorrhoids. Exp Ther Med 12(2):1022–1028

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Zhai M, Zhang Y, Wang Z et al (2016) A randomized controlled trial comparing suture-fixation mucopexy and doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation in patients with grade III hemorrhoids. Gastroenterol Res Pract: 8143703. Published online 2016 Mar 15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8143703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Xu L, Chen H, Lin G, Ge Q, Qi H, He X (2016) Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus open hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Tech Coloproctol 20(12):825–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Denoya P, Tam J, Bergamaschi R (2014) Hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy: 3‑year follow-up assessment of a randomized controlled trial. Tech Coloproctol 18(11):1081–1085

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. de Nardi P, Capretti G, Corsaro A, Staudacher C (2014) A prospective, randomized trial comparing the short- and long-term results of doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoid dearterialization with mucopexy versus excision hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 57(3):348–353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Elmer SE, Nygren JO, Lenander CE (2013) A randomized trial of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with anopexy compared with open hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 56(4):484–490

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Festen S, van Hoogstraten MJ, van Geloven AAW, Gerhards MF (2009) Treatment of grade III and IV haemorrhoidal disease with PPH or THD. A randomized trial on postoperative complications and short-term results. Int J Colorectal Dis 24(12):1401–1405

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Avital S, Itah R, Skornick Y, Greenberg R (2011) Outcome of stapled hemorrhoidopexy versus doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation for grade III hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 15(3):267–271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Infantino A, Altomare DF, Bottini C et al (2012) Prospective randomized multicentre study comparing stapler haemorrhoidopexy with Doppler-guided transanal haemorrhoid dearterialization for third-degree haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 14(2):205–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Sajid MS, Parampalli U, Whitehouse P, Sains P, McFall MR, Baig MK (2012) A systematic review comparing transanal haemorrhoidal de-arterialisation to stapled haemorrhoidopexy in the management of haemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloproctol 16(1):1–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Lehur PA, Didnee AS, Faucheron J et al (2016) Cost-effectiveness of new surgical treatments for hemorrhoidal disease: a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing transanal doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation with Mucopexy and circular stapled Hemorrhoidopexy. Ann Surg 264(5):710–716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Brown S, Tiernan J, Biggs K et al (2016) The HubBLe Trial: haemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) versus rubber band ligation (RBL) for symptomatic second- and third-degree haemorrhoids: a multicentre randomised controlled trial and health-economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 20(88):1–150

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Tsunoda A, Takahashi T, Kusanagi H (2017) A prospective randomized trial of transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus ultrasonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 21(8):657–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-017-1673-1. Epub 2017 Sep 4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Boccasanta P, Venturi M, Roviaro G (2007) Stapled transanal rectal resection versus stapled anopexy in the cure of hemorrhoids associated with rectal prolapse. A randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 22(3):245–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Zanella S, Spirch S, Scarpa M, Ricci F, Lumachi F (2014) Long-term outcome of stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) versus stapled hemorrhoidopexys (STH) for grade III–IV hemorrhoids: preliminary results. In Vivo 28(6):1171–1174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Neiger A, Moritz KKP (1978) Gastroenterologische Endoskopie: 9 Kongress Papers, 9. Aufl. G. Witzstrock, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  178. Neiger A (1989) Infrared-photo-coagulation for hemorrhoids treatment. Int Surg 74(3):142–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Dennison A, Whiston RJ, Rooney S, Chadderton RD, Wherry DC, Morris DL (1990) A randomized comparison of infrared photocoagulation with bipolar diathermy for the outpatient treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 33(1):32–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Johanson JF, Rimm A (1992) Optimal nonsurgical treatment of hemorrhoids: a comparative analysis of infrared coagulation, rubber band ligation, and injection sclerotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol 87(11):1600–1606

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Dimitroulopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Xinopoulos D, Karaitianos I, Fotopoulou A, Paraskevas E (2005) Prospective, randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial of combined infrared photocoagulation and micronized purified flavonoid fraction versus each alone for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Clin Ther 27(6):746–754

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Quah HM, Seow-Choen F (2004) Prospective, randomized trial comparing diathermy excision and diathermy coagulation for symptomatic, prolapsed hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 47(3):367–370

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Norman DA, Newton R, Nicholas GV (1989) Direct current electrotherapy of internal hemorrhoids: an effective, safe, and painless outpatient approach. Am J Gastroenterol 84(5):482–487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Jensen DM, Jutabha R, Machicado GA et al (1997) Prospective randomized comparative study of bipolar electrocoagulation versus heater probe for treatment of chronically bleeding internal hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 46(5):435–443

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Williams KL, Haq IU, Elem B (1973) Cryodestruction of haemorrhoids. Br Med J 1(5854):666–668

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Rai RS, Kumar KR (1997) Cryohawmorrhoidectomy A review of 300 cases. Med J Armed Forces India 53(1):24–26

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Goligher JC (1976) Cryosurgery for hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 19(3):213–218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Smith LE, Goodreau JJ, Fouty WJ (1979) Operative hemorrhoidectomy versus cryodestruction. Dis Colon Rectum 22(1):10–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. MacLeod JH (1982) In defense of cryotherapy for hemorrhoids. A modified method. Dis Colon Rectum 25(4):332–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Adekunle OO, Kolawole JF (1984) A comparative study of excisional surgery and cryohaemorrhoidectomy. Afr J Med Med Sci 13(1–2):7–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Irving AD, Walker MA (1987) Cryosurgery for haemorrhoids: 6‑year review of „cured“ patients. J R Coll Surg Edinb 32(5):267–269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Gupta PJ (2004) Radio surgery: a new tool in proctology practice. Bratisl Lek Listy 105(7–8):270–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Gupta PJ (2002) Novel technique: radiofrequency coagulation—a treatment alternative for early-stage hemorrhoids. MedGenMed 4(3):1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Gupta PJ (2003) Radio-ablation of advanced grades of hemorrhoids with radiofrequency. Curr Surg 60(4):452–458

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Gupta PJ (2004) Radiofrequency coagulation versus rubber band ligation in early hemorrhoids: pain versus gain. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med] 40(3):232–237

    Google Scholar 

  196. Gupta PJ (2005) Ambulatory hemorrhoid therapy with radiofrequency coagulation. Clinical practice paper. Rom J Gastroenterol 14(1):37–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Gupta PJ, Heda PS, Kalaskar S (2009) Randomized controlled study between suture ligation and radio wave ablation and suture ligation of grade III symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 24(4):455–460

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Gupta PJ (2004) A comparative study between radiofrequency ablation with plication and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy for grade III hemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 8(3):163–168

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Filingeri V, Angelico R, Bellini MI, Manuelli M, Sforza D (2013) Ambulatory therapy with combined hemorrhoidal radiocoagulation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17(1):130–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Smyrnis SA, Katsas AG, Georgiadis NJ (1971) Internal sphincterotomy and haemorrhoidectomy in acute haemorrhoids. Its value in reduction of postoperative pain. Br J Surg 58(11):845–846

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Hosseini SV, Sharifi K, Ahmadfard A, Mosallaei M, Pourahmad S, Bolandparvaz S (2007) Role of internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Iran Med 10(4):504–508

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Ratnasingham K, Uzzaman M, Andreani SM, Light D, Patel B (2010) Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing. Int J Surg 8(8):606–611

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Liu J, Lin C, Kiu K, Wang C, Tam K (2016) Effect of glyceryl trinitrate ointment on pain control after hemorrhoidectomy: a aetaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Surg 40(1):215–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Huang Y, Chen C, Chen R, Kang Y, Wei P (2018) Topical diltiazem ointment in post-hemorrhoidectomy pain relief: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian J Surg 41:431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2017.06.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Sammour T, Barazanchi AWH, Hill AG (2017) Evidence-based management of pain after excisional Haemorrhoidectomy surgery: a PROSPECT review update. World J Surg 41(2):603–614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Lyons NJR, Cornille JB, Pathak S, Charters P, Daniels IR, Smart NJ (2017) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of metronidazole in post-haemorrhoidectomy pain relief. Colorectal Dis 19(9):803–811

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Wanis KN, Emmerton-Coughlin HM, Coughlin S, Foley N, Vinden C (2017) Systemic metronidazole May not reduce posthemorrhoidectomy pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum 60(4):446–455

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Nicholson TJ, Armstrong D (2004) Topical metronidazole (10 percent) decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain and improves healing. Dis Colon Rectum 47(5):711–716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ala S, Saeedi M, Eshghi F, Mirzabeygi P (2008) Topical metronidazole can reduce pain after surgery and pain on defecation in postoperative hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 51(2):235–238

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Joshi GP, Neugebauer EAM (2010) Evidence-based management of pain after haemorrhoidectomy surgery. Br J Surg 97(8):1155–1168

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Kecmanovic DM, Pavlov MJ, Ceranic MS, Kerkez MD, Rankovic VI, Masirevic VP (2006) Bulk agent Plantago ovata after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy with Ligasure. Phytother Res 20(8):655–658

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. London NJ, Bramley PD, Windle R (1987) Effect of four days of preoperative lactulose on posthaemorrhoidectomy pain: results of placebo controlled trial. Br Med J 295(6594):363–364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. de Paula PR, Speranzini MB, Hamzagic HC et al (1991) Bacteriology of the anal wound after open hemorrhoidectomy. Qualitative and quantitative analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 34(8):664–669

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. de Paula PR, Matos D, Franco M et al (2004) Why do anal wounds heal adequately? A study of the local immunoinflammatory defense mechanisms. Dis Colon Rectum 47(11):1861–1867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Hsu K, Chia J, Jao S et al (2009) Comparison of clinical effects between warm water spray and sitz bath in post-hemorrhoidectomy period. J Gastrointest Surg 13(7):1274–1278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Gupta PJ (2008) Warm sitz bath does not reduce symptoms in posthaemorrhoidectomy period: a randomized, controlled study. ANZ J Surg 78(5):398–401

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. https://mitglieder.coloproktologen.de/_resources/protected/Stellungnahme_postoperative_proktologische_Wundversorgung.pdf. Zugegriffen: 10.05.2021

  218. Barnett RN (1985) Routine pathological examination of hemorrhoids. JAMA 253(16):2363

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Maw A, Concepcion R, Eu KW et al (2003) Prospective randomized study of bacteraemia in diathermy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg 90(2):222–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Khan KI, Akmal M, Waqas A, Mahmood S (2014) Role of prophylactic antibiotics in Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy—a randomized control trial. Int J Surg 12(8):868–871

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. https://mitglieder.coloproktologen.de/_resources/protected/Empfehlung_Haemorrhoiden_OP.pdf. Zugegriffen: 10.05.2021

  222. Ho KS, Eu KW, Heah SM, Seow-Choen F, Chan YW (2000) Randomized clinical trial of haemorrhoidectomy under a mixture of local anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia. Br J Surg 87(4):410–413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Kim MH, Lee YM (2001) Intrathecal midazolam increases the analgesic effects of spinal blockade with bupivacaine in patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Anaesth 86(1):77–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Naja Z, El-Rajab M, Al-Tannir M et al (2006) Nerve stimulator guided pudendal nerve block versus general anesthesia for hemorrhoidectomy. Can J Anaesth 53(6):579–585

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Kisli E, Agargun MY, Tekin M, Selvi Y, Karaayvaz M (2007) Effects of spinal anesthesia and laryngeal mask anesthesia on mood states during hemorrhoidectomy. Adv Ther 24(1):171–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Anannamcharoen S, Cheeranont P, Boonya-usadon C (2008) Local perianal nerve block versus spinal block for closed hemorrhoidectomy: a ramdomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 91(12):1862–1866

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Tepetes K, Symeonidis D, Christodoulidis G, Spyridakis M, Hatzitheofilou K (2010) Pudendal nerve block versus local anesthesia for harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective randomized study. Tech Coloproctol 14(Suppl 1):S1–S3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Gabrielli F, de Simone M, Chiarelli M et al (2005) Manometric study of the anal sphincter during haemorrhoidectomy using posterior perineal block. Chir Ital 57(4):495–498

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Kim J, Lee D, Jang S, Shim M, Jee D (2005) The effect of pudendal block on voiding after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 48(3):518–523

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Gerjy R, Derwinger K, Nystrom P (2006) Perianal local block for stapled anopexy. Dis Colon Rectum 49(12):1914–1921

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Kushwaha R, Hutchings W, Davies C, Rao NG (2008) Randomized clinical trial comparing day-care open haemorrhoidectomy under local versus general anaesthesia. Br J Surg 95(5):555–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Schmittner MD, Schreiber H, Janke A et al (2010) Randomized clinical trial of perianal surgery performed under spinal saddle block versus total intravenous anaesthesia. Br J Surg 97(1):12–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Hencel M, Saniova B (2013) The comparison of general anaesthesia using the bispectral analysis (BIS) and spinal anaesthesia in terms of the one-day health care for haemorrhoid surgery using the HAL-RAR method. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 34(3):217–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Kau Y, Lee Y, Li J, Chen C, Wong S, Wong TK (2003) Epidural anesthesia does not increase the incidences of urinary retention and hesitancy in micturition after ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 41(2):61–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Ong CH, Chee Boon Foo E, Keng V (2005) Ambulatory circular stapled haemorrhoidectomy under local anaesthesia versus circular stapled haemorrhoidectomy under regional anaesthesia. ANZ J Surg 75(4):184–186

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Lawes DA, Palazzo FF, Clifton MA (2004) The use of Ligasure haemorrhoidectomy in patients taking oral anticoagulation therapy. Colorectal Dis 6(2):111–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Nelson RS, Ewing BM, Ternent C, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ, Thorson AG (2008) Risk of late bleeding following hemorrhoidal banding in patients on antithrombotic prophylaxis. Am J Surg 196(6):994–999 (discussion 999)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Pigot F, Juguet F, Bouchard D, Castinel A (2012) Do we have to stop anticoagulant and platelet inhibitor treatments during proctological surgery? Colorectal Dis 14:1516–1520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03063.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Yano T, Nogaki T, Asano M, Tanaka S, Kawakami K, Matsuda Y (2013) Outcomes of case-matched injection sclerotherapy with a new agent for hemorrhoids in patients treated with or without blood thinners. Surg Today 43(8):854–858

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Atallah S, Maharaja GK, Martin-Perez B, Burke JP, Albert MR, Larach SW (2016) Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD): a safe procedure for the anticoagulated patient? Tech Coloproctol 20(7):461–466

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  241. Quijano CE, Abalos E (2005) Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Murray-Lyon IM, Kirkham JS (2001) Hepatic abscesses complicating injection sclerotherapy of haemorrhoids. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(8):971–972

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Lattuneddu A, Farneti F, Lucci E, Colinelli C (2003) A pulmonary allergic reaction after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 18(5):459–460

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Rashid MM, Murtaza B, Gondal ZI et al (2006) Injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids causing adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 16(5):373–375

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Suppiah A, Perry EP (2005) Jaundice as a presentation of phenol induced hepatotoxocity following injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. Surgeon 3(1):43–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Elram R, Wasserberg N (2007) Anorectal necrosis induced by injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 22(8):997–998

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Indrasena B, Doratiyawa L (2013) Fatal necrotizing fasciitis following sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. Chin Med J 126(5):982–983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Barwell J, Watkins RM, Lloyd-Davies E, Wilkins DC (1999) Life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 42(3):421–423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Kaman L, Aggarwal S, Kumar R, Behera A, Katariya RN (1999) Necrotizing fascitis after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 42(3):419–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Yang P, Wang Y, Li F, Sun J (2011) Hemorrhoid sclerotherapy with the complication of abdominal compartment syndrome: report of a case. Chin Med J 124(12):1919–1920

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Ribbans WJ, Radcliffe AG (1985) Retroperitoneal abscess following sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 28(3):188–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Schulte T, Fandrich F, Kahlke V (2008) Life-threatening rectal necrosis after injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 23(7):725–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Odelowo OO, Mekasha G, Johnson MA (2002) Massive life-threatening lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage following hemorrhoidal rubber band ligation. J Natl Med Assoc 94(12):1089–1092

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  254. Parker R, Gul R, Bucknall V, Bowley D, Karandikar S (2011) Double jeopardy: pyogenic liver abscess and massive secondary rectal haemorrhage after rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Colorectal Dis 13(7):e184

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Dixon AR, Harris AM, Baker AR, Barrie WW (1988) Fatal hemorrhage following rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 31(2):156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Hachiro Y, Kunimoto M, Abe T, Muraki S, Kusano M (2007) Strangulation of internal hemorrhoids complicating sclerosing therapy with injection of OC-108 (Zione). Int J Colorectal Dis 22(7):851–852

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Bullock N (1997) Impotence after sclerotherapy of haemorrhoids: case reports. BMJ 314(7078):419

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  258. Pilkington SA, Bateman AC, Wombwell S, Miller R (2000) Anatomical basis for impotence following haemorrhoid sclerotherapy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 82(5):303–306

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  259. Namasivayam J, Payne D, Maguire D (2000) Prostatic abscess following injection of internal haemorrhoids. Clin Radiol 55(1):67–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Palit V, Biyani CS, Kay CL, Shah T (2001) Prostato-cutaneous fistula following injection of internal haemorrhoids with oily phenol. Int Urol Nephrol 33(3):509–510

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Gupta N, Katoch A, Lal P, Hadke NS (2011) Rectourethral fistula after injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids, a rare complication. Colorectal Dis 13(1):105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Tanwar R, Singh SK, Pawar DS (2014) Rectourethral fistula: A rare complication of injection sclerotherapy. Urol Ann 6(3):261–263

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  263. Ray S, Mandal S, Khamrui S (2013) Rectovaginal fistula: an extremely rare complication after injection sclerotherapy for hemorrhoids. Am Surg 79(4):E143–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Ku JJK, Marfan M, Wall D (2005) Pyogenic liver abscess after haemorrhoidal banding. ANZ J Surg 75(9):828–830

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Wiese L, Nielsen X, Andresen K, Kjaer A, David K (2005) 16S rDNA sequencing revealed Citrobacter freundii as the cause of liver abcess after banding of rectal haemorrhoids. J Infect 50(2):163–164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Ergas D, Abdul-Hai A, Sthoeger Z, Menahem B, Miller R (2007) Multiple pyogenic liver abscesses following hemorrhoid banding. Isr Med Assoc J 9(10):753–754

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Xu M, Russell M, Lin A, Yoo J (2014) Pyogenic liver abscess as a complication of internal hemorrhoid banding. Am Surg 80(2):E36–E37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Murphy KJ (1978) Tetanus after rubber-band ligation of haemorrhoids. Br Med J 1(6127):1590–1591

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  269. Kasher JA, Mathisen G (2007) Acquiring tetanus after hemorrhoid banding and other gastrointestinal procedures. J Gastrointest Surg 11(4):515–519

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  270. O’Hara VS (1980) Fatal clostridial infection following hemorrhoidal banding. Dis Colon Rectum 23(8):570–571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Santavirta S, Lamberg M, Kiviluoto O, Konttinen Y, Moller C (1987) Cervical spondylitis as a sequela of rubber band ligation treatment of hemorrhoids. Zentralbl Chir 112(11):725–728

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Tejirian T, Abbas MA (2006) Bacterial endocarditis following rubber band ligation in a patient with a ventricular septal defect: report of a case and guideline analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 49(12):1931–1933

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Shemesh EI, Kodner IJ, Fry RD, Neufeld DM (1987) Severe complication of rubber band ligation of internal hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 30(3):199–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Subramaniam D, Hureibi K, Zia K, Uheba M (2013) The development of Fournier’s gangrene following rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. BMJ Case Rep: bcr2013201474. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-201474

    Book  Google Scholar 

  275. Sim HL, Tan KY, Poon PL, Cheng A, Mak K (2009) Life-threatening perineal sepsis after rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Tech Coloproctol 13(2):161–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Russell TR, Donohue JH (1985) Hemorrhoidal banding. A warning. Dis Colon Rectum 28(5):291–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Clay LD, White JJJR, Davidson JT, Chandler JJ (1986) Early recognition and successful management of pelvic cellulitis following hemorrhoidal banding. Dis Colon Rectum 29(9):579–581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Wechter DG, Luna GK (1987) An unusual complication of rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 30(2):137–140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Quevedo-Bonilla G, Farkas AM, Abcarian H, Hambrick E, Orsay CP (1988) Septic complications of hemorrhoidal banding. Arch Surg 123(5):650–651

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Scarpa FJ, Hillis W, Sabetta JR (1988) Pelvic cellulitis: a life-threatening complication of hemorrhoidal banding. Surgery 103(3):383–385

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Duchateau A, Huyghe M (2014) Perirectal sepsis after rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids: a case report. Acta Chir Belg 114(5):344–348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Mitra A, Yadav A, Mehta N, Varma V, Kumaran V, Nundy S (2015) Complicated perianal sepsis. Indian J Surg 77(Suppl 3):769–773

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Shiller M, Reshef R (1988) An unusual complication of rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids. Gastrointest Endosc 34(6):490

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Rabau MY, Werbin N, Rabey JM (1987) Sciatic-like referred pain after rubberband haemorrhoidal ligation. Lancet 1(8538):924–925

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Levin A, Lysy J (2011) Sciatic pain after rubber band ligation of haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis 26(7):955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Akovbiantz A, Wehrli H, Svarin I (1982) Early and late complications after surgical hemorrhoid therapy. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 71(35):1349–1351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Porrett LJ, Porrett JK, Ho Y (2015) Documented complications of staple hemorrhoidopexy: a systematic review. Int Surg 100(1):44–57

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  288. Faucheron J, Voirin D, Abba J (2012) Rectal perforation with life-threatening peritonitis following stapled haemorrhoidopexy. Br J Surg 99(6):746–753

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Pescatori M, Gagliardi G (2008) Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures. Tech Coloproctol 12(1):7–19

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  290. Guy RJ, Seow-Choen F (2003) Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg 90(2):147–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. McCloud JM, Jameson JS, Scott AND (2006) Life-threatening sepsis following treatment for haemorrhoids: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 8(9):748–755

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dt. End- und Dickdarm-Zentrum Mannheim, 68165, Mannheim, Deutschland

    Andreas K. Joos

  2. Proktologische Praxis Kiel, Beselerallee 67, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland

    Johannes Jongen

Authors
  1. Andreas K. Joos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Johannes Jongen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johannes Jongen.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

A.K. Joos und J. Jongen geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

Additional information

AWMF-Registriernummer: 081/007. Die Langfassung der Leitlinie und die vollständige Autorenliste kann auf der AWMF-Seite eingesehen werden: https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/081-007l_S3__H%C3%A4morrhoidalleiden_2019-07_01.pdf

figure qr

QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Joos, A.K., Jongen, J. S3-Leitlinie Hämorrhoidalleiden. coloproctology 43, 381–404 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-021-00555-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00053-021-00555-z

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation