Thiazoles with cyclopropyl fragment as antifungal, anticonvulsant, and anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents: synthesis, toxicity evaluation, and molecular docking study

Synthesis and investigation of antifungal, anticonvulsant and anti-Toxoplasma gondii activities of ten novel (2-(cyclopropylmethylidene)hydrazinyl)thiazole 3a–3j are presented. Among the derivatives, compounds 3a–3d and 3f–3j possess very high activity against Candida spp. ATCC with MIC = 0.015–7.81 µg/ml. Compounds 3a–3d and 3f–3j possess also very high activity towards most of strains of Candida spp. isolated from clinical materials with MIC = 0.015–7.81 µg/ml. The activity of these compounds is similar and even higher than the activity of nystatin used as positive control. Additionally, compounds 3c and 3e showed interesting anticonvulsant activities in the MES test, whereas compounds 3f and 3i demonstrated the anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced seizures. Noteworthy, none of these compounds impaired animals’ motor skills in the rotarod test. Moreover, thiazoles 3a, 3h, and 3j showed significant anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity, with IC50 values 31–52 times lower than those observed for sulfadiazine. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation, anti-Candida spp. and anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity studies showed that Candida spp. and Toxoplasma gondii growth was inhibited at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the mouse L929 fibroblast and the African green monkey kidney (VERO) cells. Molecular docking studies indicated secreted aspartic proteinase (SAP) as possible antifungal target.


Introduction
Candida spp. is the most common group of nosocomial pathogens that cause invasive fungal infection leading to hospitalizations and death (Richards et al. 2000). The majority of candidiasis cases are caused by Candida albicans, however non-C. albicans, such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei has recently been found an important group of pathogens that also cause bloodstream infections (IC) (Macphail et al. 2002). The ratio of individual pathogens is variable and depends on many factors, such as the age of the patient, geography, underlying diseases and the type of recently used drugs (Wu et al. 2014). C. glabrata is the second most commonly isolated pathogen, occurring especially in the elderly people suffering from cancer and under azole prophylaxis, while C. parapsilosis occurs mainly in catheterized neonates in southern Europe, Asia and South America. In contrast, C. krusei is a particularly common pathogen in people undergoing corticosteroid therapy and with hematologic malignancies (Guinea 2014).
There are many groups of drugs used to fight candidemia, however the irresponsible and widespread use of antifungals has been accompanied by multi-drug resistance of clinical isolates of Candida spp. (Nucci and Marr 2005). In 2016, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) published new guidelines for the use of echinocandins, azoles and also lipid formulations of amphotericin B in the treatment of candidemia, and other forms of invasive candidiasis (Pappas et al. 2016).
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. This disease is featured by a strong propensity towards unprovoked seizures which are caused by various structural or functional impairments within the brain. Available anti-epileptic drugs are regarded to be symptomatic treatments being unable to cure epilepsy or prevent its development and they fail to control epileptic activity in about 30% of patients. Moreover, many of these drugs have serious adverse effects that result in poor tolerability and a reduced quality of patient's life, resulting in a strong medical demand for novel treatment strategies for epilepsy (Lamberink et al. 2017).
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are regarded as one of major risk factors for seizure onset. So called "acquired epilepsy" might occur at any age of an individual's life and this type of epilepsy might be considered as an under-recognized long-term complication of infections within the CNS (Vezzani et al. 2016). It has been shown that not only bacterial (typical bacterial meningitis, tuberculosis), viral (HSV, HHV-6), parasitic (cerebral toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis, and malaria) but also fungal neuroinfections caused by Candida, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Aspergillus, Blastomyces, and Histoplasma may induce seizures (Sander and Perucca 2003;Bittencourt et al. 1999) that may occur at any stage of fungal infections (Vezzani et al. 2016).
Taking into consideration a strong link between seizures and microbial infections, in addition to search for drugs that have high antifungal activity, we also decided to continue the search of "hybrid" drug candidates which possess antifungal, anticonvulsant, and anti-toxoplasmosis properties. Such compounds seem to be particularly interesting in terms of their potential development and application in the treatment of microbial infection-related seizures.
Recently, more drugs containing a cyclopropyl group have reached to the phase of clinical trials. In addition, eight of the 200 best-selling FDA-approved drugs contain a cyclopropane ring. A lot of interest in this ring is due to its unique properties, such as planarity of the cyclopropane ring, the C-C bonds of character intermediate between σ and π and sometimes called "banana bonds", as well as the C-H bonds shorter and stronger relative to C-H bonds in alkanes. These unique properties of the cyclopropane system make it an interesting substituent in newly designed drugs, that may result in increased activity, metabolic stability, bioavailability, brain permeability, and decrease in lipophilicity, i.e., ability to penetrate through various biological barriers (Talele 2016).
Considering the above facts we decided to design and synthesize ten novel hydrazinylthiazole derivatives containing cyclopropyl fragment and investigate their antifungal activity against a panel of reference strains of nineteen microorganisms from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), routinely used for the evaluation of antimicrobials, and from clinical materials. In the in vivo part of this study anticonvulsant activity of ten novel thiazole derivatives were assessed in mouse models of chemically-induced and electrically-induced seizures. The four most active compounds at the highest anticonvulsant active dose was additionally tested for their influence on animals' motor coordination. We also investigated intensity of Toxoplasma gondii RH virulent strain intracellular proliferation in the VERO host cells.

Materials and methods
All experiments were carried out under air atmosphere unless stated otherwise. Reagents were generally the best quality commercial-grade products and were used without further purification. 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (400 MHz) and 13 C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III multinuclear instrument. GC-EI-MS was performed by the Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Compounds and Polymers of the Centre for Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of the Polish Academy of Science in Łódź. MS spectra were recorded on a Finnigan MAT 95 spectrometer. Melting points were determined in open glass capillaries and are uncorrected. Analytical TLC was performed using Macherey-Nagel Polygram Sil G/UV 254 0.2 mm plates. Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde, thiosemicarbazide and appropriate bromoketones were commercial materials (Aldrich).

Microbiology
The examined compounds 3a-3j were screened in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities using the broth microdilution method according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (EUCAST 2003) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI 2012) against reference strains of microorganisms from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), including fungi belonging to yeasts (Candida albicans ATCC 2091, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 14243).
In the study of antifungal activity of the compounds 3a-3j, 15 clinical strains of different species of yeasts from Candida species, namely C. albicans, C. dubliniensis C. famata, C. inconspicua, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lambica, C. kefyr, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. pulcherrima and C. sake were also used. These fungi were isolated by the author (from Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology of Medical University in Lublin, Poland) from different clinical materials, e.g., from upper respiratory tract of hospitalized patients including cancer patients (i.e., with non-small cell lung cancer or hematological malignancies). Some patients were after pre-operative or post-operative chemotherapy (treated with etoposide or cis-platin given in doses according to the standard procedures), patients with chronic hepatitis C (undergoing peginterferon and ribavirin therapy or without antiviral therapy), patients with diabetes, elderly people, aged of 65 years old or older, staying in close population, such as a care centre and people staying outside the home care. The Ethical Committee of the Medical University of Lublin approved the study protocol (No. KE-0254/75/2011). The isolates were identified by standard diagnostic methods-biochemical microtest, e.g., API 20C AUX, ID 32C, API Candida (bioMérieux) on the basis of assimilation of various substrates. All the used microbial cultures were first subcultured on nutrient agar or Sabouraud agar for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The RPMI 1640 with MOPS (for fungi) were inoculated with the suspensions of fungal species. Microbial suspensions were prepared in sterile saline (0.85% NaCl) with an optical density of 0.5 McFarland standard scale (Wiegand et al. 2008). Samples containing examined compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, fungal suspensions were put onto Petri dishes with solid media containing 2 mg/ml of the tested compounds followed incubation under appropriate conditions. The inhibition of microbial growth was judged by comparison with a control culture prepared without any sample tested. Nystatin (Sigma) was used as a reference antifungal compound. Subsequently MIC minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compounds was examined by the microdilution broth method, using their two-fold dilutions in RPMI 1640 broth with MOPS prepared in 96-well polystyrene plates. Final concentrations of the compounds ranged from 1000 to 0.0038 µg/ml. Microbial suspensions were prepared in sterile saline with an optical density of 0.5 McFarland standard. Next fungal suspension was added per each well containing broth and various concentrations of the examined compounds. After incubation, the MIC was assessed spectrophotometric as the lowest concentration of the samples showing complete fungal growth inhibition. Appropriate DMSO, growth and sterile controls were carried out. The medium with no tested substances was used as a control (Wiegand et al. 2008). The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) are defined as the lowest concentration of the compounds that is required to kill a particular fungal species. MFC was determined by removing the culture using for MIC determinations from each well and spotting onto appropriate agar medium. The plates were incubated. The lowest compounds concentration with no visible growth observed was assessed as a fungicidal concentration. All the experiments were repeated three times and representative data are presented.
In this study, no bioactivity was defined as a MIC > 1000 µg/ml, mild bioactivity as a MIC in the range 501-1000 µg/ml, moderate bioactivity with MIC from 126 to 500 µg/ml, good bioactivity as a MIC in the range 26-125 µg/ml, strong bioactivity with MIC between 10 and 25 µg/ml and very strong bioactivity as a MIC < 10 µg/ml.

In vivo pharmacology
Animals For in vivo tests that assessed anticonvulsant properties of the test compounds 3a-3j adult male Albino Swiss (CD-1) mice weighing between 18 and 22 g were used. The animals were housed in groups of ten mice per cage at room temperature of 22 ± 2°C, under light/dark (12:12) cycle. The animals had free access to food and tap water before the experiments. The ambient temperature of the experimental room and humidity (50 ± 10%) were kept consistent throughout all the tests. For behavioral experiments the animals were selected randomly. Each experimental group consisted of 4-8 animals/dose. The experiments were performed between 9 AM and 2 PM. Immediately after the in vivo assay the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. All procedures were approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (34/ 2018, 1.02.2018)) and the treatment of animals was in full accordance with ethical standards laid down in respective Polish and EU regulations (Directive No. 86/609/EEC).

Chemicals used in pharmacological tests
For in vivo tests the compounds 3a-3j were prepared in 1% Tween 80 solution (POCH, Poland) and they were administered by the intraperitoneal route. Control mice received 1% Tween 80. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), pilocarpine hydrochloride and scopolamine butylbromide were provided by Sigma Aldrich (Poland). For the tests they were prepared in 0.9% saline (Polfa Kutno, Poland). PTZ and pilocarpine were administered 60 min after the test compound or vehicle. To assess anticonvulsant properties of the test compounds anticonvulsant screening was conducted. Four assays were used: PTZ, maximal electroshock seizure (MES), 6-Hz and pilocarpine tests. In these assays the dose of 100 mg/kg was chosen as a starting dose. If it turned out to be effective, a lower dose (30 mg/kg) was also tested.

PTZ seizure test
The test was performed according to a method previously described (Sałat et al. 2005). Clonic convulsions were induced by the subcutaneous (sc) administration of PTZ at a dose of 100 mg/kg. After PTZ injection, each mouse was immediately placed in a transparent Plexiglas cage (30 × 20 × 15 cm) and was observed during the next 30 min for the occurrence of clonic seizures. Clonic seizures were defined as clonus of the whole body lasting more than 3 s, with an accompanying loss of righting reflex. Latency time to first clonus and the number of seizure episodes were noted and compared between vehicle-treated and drugtreated groups.
Maximal electroshock seizure test MES test was performed according to a method previously described (Sałat et al. 2005). In this test vehicle-treated mice and drug-treated mice received a stimulus of 25 mA delivered by an electroshock generator (Hugo Sachs rodent shocker, Germany) to induce maximal seizures (tonic extension) of hind limbs. Electroconvulsions were produced with the use of auricular electrodes and the stimulus duration was 0.2 s. Tonic extension of the hind limbs was regarded as the endpoint for this procedure.

6-Hz test
This test was performed according to (Barton et al. 2001). It is an alternative electroshock paradigm that involves lowfrequency (6 Hz), long-duration (3 s) electrical stimulation. Corneal stimulation (0.2 ms-duration monopolar rectangular pulses at 6 Hz for 3 s) was delivered by a constant-current device. During electrical stimulation mice were manually restrained and released into the observation cage immediately after current application. At the time of drug administration a drop of 0.5% tetracaine (Altacaine sterile solution, Altaire Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA) was applied into the eyes of all animals. Prior to the placement of corneal electrodes, a drop of 0.9% saline was applied on the eyes. In this model seizures manifest in 'stunned' posture associated with rearing, forelimb automatic movements and clonus, twitching of the vibrissae and Straub-tail. At the end of the seizure episode the animals resume their normal exploratory behavior. In this test protection against a seizure episode is considered as the end point and animals are considered to be protected if they resume their normal exploratory behavior within 10 s after electrical stimulation.

Pilocarpine-induced seizures
In this test the mice were pretreated with the investigated compound or vehicle and 60 min later they received pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, ip). To avoid cholinergic side-effects: peripheral toxicity and diarrhea, masticatory and stereotyped movements, animals treated with pilocarpine also received scopolamine butylbromide (1 mg/kg, ip) which was injected 45 min before pilocarpine. After the administration of the convulsant, the mice were observed during the next 60 min for behavioral changes. Latency time to the onset of status epilepticus was considered as the endpoint in this test (Wilhelm et al. 2010).

Rotarod test
The test was performed according to the method recently described (Sałat et al. 2005). The mice were trained daily for 3 consecutive days on the rotarod apparatus (Rotarod apparatus, May Commat RR0711, Turkey; rod diameter: 2 cm) rotating at a constant speed of 18 rotations per minute (rpm). During each training session, the animals were placed on a rotating rod for 3 min with an unlimited number of trials. The proper experimentation was conducted 24 h after the final training trial. Briefly, 60 min before the rotarod test the mice were pretreated with the test compound (100 mg/kg) and then, they were tested on the rotarod apparatus revolving at 6, 18, and 24 rpm. Motor impairments, defined as the inability to remain on the rotating rod for 1 min were measured and mean time spent on the rod was counted in each experimental group.

Data analysis
Data analysis of the results obtained in behavioral tests was provided by GraphPad Prism Software (ver. 5, CA, USA).
The results were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett's post-hoc comparison. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

[ 3 H]-Uracil incorporation assay
Vero cells were seeded in a 96-well tissue culture plate (Falcon) 100 μl/well from density 1 × 10 5 /ml and incubated for 24 h at 37°C and 5% CO 2 to achieve a confluent monolayer. Afterwards, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μl per well 1 × 10 6 /ml Tg in IMDM/5%FBS/P/S and incubated for 1 h at 37°C and 10% CO 2 . After incubation 100 μl/well solutions of the compounds and drug were added. The dilutions of tested compounds (final concentrations range 0.00-31.25 μg/ml) and sulfadiazine (final concentrations range 0.00-2500.00 μg/ml) were prepared in IMDM/5%FBS/P/S. Then, plates were incubated for a further 48 h under the previously mentioned conditions. After that, 25 μl/well of [5,6-3 H]-uracil (42.3 Ci/mmol) (Perki-nElmer) was added, and incubated for 20 h at 37°C and 10% CO 2 . Plates were frizzed at −20°C for a next 24 h, and then thawed in room temperature, cells and supernatants were harvested on glass fiber filters (Wallac Oy) and counted in scintillation counter (Wallac Oy, Turku, Finland). The results were presented as a percentage (%) of proliferated parasite and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) anti-Tg were established. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Statistical analyses and graphs were performed using GraphPad Prism version 7.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) (Dzitko et al. 2014).

Cytotoxicity evaluation
Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay, which is based on the ability of live cells to convert the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (MTT) ((3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide)-Sigma) to the waterinsoluble formazan crystals by the mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme. The colour intensity of the solution after dissolution of the crystals is measured spectrophotometrically and corresponds to cell viability. The MTT assay is the most popular test used for the evaluation of cytotoxic activity according to the ISO standard 10993-5:2009(E). The assay was performed using two cell lines, L929 (ATCC® CCL-1™) and Vero (ATCC® CCL-81™). Cells were lead to a density of 1 × 10 5 /ml, L929 in IMDM/ 10%FBS/P/S but Vero in EMEM/10%FBS/P/S, and their suspension was seeded in a 96-well tissue culture plate (Falcon) 100 μl/well and incubated for 24 h at 37°C and 5 or 10% CO 2 to achieve a confluent monolayer. Afterwards, the culture medium was replaced with solutions of the compounds in RPMI(w/oPhR)/10%FBS/P/S medium at concentrations of 0-31.25 μg/ml and the cells were incubated for a further 24 h at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . Further 5 mg/ml MTT solution was prepared and added to the culture in a volume of 10 μl/well. The plates prepared in this way were incubated under the previously mentioned conditions for 4 h. After incubation, the plates were centrifuged for 15 min at 2500 rpm, then the supernatants were removed. The resulting formazan crystals were dissolved by adding 150 μl DMSO to each well, the plates were gently mixed, then 25 μl 0.1 M glycine buffer (pH = 10.5) (Sigma) was added. Optical density was measured using the ELISA plate reader (Multiskan EX, Labsystems, Vienna, VA, USA) at 570 nm. The results were presented as a percentage (%) of viable cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Automated docking setup
Flexible docking was performed by means of the FlexX (Kramer et al. 1999) program as implemented in LeadIT software package (LeadIT 2012). Models of the secreted aspartic proteinase (SAP), and N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), and calcium channel receptor binding sites based on the structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the 1EAG, 1IYL, and 5IWP were employed. The active sites were defined to include all atoms within 6.5 Å radius of the native ligands. The first 100 top ranked docking poses were saved for each docking run. For all compounds their protonated forms were considered, as recommended by FlexX program.

Results and discussion
Chemistry 2-(Cyclopropylmethylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide (2) was readily synthesized in high yield by heating of ethanolic solution of cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde (1) and thiosemicarbazide containing catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid. In the next step Hantzsch cyclization reaction of hydrazinecarbothioamide 2 with appropriate para-substituted bromoacetophenones in ethanolic solution and under room temperature produced (2-(cyclopropylmethylidene)-hydrazinyl)thiazoles 3a-3j with high yield (52-99%) and with high chemical purity. The reaction pathway has been summarized in Scheme 1. All obtained products were purified on silica gel column chromatography, and fully characterized spectroscopically using 1 H and 13 C NMR, GC-EI-MS, and elemental analyses.
In the 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 2, three characteristic signals derived from the NH 2 and NH groups at 7.44, 7.88, and 10.98 ppm can be observed. These three signals are the result of the exchange of a hydrogen atom between the NH 2 group and the sulfur atom, and is a characteristic feature for hydrazinecarbothioamides. Also 1 H NMR spectra of (2-(cyclopropylmethylidene)hydrazinyl)thiazole (3a-3j) showed characteristic singlet at δ (7.06-7.61) ppm due to the presence of the H-5 atom in the thiazole ring and broadened hydrazine NH singlet at δ (11.47-11.64) ppm. The 13 C NMR of carbon atoms present in C=N group resonates around 150 ppm which proves that the conversion of substrates to the expected products was successful. The [M + ] peaks were observed in the mass spectra of all compounds, confirming the assigned structures. Purity of the products was confirmed by the elemental analyses, whose results were in good agreement with the calculated values. All reactions were repeated at least two times and are fully reproducible.

Antifungal activity
On the basis of MIC obtained by the broth microdilution method, it was shown that compounds 3a-d and 3f-j possess strong or very strong activity against Candida spp. ATCC with MIC = 0.015-7.81 µg/ml (Table 1) and MFC = 0.03-31.25 µg/ml (Table 2). In addition, most substances exhibited fungicidal activity (MFC/MIC = 1-4), and some of them showed fungistatic effect (MFC/MIC = 8-16) ( Table 2). The activity of these compounds is similar and even higher than the activity of nystatin used as positive control.
In addition, compound 3e was found to be inactive against all tested strains of Candida, as well as, all compounds were inactive towards C. glabrata ATTC 90030, which is naturally insensitive to azole-derived antifungal agents (Tumbarello et al. 2008).
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis showed that in the case of 3a-3d and 3f-3j derivatives, the type of substituent does not affect the activity. However, it can be seen that compound 3e containing the trifluoromethyl substituent did not show any activity, and the only explanation of this fact is that this group is sterically hindered.

Anticonvulsant activity
In the PTZ model of chemically-induced seizures an overall effect of treatment on latency time to first clonus (F[12,58] = 4.967, p < 0.0001) and number of seizure episodes (F [12,56] = 3.137, p < 0.01) was observed. Two compounds: 3f and 3i showed anticonvulsant properties and 3i was more efficacious in this respect. These two agents significantly prolonged latency time to first clonus (Fig. 1a) and reduced the number of seizure episodes (Fig. 1b). Other compounds tested were not effective in this assay.
The compounds 3c and 3e demonstrated the highest anticonvulsant activity in MES test. At the dose 100 mg/kg they reduced seizures in 75% and 63% of animals, respectively, but the dose 30 mg/kg of each compound was not active (Table 3). Other compounds tested at 100 mg/kg showed lower efficacy in the MES test.
In the 6-Hz test the anticonvulsant activity of the test compounds was marginal (Table 4). Only the compound 3i at the dose of 100 mg/kg protected 75% of animals from seizures in this test.
The main goal of the in vivo part of this study was to assess anticonvulsant properties of (2-(cyclopropylmethylidene)-hydrazinyl)thiazole 3a-3j in mouse models of seizures. For this purpose we used four distinct screening assays, i.e., MES, 6-Hz and PTZ and pilocarpine tests. These tests are regarded "gold standards" in the search for novel antiepileptic drugs and they allow to predict the efficacy of anticonvulsant active agents against different types of seizures in humans (Loescher 2011). The MES test is useful for selection of drugs for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, 6-Hz psychomotor seizure model resembles psychomotor seizures occurring in human limbic epilepsy (Loescher 2011;Loescher and Schmidt 2011) and the PTZ model of clonic seizures generally refers to non-convulsive (absence or myoclonic) seizures in humans (Loescher 2011). Pilocarpine model enables to select compounds able  to cease status epilepticus and drug-resistant epilepsy (Blanco et al. 2009). The results obtained in the present study demonstrated a distinct anticonvulsant activity of the test compounds. In MES test two compounds-3c and 3e revealed a higher anticonvulsant activity than other agents tested. Noteworthy, they were not effective in the PTZ model. This might indicate for a potential usefulness of 3c and 3e in tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal epilepsy) in humans but not in absence seizures. This finding also suggests that their mechanism of action is likely to be related to the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels but not to the inhibition of T-type calcium channels (Loescher 2011;Loescher and Schmidt 2011;Brodie et al. 2011).
In contrast to this, the compounds 3f and 3i significantly delayed the onset of PTZ-induced seizures and they reduced the number of seizure episodes in PTZ-treated mice. It has been suggested that compounds showing activity in PTZ test might be useful in human absence seizures but not in grand mal epilepsy and their mechanism of action might be similar to that of ethosuximide-an antagonist of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Loescher 2011;Loescher and Schmidt 2011). The compound 3i was also effective in the mouse model of psychomotor seizures, i.e., the 6-Hz test. To some degree, this anticonvulsant activity of 3i resembles that of levetiracetam. It should be however emphasized that 3i was effective in both PTZ and 6-Hz test, while levetiracetam is active in only in 6-Hz test but not in PTZ test (Loescher 2011;Loescher and Schmidt 2011). Pilocarpine evokes spontaneous recurrent seizures that mimic status epilepticus in humans and is regarded as a very useful tool to study drug-resistant epilepsy (Blanco et al. 2009). The four compounds tested did not show protective properties against pilocarpine-induced seizures.
Motor coordination deficits are one of the most frequent adverse effects of available antiepileptic drugs and this effect might be a serious limitation of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. Using the rotarod test we demonstrated that the test compounds at the anticonvulsant active dose do not induce any motor deficits in experimental animals.
To conclude, in the in vivo part of the present study we selected four compounds that showed anticonvulsant activity in screening tests in mice without impairing their motor skills. The compounds 3f and 3i demonstrated the highest anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced seizures and 3i was also effective in 6-Hz test. In MES test the compounds 3c and 3e were active. Taken together, these compounds can be regarded as interesting novel lead structure in the search for novel anticonvulsant agents.

anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity
Due to the fact that available literature strongly suggests that a relationship between toxoplasmosis infection and epilepsy exists (Ngoungou et al. 2015;Palmer 2007), the prepared thiazoles 3a-3j have been used to study intensity of Toxoplasma gondii virulent RH strain intracellular proliferation (%) in the VERO host cells. For this purpose, Toxoplasma gondii (tachyzoites) of RH strain were incubated with different concentrations of the thiazoles 3a-3j Fig. 1 Influence of the test compounds 3a-3j on latency time to first clonus a and the number of seizure episodes b in PTZ-induced seizure model. Statistical analysis: one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test. Significance vs. vehicle-treated mice: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 ranging from 0.9 to 31.25 μg/ml. The parasite growth inhibition was monitored by measuring the specific incorporation of [ 3 H]uracil in the parasite's nucleic acids. The percentages of the parasite proliferation in VERO host cells by the compounds 3a-3j and the control drug-sulfadiazine, as well as IC 50 values are summarized in Table 5. According to these results, compounds 3a, 3h and 3j showed significant anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity, with IC 50 values 31-52 times lower than those observed for sulfadiazine (IC 50 = 935.8 μg/ml, see Supporting Information for more details). The highest activity showed compounds containing fluorine, cyano and nitro groups.
Cytotoxicity against mouse L929 fibroblast and African green monkey kidney VERO cells The next stage of our research was to determine the toxicity of the newly synthesized compounds. This is a very important test because it determines whether the investigated compounds will be suitable for further clinical investigation. To demonstrate that these compounds are safe for host cells, we decided to investigate the cytotoxic effects of (2-(cyclopropylmethylidene)hydrazinyl)thiazole (3a-3j) on mouse L929 fibroblast, as well as the VERO cells using an MTT assay. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation, anti-Candida spp. and anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity studies showed that Candida spp. and Toxoplasma gondii growth was inhibited at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the host cells (Table 6).

Molecular modelling studies
In order to identify potential molecular targets responsible for antifungal and anticonvulsant activity, the molecular docking was performed. We have earlier demonstrated that N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) and secreted aspartic proteinase (SAP) are potential molecular targets for hydrazinylthiazoles. NMT catalyses the reaction of myristate with important fungal cell proteins (Łączkowski et al. 2014b, 2016e). In contrast, SAP is responsible for the adherence of fungal cells to host epithelial cells followed by colonization of the host tissue. Continuing our research on potential inhibitors of these enzymes, we decided to use them in our in silico experiments. According to the docking scores  (Table 7), in contrast to docking results in NMT-binding site, all compounds 3a-3d and 3f-3i are identified to be binding to the SAP-binding pocket with affinity only slightly lower than those predicted for native inhibitor A70450. The overall binding mode of all of them in their extended conformations is very similar to that of A70450, with the exception of 3h and 3i for which a slight shift of their cyclopropane ring outside of the SAP pocket is predicted (Fig. 3).
The binding positions of 3a-3d and 3f-3i are stabilized by rich network of intermolecular interactions with surrounding residues and structural water molecules, and most of these interactions are identical to those observed for crystal structure of A70450 in complex with SAP. The binding of the compounds 3f and 3i was also studied by docking in the transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) which represent highly calcium-selective ion channel (Saotome et al. 2016). Studies have shown a wide distribution of TRPV6 in the brain, which indicates its broad role in the nervous system functions (Kumar et al. 2017). Both compounds are predicted to bind with higher affinity (docking scores −19.8 kcal/mol) than native inhibitor (−18.3 kcal/mol) and fenytoine (−16.4 kcal/mol). Their thiazole ring is positioned close to carboxylic group of native 6-(5-methyl-2-oxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)hexanoic acid while the cyclopropane-hydrazine arms are pulled out of the binding pocket. The calculated binding mode of 3f and 3i shows two hydrogen bonds between their nitrogen atoms of hydrazine group and surrounding residues while for 3i additional H-bond interaction of its terminal azide group with Gln118 is predicted (data given in Supporting Information).

Conclusion
We have developed an efficient method for the synthesis of new thiazole derivatives containing a cyclopropane fragment. Our results indicated that newly synthesized compounds showed very high antifungal activity towards most reference and clinical strains of Candida spp. Their antimicrobial effect was similar and even stronger to nystatin which is a popular antimycotic drug. Additionally, compounds containing chloro and trifluoromethyl substituents showed an interesting anticonvulsant activities in the MES test, whereas compounds containing methoxy and azido substituents demonstrated the anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced seizures. Noteworthy, none of these compounds impaired animals' motor skills in the rotarod test. Moreover, compounds 3a, 3h, and 3j showed significant anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity, with IC 50 values 31-52 times lower than those observed for sulfadiazine. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation, anti-Candida spp. and SD standard deviation, nt not tested because the stock compounds in DMSO after addition to culture medium crystallized, therefore the IC 50 could not be determined anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity studies showed that Candida spp. and Toxoplasma gondii growth was inhibited at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the host cells. These data showed that new compounds may be used for preclinical investigation in the treatment of candidiasis and microbial infection-related seizures.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Nicolaus Copernicus University (project No. 786/2014). The in vivo part of this work was financially supported by the Jagiellonian University grant K/ ZDS/005546.

Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://crea tivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.   . 3 Overlay of calculated binding modes of (in gray): 3a a and 3h b and native ligand A70450 (in green) in the SAP-binding pocket. Remaining compounds are predicted to bind in similar manner