Heat Equations and Wavelets on Mumford Curves and Their Finite Quotients

A class of heat operators over non-archimedean local fields acting on L2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$L_2$$\end{document}-function spaces on holed discs in the local field are developed and seen as being operators previously introduced by Zúñiga-Galindo, and if the underlying trees are regular, they are associated here with certain finite Kronecker product graphs. L2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$L_2$$\end{document}-spaces and integral operators invariant under the action of a finite group acting on a holed disc are studied, and then applied to Mumford curves. It is found that the spectral gap in families of Mumford curves can become arbitrarily small.


Introduction
Ever since the introduction of the Taibleson-Vladimirov operator, a pseudodifferential operator on a non-archimedean local field [1][2][3], there has been active research on heat equations on such a field, in particular the field of p-adic numbers, which studies this operator or generalisations of it.Whereas in the classical case, heat equations are also extensively studied on manifolds, there is according to [4] no comparable theory of pseudodifferential operators over p-adic manifolds, not to say over manifolds defined over a non-archimedean local field.A construction of a certain pseudodifferential operator on a certain p-adic manifold invariant under the action of certain finite groups was undertaken in [5], however the generalised diffusion obtained cannot be considered a heat equation, because it does not give rise to a stochastic semigroup.A study of how p-adic pseudodifferential operators transform under group actions on the Bruhat-Tits tree was undertaken in [6].A different approach was pursued in [7], where p-adic integral operators on closed open (clopen) subsets of Q p were constructed which are direct analogues of graph Laplacians.In fact, they can be seen as p-adic analogues of graph Laplacians in light of the dictionary developed in [8].
A 'nice' theory of p-adic heat equations is one in which the heat operator is diagonalisable by the p-adic Fourier transform [9].More general operators can be diagonalised using wavelets on ultrametric spaces [10].Kozyrev's well-known p-adic wavelets were found to diagonalise the Taibleson-Vladimirov operator [11].More general wavelet bases in the p-adic and also adelic setting are studied in [12].Certain pseudodifferential operators have eigenfunctions which are such wavelets [13].Important applications of p-adic diffusion can be found in p-adic physics, initiated by I. Volovich in [14], and in which there has been extensive research in the last decades [15].More recent applications include porous media and fluid dynamics [16][17][18].However, the graphbased heat operators from the previous paragraph are not entirely diagonalisable by Kozyrev wavelets, one also needs the eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian [7].The work of W. Zúñiga-Galindo contains many classes of p-adic heat equations, for which the Cauchy problem is solved in the affirmative.This includes those with graph-based operators, like also those in [19].
The non-archimedean counterpart of Riemann surfaces are the Mumford curves which are projective algebraic curves defined over non-archimedean fields allowing a Schottky uniformisation [20].Locally, they are holed discs inside the base field.That means that if the base field is a non-archimedean local field, then the Haar measure allows integration of functions defined on these local pieces.The question is, how to glue together local operators on overlaps in a meaningful way.The stable reduction theorem [21] states that there is a model over a finite extension of the base field such that the special fibre, aka the reduction curve over the residue field, is a singular projective curve whose irreducible components are all rational curves, and the singularities are ordinary double points.Consequently, the intersection graph of the reduction curve of a Mumford curve has first Betti number equal to the genus of the curve.The rigid analytic theory of Mumford curves [22] allows to construct the intersection graph with the help of a covering of the curve by holed discs.This fact, together with the rigid analytic proof of the stable reduction theorem from [23] gives insight into how to obtain an integral operator on Mumford curves.Namely, these are graph-based integral operators which can be viewed as Zúñiga-Galindo's operators on the set of K -rational points of a Mumford curve by taking disjoint covers by holed discs, and where each maximal ball in each patch corresponds to a vertex in a graph associated with the curve.This is one contribution of the present article.
Another contribution is that the action of a finite group of automorphisms of the Mumford curve leads to integral operators on the space of invariant L 2 -functions on the K -rational points of the curve via the induced graph automorphism invariance.The invariant L 2 -functions on the curve (or, more precisely, its fundamental domain) then decompose into eigenfunctions of our graph-based operators which consist of such wavelets and of functions coming from eigenvectors of a graph Laplacian.It turns out that if the residue field has at least two elements, then the spectrum of these operators consist entirely of eigenvalues coming from wavelets.
Finally, it is proven that the spectral gap of the new operators can be arbitrarily small in families of Mumford curves with isomorphic stable reduction graphs.As an example, the eigenvalues of the heat operator invariant under the involution of a Tate curve are calculated explicitly.
We view the methods here are as a starting point for also investigating non-linear integral equations on Mumford curves, in order to generalise the results obtained on p-adic balls for p-adic non-linear evolution equations, like e.g. the p-adic analogue of the porous medium equation [24,25].
This article is subdivided into five numbered sections, the present one being the introduction.The following Sect. 2 fixes some notation.This is followed in Sect. 3 by a generalisation of the dictionary developed in [8] to the more general situation of this article and now contains a correspondence between matrix eigenvalues and operator eigenvalues.Section 4 studies the invariant heat equation on a holed disc.Section 5 applies the results of the previous section to the case of a Mumford curve and an action of a group of automorphisms.It concludes with a study of the eigenvalues of the operators invariant under the involution of a Tate curve.

Notation
Let K be a non-archimedean local field whose absolute value is denoted as for some e ≥ 1, and where p is a prime number.In the case that K is a p-adic number field of degree n over Q p , then there is the well-known formula where f is the degree of the residue field k over the finite field F p with p elements.Let τ : k → O K be a lift of the residue map which takes a residue class modulo π O K to a representative in O K .The Bruhat-Tits tree for the projective-linear group PGL 2 (K ) will be denoted as T K .Its vertices are in one-one correspondence with discs of the projective line P 1 (K ), where a disc is a subset of the form where a ∈ K and r ∈ K × .When integrating a complex-valued function f (x) on K , the Haar measure will be denoted as dx, so that the integral has the form K f (x) dx if it exists.Finally, we will make use of indicator functions which we will write as where U is a measurable subset of K .

A -Adic Dictionary
The aim of this section is to generalise the dictionary of [8, Sec.2] to the setting of this article.
Let Z ⊂ K be a compact measurable set, and U a finite covering of Z by disjoint sets of finite measure.The space of continuous complex-valued functions on Z will be denoted as C(Z , C) or simply as C(Z ).The space of bounded linear operators on a Banach space F is denoted as B(F).
Let n = |U|, and let n × n-matrices be indexed by U. We call these U-matrices.If A = (A U V ) is a U-matrix, then we define this defines a norm on the algebra of U-matrices, called U-norm.

Lemma 1 (Dictionary) There is an injective isometric homomorphism between algebras b
where the first space has the U-norm, and the second space the norm Now, linearity and multiplicativity of b are straightforward calculations.In the case of mutliplication, one may consult the corresponding part in the proof of [8, Prop.

2.2].
Isometry follows from the observation that Thus the assertion is proven.
A U-vector is an n-tupel with entries in C indexed by U. If e = (e V ) is an U-vector, then there is an associated function e(x) ∈ C(Z ) defined as: We are convinced that the same letter b as in Lemma 1 will not cause confusion.Now, there is a product defining an action of B(C(Z )) on C(Z ).Namely, We will write this in the usual way as Au.

Proof We have
Hence, b(c) is the function On the other hand, b(A)b(e) is the function This proves the assertion.where the first equality is due to Lemma 2.

Invariant Heat Equations Associated with Holed Discs
In this section, we introduce and study integral operators and heat equations on holed discs, and also study the action of a finite group on holed discs.In the case that the reduction tree of the holed disc is regular, then the operators turn out to be Zùñigatype operators on certain Kronecker product graphs, also in the invariant case, where invariance becomes such under graph automorphisms.

Zúñiga Operators on Holed Discs
Let Z ⊂ K be a holed disc.It is a measurable subset, and the disjoint union of finitely many balls in K .There is a tree T Z associated with Z , which is a subtree of the Bruhat-Tits tree T K .Related to the the projective dendrogram for a finite set S consisting of one point in K for each hole in Z from [26], it is given as follows: The projective dendrogram T * (S) for S is the smallest subtree of the Bruhat-Tits tree T K having the set S ∪ {∞} at its boundary.The finite part T (S) of T * (S) is the finite subtree of T K whose vertices correspond to the joins of the geodesic lines in T K between ∞ and x ∈ S.And T Z is the intermediate finite tree in T * (S) containing T (S), obtaind by cutting off halflines such that the endpoints correspond to the holes of Z as disks making up T K , and the root is the disc obtained by "filling" the holes of Z .Each vertex v of T Z itself corresponds to a holed disc U v ⊂ K obtained by removing from the disc associated with v a maximal strict subdisk for each edge attached to v leading away from the root.We call such a holed disc thin, and we can write where V (G) denotes the vertex set of a graph G. Now, let G be a weighted simple finite graph having T Z as a spanning tree.Its adjacency matrix will be denoted as A = (A vw ) v,w∈V (G) .We assume that the weights A vw are all non-negative, and that A vv = 0.This simply states that G has no self-loops, as it is simple.We consider the following operator: and α ∈ C.

Definition 1 The operator D α
A is called the Zúñiga operator for the weighted graph G (or the matrix A).

Lemma 4 The operator D α
A on L 2 (Z ) is of the type introduced in [7] for a graph whose vertices are represented by p-adic balls.
Proof Each thin holed disk U v in (1) is itself a union of balls: ( Let x, y be two points from Z .Then where v, w ∈ V (G), and Since A vv = 0, we assume that v = w.In this case, where d is the π -adic distance between disjoint sets in K .Hence, D α Z is the operator from [7] associated with the matrix C = (C (i,v),( j,w) ) ∈ R I ×I with and the assertion follows.
The eigenvectors of the matrix C with as an adjacency matrix of a graph whose n vertices are the balls B i,v taken from the proof of Lemma 4 occur in the eigendecomposition of L 2 (Z ) for D α A : where the Kozyrev wavelets supported in Z are an orthonormal basis of L 2 0 (Z ), and the functions where (e i,v ) ∈ R |I | is a normalised Laplacian eigenvector of the matrix C, are an orthonormal basis of the finite-dimensional summand L 2 A (Z ).
Proof This is shown in [7, Thm.10.1] for the operators defined there, and Lemma 4 states that D α A is such an operator, except that the balls are now in K instead of Q p , but the proof of that theorem carries over to the field K .
Before we extend Zúñiga's theory to the case of finite group actions in the next subsection, we look at an example.
Even if U , V are not thin holed discs, we have a corresponding Zúñiga operator D α A with kernel function Let W n = p 2n Z p with n ≥ 1.Then the wavelet is an eigenfunction of D α A .Namely, we have because the integral vanishes by [27,Thm. 3.29].And we have Hence, ψ W n (x) with n ≥ 1 is indeed an eigenfunction for eigenvalue −μ(V ).This example shows that, in general, a Zúñiga operator cannot be expected to be a compact operator, not even for α = 0.

Zúñiga Operators Invariant Under Finite Group Actions
Now, let H be a finite group acting as automorphisms on a finite graph G. Since the vertices of G are represented by thin holed discs U v , the group H acts on Z by permuting the sets U v .We may and will assume that H acts by affine-linear transformations, i.e. locally as this is the space of H -invariant L 2 -functions on Z .An H -invariant operator is where D α A,h is the operator for h ∈ H .

Lemma 6
Given the matrix A h = (A hv,w ) v,w∈V (G) for h ∈ H , we have that as an operator on L 2 (Z ).
Proof We calculate This shows that A α Z ,h (x, y) is the kernel function of D α A h , which implies the assertion.
Let ψ(x) be a Kozyrev wavelet for K .It is given as where B ⊂ K is a ball of radius p − d e , j ∈ k, and τ : k → O K a lift of the residue field k.Now, we define the function where c ∈ K , and Proof This is a simple calculation.

Define the matrices
and the quantities and (e H ) v∈V (G) is an H -invariant eigenvector for the common eigenvalue λ H of all the matrices L h with h ∈ H , where L h is the graph Laplacian associated with the simple graph having adjacency matrix C h .There is a decomposition where L 2 0 (Z ) is spanned by the averages of H -orbits of Kozyrev wavelets, and L 2 A (Z ) H by the H -invarant functions coming from the graph Laplacians.

Proof First, observe that D α
A,H is the Zúñiga operator associated (in our sense) with the matrix Hence, in Zùñiga's sense, the operator is associated with the matrix where is a row permutation matrix associated with h ∈ H .The associated Laplacian matrix is where and D h is the degree matrix of C h .It follows that where L h is the Laplacian matrix of C h , and L = L id .An H -invariant vector u is an eigenvector of L H if and only if where the latter equivalence holds true, because where ( * ) holds true, because u is H -invariant.This means that an H -invariant vector u is an eigenvector of L H for eigenvalue λ, if and only if u is an eigenvector of the Laplacian L = L id for the same eigenvalue λ.Actually even iff u is an eigenvector of L h for eigenvalue λ, because for any h ∈ H , where is the H -averaging operator.This proves the assertion in the Laplacian matrix case, using Zúñiga's Theorem (Corollary 5) for D α A,H in order to see that eigenvectors of A H create by the dictionary (Lemma 2) eigenfunctions of D α A,H in the first place.
As for the Kozyrev case, we do a calculation for where , where B i,v is a ball as in (2), in order to see that with A,H with eigenfunction (x).Namely, Since L 2 (Z ) H is spanned by the H -averages (i.e. 1  |H | times the sum of the H -orbits) of the elements of any orthonormal basis, the Kozyrev part of the assertion now follows.
The asserted decomposition of L 2 (Z ) H now follows, using the decomposition of Corollary 5.

Definition 2 The operator D α
A,H is called the H -averaging Zúñiga operator associated with α, matrix A or graph G (and group H ).
We learn from Theorem 9 that the spectrum of the H -averaging Zúñiga operator D α A,H contains the H -averages of the Kozyrev part of the spectrum of the individual D α A,h for h ∈ H .And the size of the graph Laplacian part of its spectrum depends on the dimension of the part of the common eigenspaces of the matrices A h , on which the finite group H acts trivially.In other words, it depends on the linear representations of H as permutation subgroups of GL n (R).But this is left for future research.
Notice that, if the tree T Z is m-regular, then the matrix C from (3) is a Kronecker product: with 1 n the n × n-matrix of constant value 1, and B α = (B α vw ), where and the sets U v with v ∈ V (G) are thin holed disks covering the holed disc Z .If m > 1, then the following result says that the Laplacian eigenvalues of C are all vertex degree values.

Lemma 10 Assume that all U v for v ∈ V (G) contain at least m v > 1 maximal balls. Then the Laplacian spectrum of C contains all the quantities deg B α (v). with multiplicity m v − 1 for given v ∈ V (G), i.e. if a vertex degree repeats itself times, then the multiplicity of deg
Proof The Laplacian of C has the structure of a block matrix with constant rectangular blocks of size m v • m w with v = w ∈ (G) outside the diagonal, and for each vertex v ∈ V (G) a diagonal block of size m 2 v which is a diagonal matrix with constant diagonal entry deg B α (v).Hence, since all m v > 1, any vector e = (e (i,w) ) with e (i,w) = 0 for any w = v, and with sum of entries zero ( 4) i.e. the wavelet eigenvalues of D α A,H .Proof According to the proof of Theorem 9, the H -invariant eigenvectors of the Laplacian L of C are the common eigenvectors of all Laplacians L h having all the same eigenvalue.Hence, by Lemma 10, the assertion follows, since each U v contains m v > 1 maximal balls.Namely, the degree eigenvalues of are also the wavelet eigenvalues of D α A,H .We will just look at one kind of further decomposition of the finite-dimensional part of L 2 (Z ) H . Namely, there is a well-known exact sequence where b 0 (G) is the 0-th Betti number of G, and c(G, C) is the kernel of the linear map d, cf.e.g.[28, Lemma 6.1], whose proof immediately generalises to the case of disconnected graphs.The map d is defined as follows: where e v means that edge e is attached to vertex v.The map φ is defined as follows: where C(G) is the set of all connected components of G.

Lemma 12
There is an exact sequence where H acts on functions via averaging.
Proof We first show that Namely, let with β h (e) = β(he).Then where again d(β) h (v) means d(β)(hv).This shows that there is a well-defined map which restricts the original d.Similary, one shows that φ restricts to Also, the exactness of the origina sequence descends to the exactness of this sequence.Namely, ker φ H consists of those elements of ker φ = d(A(G, C)) which are Hinvariant.So, we have where the last equality is immediate.As and C β 0 (G) H is the image of φ H , the exactness of the sequeuence now follows.
Furthermore, there is a linear map which clearly induces a linear map The map σ H is surjective, and it holds true that and, further, Proof This is immediate.

Corollary 14 It holds true that
In particular, it holds true that Proof This follows from the exact sequence of Lemma 12 and from Lemma 13.In particular, there is a decomposition from the exact sequence.
Remark 1 Notice that the invariant direct summand C b 0 (G) H equals the eigenspace of D α A,H for eigenvalue zero.

Heat Equations Invariant Under Finite Group Actions
In [29], there is a formulation of the Yosida-Hille-Ray Theorem which is valid in our case only for the space C(K ).We formulate and prove a version which is valid also for closed subspaces of C(E).

Proposition 15 Let D be a linear operator on C(Z ), and Ā its closure, assumed to be single-valued and generating a strongly continuous, positive contraction semigroup {T (t)} on C(K ). Let E be a closed subspace invariant under A. Then the restriction A | E : E → E generates a strongly continuous, positive contraction semigroup T B (t) on E.
Proof The operator A | E inherits from A the following properties: 1.The domain of From [29, Thm.1.2.12], it follows that generates a strongly continuous semigroup {T E (t)}.
We now need to show that {T E (t)} is positive.But since and {T (t)} is a positve semigroup, it follows that {T E (t)} is positive.
Proof According to [7, Lemma 4.1], εD α A,H is a closed linear operator on C(Z ) generating a strongly continuous, positive contraction semigroup.It follows from Proposition 15 that the restriction to the invariant closed subspace C(Z ) H also generates a semigroup with the desired properties.
We are now going to look at the following Cauchy problem which makes sense, beacause C(Z ) H is a closed subspace of C(Z ): for t ≥ 0, x ∈ Z which satisfies the initial condition where As the corresponding semigroup is Feller, it describes a π -adic heat equation on Z .Consequently there is a π -adic diffusion process in Z attached to the differential Eq. ( 6) Theorem 17 There exists an H -invariant probability measure p t (x, •) with t ≥ 0, x ∈ Z on the Borel σ -algebra of Z such that the Cauchy Problem (Task 1) has a unique solution of the form h(t, x) = Z h 0 (y) p t (x, dy).

In addition, p t (x, •) is the transition function of a Markov process whose paths are right continuous and have no discontinuities other than jumps.
Proof The proof of [7,Thm. 4.2] carries over word for word.

Mumford Curves
Mumford curves were first constructed in [20] as a successful attempt to generalise Tate's analytic uniformisation of p-adic elliptic curves, which can be found in [30].Through this construction, Mumford revealed a one-to-one correspondence between conjugacy classes of Schottky groups in PGL 2 (K ) and a certain class of projective algebraic curves defined over K .
In order to present more details of this correspondence, we will give a brief summary of [22, Ch.I, III, IV, V], adapted to the setting of a non-archimedean local field.The slightly over two pages in [23,Ch. 5.4] also contain a brief overview over Mumford curves.
A Möbius transformation γ where A γ ∈ SL 2 (K ) is the representative of γ as a special linear matrix.A discrete subgroup of PGL 2 (K ) which is freely generated by g ≥ 1 hyperbolic transformations is called a Schottky group.
A limit point of a subgroup of PGL 2 (K ) is a point x ∈ P 1 (K ) such that there exists a point x 0 ∈ P 1 and a sequence γ n ∈ such that lim n→∞ γ n (x 0 ) = x.
The set of limit points is denoted as L ( ), and = P 1 (K ) \ L ( ) is the set of regular points of .A Schottky group has the property This is an open subset of P 1 (K ).
The Mumford curve associated with a Schottky group with g ≥ 1 generators is the quotient space It is a projective algebraic curve over K of genus g [22, Ch.III].
A rational affinoid domain is a holed disc in P 1 .A Mumford curve has a finite covering U by rational affinoid domains [22,Ch. V].In this covering, two overlapping patches U ∈ U are glued with another along a boundary component (which is a circle).

Finite Group Actions on Mumford Curves
The theory of finitely generated groups of projective-linear transformations shows that there are many finite quotients of Mumford curves: Theorem 18 (Gerritzen, van der Put (1980)) Any finitely generated discrete subgroup N of PGL 2 (K ) has a normal subgroup of finite index which is a Schottky group.
Let H be a finite group acting on a Mumford curve X .According to the theory of Mumford curves [22], the group H is part of the following diagram N X H X /H (7) where ⊂ P 1 K is the universal topological covering of X .The finite group H is the quotient of a finitely generated discrete subgroup N of PGL 2 (K ), and a Schottky group which is normal and of finite index in N .For any such group N , there exists such a by Theorem 18.Both groups and N act on a subtree T N of the Bruhat-Tits tree T K of PGL 2 (K ).Its construction is given in [22]: the vertices are the intersection vertices of T K of the geodesic lines between any three limit points of (or N , which does not matter).The quotient graphs are part of the following diagram:

Definition 3
The graph G in ( 8) is called the reduction graph of the Mumford curve X .
A fundamental domain of the tree action of is given by lifting a spanning tree T of G/H to T N .This tree corresponds to a holed disc F in P 1 (K ), We may assume that ∞ is not a regular point of the N -or -action.Thus we may and will assume that F ⊂ K .The action of N on then induces an action of the finite group H on F and T .We have because as K -analytic manifolds the fundamental domain F is analytically isomorphic to the K -rational points X (K ) of the Mumford curve X .This means that we are in the situation of Sect. 4. Consequently, we can define an H -invariant Zùñiga operator D α A,H on F , where A is a weighted adjacency matrix of the graph G, and view it as an invariant operator on X (K ).The results for the H -invariant semigroup, Cauchy problem for the associated heat equation, and probability measures for a Markov process, i.e.Corollary 16 and Theorem 17 are now interpreted as being on the Mumford curve X , or more precisely, on X (K ).

The Spectral Gap of Heat Operators on Mumford Curves
In order to eliminate the dependence of the spectrum on the volume of the fundamental domain F , we make the following assumption: Assumption 1 We assume that for a given Mumford curve X , the fundamental domain F is a holed disc inside O K containing an element of absolute value 1.
For the Zúñiga operator , we now assume that A is the combinatorial adjacency matrix of the graph G in diagram (8).
The decomposition of L 2 (F ) H as in Theorem 9 allows us to say something about the spectral gap of (i.e.H being the trivial group 1) if X varies over all Mumford curves having the same combinatorial reduction graph.
A graph is called stable if every vertex not attached to a loop-edge is attached to at least three edges.By the stable reduction Theorem [21], the stable intersection graph is unique for a given Mumford curve X .

Corollary 19
Let α > 0, and let M g (G) be the set of isomorphism classes of Mumford curves of genus g ≥ 1 defined over K having fixed stable reduction graph G.Then, under Assumption 1, for every > 0, M G contains a curve X = / such that the spectral gap of the operator D α X (K ) is smaller than .
Proof From Corollary 5, we find that we can look at the quantities where v is a vertex of G, and B i,v as in (1) (where Z = F , the fundamental domain in question) and (2).
For each Mumford curve in M g (G), choose a fundamental domain F X satisfying Assumption 1, such that the reduction trees T X of F X are isomorphic after deleting all vertices of degree 2. These are then spanning trees of the stable graph G. Denote the actual reduction graph of X as G X .The trees T X are the trees T Z considered in the beginning of Sect.4.1.As they are finite subtrees of the Bruhat-Tits tree, we may now vary X within M g (G), such that the edges of G X become longer beyond any bound.Under Assumption 1, this implies that there exists a vertex becomes smaller than any given bound.Since because each U w for w ∈ V (G X ) is a thin holed disc covered by at most p f − 1 maximal subballs, and since deg v is bounded (by p f for fixed K ), it follows that for some vertex v ∈ G X , the quantity γ i,v becomes arbitrarily small in this family of Mumford curves.This proves the assertion about the spectral gap, as −γ i,v is an eigenvalue of D α X (G) by Corollary 5.

Degree Eigenvalues of Heat Operators on Tate Curves
It is well-known in graph theory that the spectral gap of the Laplacian of a connected weighted graph, also known as the algebraic connectivity, is bounded from above by the minimal vertex degree.In general, it is not known how the spectrum of a Kronecker product depends on the spectra of its factors.For this reason, we look only at the degree eigenvalues in the case of a Tate curve.From Corollary 19, we already know that the algebraic connectivity of a Mumford curve with fixed stable graph can be arbitrarily small, because there are arbitrarily small degree eigenvalues in such families of curves.
Here, we will exhibit an explicit calculation of the degree eigenvalues under Assumption 1 for Tate curves.Let X = K × / q with |q| = p − d e be a Tate curve.A fundamental domain F ⊂ K × can be chosen of the form so that it satisfies Assumption 1.The finite group H is here taken as the group of order 2 generated by the involution σ on X .This exists, because an elliptic curve has a Legendre equation of the form with λ ∈ K \ {1}, and the involution σ on X takes a point (x, y) to the point (x, −y).
In fact, with the help of a Möbius transformation fixing the set {0, 1, ∞}, we may assume that |λ| K = 1.It is well-known that this equation gives a Tate elliptic curve, if and only if Let us mention that in the case that K is of positive characteristic, the inequality characterising Tate curves is where G m is the multiplicative group.Its K -rational points are G m (K ) = K × .We can describe the action of H on F as follows: A simple calculation yields that σ is does take F to itself, and is of order 2.
The annulus F has a disjoint covering by sets of the form

Lemma 2
Let A = (A U V ) be a U-matrix, and e = (e V ) a U-vector.Then b(A)b(e) = b(Ae).

Corollary 3
If e = (e V ) is an eigenvector of U-matrix A with eigenvalue λ ∈ C, then b(e) is an eigenfunction of b(A) for the same eigenvalue.Proof We have b(A)b(e) = b(Ae) = b(λe) = λb(e)
[7,ording to[7, Thm.10.1], the quantity −γ h i,v is an eigenvalue of the Zúñiga operator D α A h corresponding to a Kozyrev wavelet supported in B i,v .For h ∈ H , it holds true that −γ h i,v is an eigenvalue of any D α A g with g ∈ H, correspondong to wavelet ψ (h) (x) as an eigenfunction.Proof This is clear by definition of ψ (h) and Zúñiga's theorem[7, Thm.10.1].
w d(B i,hv , B j,w ) α for h ∈ H . H (x), eigenvalue: λ H where e H (x) = v∈V (G) a non-zero eigenvector associated with eigenvalue deg B α (v).The multiplicity of such eigenspaces is clearly m • (m v − 1), where m is the multiplicity of the vertex degree deg B α (v), because condition (4) defines a co-dimension 1 subspace of R m v .
Corollary 11 If p f − 1 is greater than the largest number of holes in some U v as a thin holed disc for v ∈ V (G), then the spectrum of D Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.