Lineability of Linearly Sensitive Functions

In the paper we will focus on lineability of some subsets of $${\mathbb {R}}^{\left[ 0,1\right] }$$R0,1 which are called linearly sensitive. A function f is called linearly sensitive with respect to the property (or condition) (P) if f has the property (P) and for any $$a\ne 0$$a≠0 the function $$f+a\cdot {{\,\mathrm{id}\,}}$$f+a·id does not have the property (P). We discuss some general method of proving $${\mathfrak {c}}$$c-lineability and use this method to examine lineability of the family of all continuous functions linearly sensitive to the Luzin (N)-property, the family of functions linearly sensitive to the Świątkowski condition and the family of functions linearly sensitive to the strong Świątkowski condition.


Introduction
Let κ be a cardinal number. We say that a subset M of a linear space V is κ-lineable if M ∪{0} contains a linear subspace of dimension κ. If, additionally, V is an algebra, then in a similar way one can define an algebrability of subset of V . For a vector topological space V , a subset M ⊂ V is called spaceable (dense lineable) if M ∪ {0} contains a closed infinitely dimentional subspace (dense subspace) of V . The lineability (algebrability) problem of subsets of function spaces has been studied during previous years by many authors (see [1,2,16]) and also recently (see [3,6]). In the present paper we will focus on c-lineability of some subsets of R [0,1] .
The common way of proving κ-lineability (in particular c -lineability) of M is to construct a set of cardinality κ of linearly independent elements of M and to show that any linear combination of them belongs to M .
There are some subsets of R [0,1] which are extremely nonlinear in certain senses. For example, it is well known that a sum of two Darboux functions can be any arbitrary function in R [0,1] . The same can be said about the class of perfectly everywhere surjective functions. On the other hand, the maximal additive class for Darboux functions consists of constant functions only, which means that for any nonconstant function f there exists a Darboux function g such that f + g is not Darboux.
The classes of linearly sensitive functions with respect to the property (P ) are also extremely nonlinear in a very strong sense. Definition 1. Let (P ) be a property of functions in R [0,1] . We say that f is linearly sensitive with respect to (P ) if f has the property (P ) and for any real a = 0 the function f + a · id does not have the property (P ).

The Main Method
In the present paper we consider • continuous functions linearly sensitive with respect to the Luzin (N )property, • functions linearly sensitive with respect to theŚwiątkowski condition, • functions linearly sensitive with respect to the strongŚwiątkowski condition.
We will prove that all these classes are c-lineable. The fundamental method to prove it is contained in the following theorem: 1] . Assume that there exists a sequence ([a n , b n ]) n∈N of closed disjoint intervals contained in [0, 1] and a sequence (F n ) n∈N of functions F n : [a n , b n ] → R such that for any A ⊂ N and any bounded nonzero sequence of reals (α i ) i∈A , the function . Moreover all the sets in B can be chosen with the cardinality |X|.
Such a family B is called an independent one.
Proof of Theorem 2. Let B = {B ξ : ξ < c} be an independent family in P(ω) (where ω = {0, 1, 2, . . .}). For any ξ < c we put By (1), any function f ξ for ξ < c belongs to M . Moreover, {f ξ : ξ < c} is a family of linearly independent functions in M . Indeed, suppose that To finish the proof it is sufficient to show that all the linear combinations of functions {f ξ : ξ < c} also belong to M . Take f = c 1 f ξ1 + c 2 f ξ2 for some ξ 1 , ξ 2 < c and nonzero c 1 , c 2 ∈ R. Then otherwise.
Since f is of the form (1), f ∈ M . In the same way we can show that any linear combination of functions {f ξ : ξ < c} belongs to M .
Hence to prove c-lineability of the classes of linearly sensitive functions described above it is sufficient to show that for these classes the assumptions of Theorem 2 are fulfilled.
A very similar method was used to prove 2 c -lineability (or even algebrability) in the papers [4,5,14].

Applications
In this section we will use the presented method to prove c-lineability of families of functions linearly sensitive with respect to some known properties of real functions. We will start with the classic Luzin (N )-property introduced by Nikolai Luzin at the beginning of the twentieth century [10]. Recall that a function fulfills the Luzin (N )-property if the image of any null set has measure zero. The concept of the Luzin (N )-property plays an essential role in the theory of absolute continuity. A continuous function may not have Luzin (N )property (for instance the Cantor function), but if a continuous function is of bounded variation and has the Luzin (N )-property then it is absolutely continuous (Banach-Zaretsky theorem).
In 1928 S. Mazurkiewicz showed that there exists a real continuous function f which fulfills the Luzin (N )-property such that f + id does not have this property. Two years later Mazurkiewicz generalized this construction and proved the following theorem.
In fact, without any set-theoretic assumptions, Mazurkiewicz constructed a graph Q of some function as an intersection of a sequence of closed subsets of R 2 . The projections of Q on Ox and Oy are null sets while after transformation by adding a · id the projection of Q on Oy is a set of positive measure. Making use of the Tietze theorem, the set Q was complemented so that Mazurkiewicz obtained a graph of desired function defined on [0, 1].
We will use the above theorem to examine lineability of the family A N of all continuous functions linearly sensitive to the Luzin (N )-property.

Theorem 5. The family
Proof. Let F : [0, 1] → R be a function from Mazurkiewicz's theorem. Take an arbitrary sequence of intervals {[a n , b n ] : n ∈ N} such that For any n ∈ N we divide the interval [a n , b n ] into three segments: [a n , c n ], [c n , d n ] and [d n , b n ]. By squeezing and translating the function F to the interval [c n , d n ], and adding two linear pieces, one can define a continuous function F n : [a n , b n ] → R such that F n (a n ) = F n (b n ) = 0. For example F n can be defined by the formula It is easy to check that F n has the Luzin (N )-property.
On the other hand, for any a = 0 the function is not a null set, which proves that F n is linearly sensitive to (N )-property. Now, fix a set A ⊂ N and a bounded sequence (α i ) i∈A of nonzero numbers, and consider the function To complete the proof it is enough to show that G αi,A is linearly sensitive with respect to (N )-property. It is not difficult to see that G αi,A has (N )property. Indeed, suppose that a set X ⊂ [0, 1] has measure zero. Since has the measure zero, too.
Finally, fix a nonzero number a and choose any i ∈ A. We know that the function F i (x) + ax does not have (N )-property, so there is a null set Y ⊂ [a n , b n ] such that the image of Y under F i + a · id is not a null set. Since α i = 0, G αi,A (Y ) is not a null set either.
Observe that we have proved the lineability on the maximum level, because there are only c continuous real functions on [0, 1].
TheŚwiątkowski condition was introduced in 1978 by Mańk and Swiątkowski in the paper [11] connected with the sufficient conditions for the monotonicity of a function. They considered Darboux functions, Baire one functions and functions fulfilling some new condition, later called thé Swiątkowski condition (in [15]). They showed that those three conditions are independent and the sum of two functions with theŚwiątkowski condition may not satisfy this condition. It is worth noting that any continuous function satisfies theŚwiątkowski condition. Proof. Let F : [0, 1] → R be defined by the formula Evidently, F (its graph is on Fig. 1) is a Baire one function as it has only three discontinuity points: at − 1 2 , at 0 and at 1 2 . Fix x 1 < x 2 . If F | [x1,x2] is continuous then, by Darboux property, for any y lying between points F (x 1 ) and 1), and again every value between F (x 1 ) and F (x 2 ) is achieved at some continuity point x ∈ (x 1 , x 2 ). If x 1 ∈ − 1 2 , 0 and x 2 ∈ 0, 1 2 then F ((x 1 , x 2 )) ⊃ F ((x 1 , 0)) = (0, 1). Therefore, there is a point x ∈ (x 1 , x 2 ) such that F is continuous at x and F (x) lies between F (x 1 ) and F (x 2 ) even if x 1 (or x 2 ) is equal to 0. Finally, if x 2 ∈ 1 2 , 1 and x 1 / ∈ 1 2 , 1 then again F ((x 1 , x 2 )) ⊃ (−1, 1). Thus, F satisfies theŚwiątkowski condition. Now, fix a > 0. Note that the parabola y = x 2 + ax has the vertex at − a 2 (see Fig. 2). Therefore, for k such that 1 2k−1 < a 2 , x 1 = − 1 2k−1 and x 2 = 0 there is no x ∈ (x 1 , x 2 ) such that F (x) < F (x 1 ). Hence F + a · id does not satisfy theŚwiątkowski condition. If a < 0 the situation is symmetrical.
Analogously as in the proof of Theorem 5, we fix a sequence of intervals {[a n , b n ] : n = 1, 2, . . .} such that 0 ≤ a 1 < b 1 < a 2 < b 2 < · · · < 1. and observe that for any n the function F n : [a n , b n ] → R defined by the formula is a Baire one function linearly sensitive to theŚwiątkowski condition and F n (a n ) = F n (b n ) = 0. It remains to prove that the function is a Baire one function linearly sensitive toŚwiątkowski condition, for any set A ⊂ N and any bounded sequence (α i ) i∈A of nonzero numbers. Since G αi,A has at most countably many discontinuity points, it is a Baire one function. It is also easy to check that for any a = 0 the function G αi,A + a · id does Assume that 0 ≤ x 1 < x 2 ≤ 1 and |G αi,A (x 1 )| < |G αi,A (x 2 )|. Since |G αi,A (x 2 )| > 0, there exists n ∈ N such that x 2 ∈ (a n , b n ). If x 1 and x 2 belong to the same interval then the thesis follows from the fact that F n fulfills theŚwiątkowski condition. Suppose that x 1 / ∈ (a n , b n ). If G αi,A is continuous on [a n , x 2 ] then G αi,A takes all values between 0 and G αi,A (x 2 ). In particular, it takes values between G αi,A (x 1 ) and G αi,A (x 2 ).
If there is a discontinuity point of G αi,A between a n and x 2 , then G αi,A ((a n , x 2 )) = α n F n ((a n , x 2 )) = (− |α n | , |α n |). Moreover, G αi,A | (an,an+ bn−an 4 ) is continuous, G αi,A a n , a n + b n − a n 4 = (− |α n | , |α n |) In the paper [17] Wódka proved that the family of all functions satisfying theŚwiątkowski condition is not c + -lineable, which means that even in the wider class (not only Baire one) of functions satisfying theŚwiątkowski condition the obtained result is on the best possible level.
Let us look closer to the sensitivity of Darboux functions. Kirchheim and Natkaniec [9] proved that if the union of fewer then c of the first category subsets of R is a set of the first category (add(M) = c), then there exists a Darboux function F such that F + f is not Darboux for any continuous and nowhere constant function f . Based on the general method one can prove that the family of linearly sensitive functions with respect to the Darboux property is c-lineable. On the other hand, if F is a Baire one Darboux function and f is continuous, then F +f is a Baire one Darboux function (see [7]). Consequently, there is no Baire one function sensitive to the Darboux property. Now we will consider a property which is a bit stronger than the Darboux property. It was introduced by Maliszewski [12] in 1995 as a modification of theŚwiątkowski condition.

Definition 8.
We say that f satisfies the strong theŚwiątkowski condition if for all x 1 < x 2 with f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 ) and each y between f (x 1 ) and f (x 2 ), there is a point x ∈ (x 1 , x 2 ) such that f (x) = y and f is continuous at x.  Proof. Firstly consider the function F : It is clear that F is a Darboux Baire one function. It satisfies the stronǵ Swiątkowski condition because F is discontinuous only at −1 and 1, and Indeed, take any x 1 < x 2 and y between F (x 1 ) and F (x 2 ). Since F is Darboux, there is x ∈ (x 1 , x 2 ) such that F (x) = y. Since F (x) > 0, F is continuous at x (see Fig. 3).
However, for any a > 0 the function F + a · id does not satisfy the stronǵ Swiątkowski condition. Indeed, the value −a is taken only at discontinuity point of F + a · id (Fig. 4). For a < 0 the situation is analogous. Thus, F is linearly sensitive with respect to the strongŚwi ątkowski condition. Now, fix a sequence {[a n , b n ] : n = 1, 2, . . .} with 0 ≤ a 1 < b 1 < a 2 < b 2 < · · · < 1. For any n ∈ N the function F n : [a n , b n ] → R defined by the formula is Baire one and F n (a n ) = F n (b n ) = 0. It is not difficult to check that F n is linearly sensitive to the strongŚwiątkowski condition.
For a fixed set A ⊂ N and a bounded sequence (α i ) i∈A of nonzero numbers, consider the function G αi,A It is clear that G αi,A is a Baire one function. To observe that G αi,A fulfills the strongŚwiątkowski condition fix x 1 ,x 2 ∈ [0, 1]. If both points belong to the same interval [a i , b i ] (or at least one of them belongs to [0, 1] \ i∈A [a i , b i ]) then the existence of an appropriate point x follows from the fact that α i F i satisfies the strongŚwiątkowski condition. So let us assume that Then any value between G αi,A (x 1 ) and 0 is achieved at continuity point of α i1 F i1 , and any value between G αi,A (x 2 ) and 0 is achieved at continuity point of α i2 F i2 . Finally, consider the function G αi,A + a · id for some nonzero a. The fact that this function does not satisfy the strongŚwiątkowski condition follows from the analogous property of functions F i + a · id for i ∈ A.
Again, it is the lineability on the maximum level. Moreover, according to the paper [17], the last result is the best possible in the class of all functions linearly sensitive with resspect to the strongŚwiątkowski condition.
Observe, that in the case of Luzin (N )-property we did not need the formula for a function. We could use any function which is sensitive with respect to (N )-property. When we consider theŚwiątkowski condition, the form of the function plays a crucial role. It is not enough to use any function linearly sensitive with respect toŚwiątkowski condition.
on the intervals is linearly sensitive with respect to theŚwiątkowski condition (see Figs. 5, 6). However, for two disjoint intervals the sum of functions obtained from H by squeezing and translating (and connected by y = 0 on [b n , a n+1 ]) may not satisfy theŚwiątkowski condition as we can observe on Fig. 7.
It is enough to take x 1 = an+bn 2 and x 2 = an+1+bn+1 2 . Then the obtained function has the values: −1 at x 1 and −2 at x 2 , and theŚwiątkowski condition is not satisfied. So the function must be chosen in such a way that for any disjoint intervals the sum of such functions must still fulfill theŚwiątkowski condition.
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