The Chiral Anomaly of the Free Fermion in Functorial Field Theory

When trying to cast the free fermion in the framework of functorial field theory, its chiral anomaly manifests in the fact that it assigns the determinant of the Dirac operator to a top-dimensional closed spin manifold, which is not a number as expected, but an element of a complex line. In functorial field theory language, this means that the theory is twisted, which gives rise to an anomaly theory. In this paper, we give a detailed construction of this anomaly theory, as a functor that sends manifolds to infinite-dimensional Clifford algebras and bordisms to bimodules.


Introduction
Functorial field theory is a mathematical formalism (first introduced by Atiyah [1] and Segal [20]) which is designed to capture aspects of physical quantum field theory. Concisely, a functorial field theory is a monoidal functor from a suitable bordism category to a linear category, e.g., the category of vector spaces. Spelled out, such a field theory of dimension d assigns to a (d−1)-dimensional manifold Y a vector space F (Y ) (the "space of states"), and to a bordism X between manifolds Y 0 , Y 1 a linear map F (X): F (Y 1 ) → F (Y 0 ) (which describes the time evolution of these states). Functoriality then means that these maps behave as expected under gluing of bordisms. Monoidality of the functor means that F sends disjoint unions to tensor products. The latter implies in particular that F assigns to a closed manifold X (seen as a bordism from the empty set to itself) a number, hence F determines a function on the moduli space of closed d-manifolds, the partition function, and it is a general principle that this function determines key aspects of the theory. In physics, a field theory is often described in terms of an action functional S on a space of fields F(X), and it is a somewhat fundamental question if and how such a field theory (in the physicist's sense) can be described mathematically by a functorial field theory; more concretely, given for each manifold X a space of fields F(X) together with an action functional S on this space (both of these should be "local" and "physical" in a suitable sense), one asks for a canonical way to construct a symmetric monoidal functor F as described above from these data. At least formally, the partition function of F is easily described: a physicist's paradigm states that the partition function of this functorial field theory should be given by the path integral [15, §1.2], This already illustrates that the task of constructing F is far from trivial: the spaces of fields F(X) are typically infinite-dimensional, and integration over them is not defined. Work-arounds are possible, however, in the case where F(X) is a linear space and the action functional S is quadratic. Maybe the simplest, already non-trivial, example of this type is the free scalar field, where F(X) = C ∞ (X) and the action functional is where for the second equality to hold in general, we need X to be closed. In this case, the path integral (1) has the form of a Gaussian integral, so we just stipulate F (X) := det ζ (Δ + m 2 ) −1/2 , by analogy with the finite-dimensional case; here the right hand side is the determinant of the unbounded operator Δ + m 2 , defined using zetaregularization. The task of defining a functorial field theory with this partition function is an intriguing story; it has been completed by Kandel [12]. Let us where D X is the Dirac operator. While this action functional is still quadratic, the corresponding operator D X is no longer positive, which entails that the determinant det ζ (D X ) −1/2 is not a number in a natural way, but instead an element of the (conjugate of the) determinant line where H ± X are the harmonic spinors on X (of positive/negative chirality). From a supergeometry point of view, this is due to the fact that the Berezin integral does not canonically produce a number without further choices. This is one manifestation of the chiral anomaly of the free fermion, and it means that the corresponding functorial field theory must be twisted.
Roughly, a d-dimensional twisted field theory is a theory that, instead of a vector space, assigns an A Y -module to a (d − 1)-dimensional manifold Y , where the twisting manifests in the fact that the algebra A Y may depend on the manifold Y as well. To explain this rigorously, we have to start with the notion of a twist. For the free fermion in d dimensions, this is a functor T : Bord Spin d−1,d −→ sAlg from the d-dimensional spin bordism category to the bicategory sAlg of Z 2graded algebras, Z 2 -graded bimodules, and grading-preserving intertwiners. In particular, T assigns an algebra T (Y ) to a (d − 1)-dimensional spin manifold Y and a T (Y 0 )-T (Y 1 )-bimodule T (X) to a d-dimensional spin bordism X between Y 1 and Y 0 . A d-dimensional T -twisted field theory is then a natural transformation where 1 is the trivial twist that assigns C (considered as an algebra, respectively a C-C-bimodule) to all manifolds and bordisms. In the case that T is also the trivial twist, this definition reduces to the definition of an untwisted field theory discussed above. In general however, for a (d − 1)-dimensional spin manifold Y , F (Y ) is not a vector space but a T (Y )-module. In the case where X is a closed d-manifold, T (X) will be a C-C-bimodule, i.e., a vector space, and instead of a number, F (X) will be an element of this vector space.
This paper is dedicated to the construction of the twist T of the free fermion. Since the free fermion will assign the determinant of the Dirac operator to a closed d-dimensional spin manifold X, which is an element of the conjugate of the determinant line, our discussion above shows that we must have T (X) = Det X for closed manifolds X. In total, T will be defined as follows. First, to a (d−1)dimensional spin manifold Y , T assigns the Clifford algebra Cl(W Y ) on the space W Y of smooth spinors on Y , which is isomorphic to a suitable algebra of canonical anti-commutation relations (a CAR algebra). To obtain a Cl(W Y0 )-Cl(W Y1 )-bimodule for a spin bordism X between Y 1 and Y 0 , one notices that the space L X of boundary values of harmonic spinors on X is a Lagrangian in the direct sum of W Y0 and W Y1 , so that the exterior algebra ΛL X is such a bimodule in a natural way (Theorem 3.12).
The main issue is now functoriality, i.e., the behavior of the bimodules T (X) under gluing of bordisms. Here we define isomorphisms when X is obtained by gluing two bordisms X 0 , X 1 along a common boundary Z. Since the target sAlg of T is a bicategory, we cannot expect to have equality here; instead, the twist T includes these isomorphisms τ as additional data. Moreover, we show that these isomorphisms are coherent in the sense that whenever a bordism is decomposed into three pieces, the two different ways of composing the corresponding gluing isomorphisms coincide. This is proved in Theorem 3.22.
One of the main observations of this paper is that the chiral anomaly appears due to a purely algebraic reason, which is that "second quantization" of fermions is functorial only up to a certain error. The Gluing Theorem 2.15, an abstract result on composition of Clifford modules coming from Lagrangian subspaces, provides a clear understanding of this phenomenon. Together with a corresponding coherence result, Theorem 2.18, it is the backbone of our construction of the functor T . The first of these results is an extension of the Gluing Lemma 2.2.8 of Stolz and Teichner [21]; the latter seems to be entirely new.
To begin with, we notice that it is not even clear that the composition of two Lagrangians is again a Lagrangian; our Theorem 2.11 gives sufficient conditions for this to be the case, which leads to a good category of Lagrangian relations in the infinite-dimensional setup, c.f. Remark 2.13. Conveniently, these sufficient conditions turn out to also be necessary in order to have the Gluing Theorem 2.15.
We remark that our constructions are purely algebraic: Our spaces W will be complex pre-Hilbert spaces with a real structure, which are not required to be complete with respect to the Hermitian form; the Clifford algebra is a quotient of the algebraic tensor algebra of W , and all tensor products are algebraic.
We expect that the Gluing Theorem 2.15 can be extended to a functional analytic setup, where the Clifford algebras are realized as von Neumann algebras, the bimodules are Hilbert space bimodules over these and the algebraic tensor product is replaced by Connes' fusion product. This is a question of ongoing research.
The anomaly theory T constructed in this paper is part of a much larger story: conjecturally, it can be extended above and below, to an extended functorial field theory in a higher categorical framework. Its next higher level, for example, is the theory constructed by Dai and Freed [8]. It is a fascinating observation, sketched in Sect. 4 below, that all of the index theory of the Dirac operator is comprised in the anomaly theory of the free fermion.
This paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we discuss the algebraic preliminaries, and prove the abstract results on the composition of bimodules over Clifford algebras needed later. In Sect. 3, we first introduce the geometric setup we will be working in, followed by a discussion of the analysis of boundary value problems of the Dirac operator needed in this paper. The construction of the functor T is then carried out in Sect. 3.3. Finally, in Sect. 4, we give an outlook on further aspects of the story that are not discussed in detail in this paper.
The paper [14], where Mickelsson and Scott construct a version of the free fermion, contains many similar ideas compared to this paper. However, they attempt to construct it as an untwisted usual functorial field theory, an endeavor which only yields a projective functor owing to the presence of the anomaly.
The article [15] also considers the anomaly of the free fermion in functorial field theory setting, but a different part compared to our paper: In the language of Sects. 4.5 and 4.6, their theory is essentially the d, d + 1, d + 2 -dimensional part of the free fermion, while we focus on the d − 1, d -dimensional part.
There is a rich literature on the free fermion two-dimensional, conformal case, starting with Segal [20]. In particular, the papers [13,23] have some similarities to ours, but focus on modularity formulas, respectively, traciality properties. In this paper, we focus on the general picture, ignoring special features of the two-dimensional case.

Clifford Algebras and Their Modules
This section contains the algebraic part of the paper. We start by discussing Clifford algebras in the setting of complex vector spaces with a real structure, and afterward Lagrangians in these spaces. Finally, these two notions are brought together when we explain how Lagrangians give rise to bimodules over Clifford algebras. Throughout, we take care to not require completeness of our vector spaces, since subsequently, we aim to apply the results of this section to the space of smooth spinors on a compact manifold, endowed with the L 2 inner product.

Real Structures and Clifford Algebras
Let W be a (possibly infinite-dimensional and not necessarily complete) Hermitian vector space, and let W be its complex conjugate, which has the same underlying vector space, but the complex structure replaced by its negative. The identity map W → W is an R-linear, C-antilinear vector space isomorphism between the two. We will denote the element of W corresponding to v ∈ W by v * , and similarly, if ξ ∈ W , we denote by ξ * the same element, considered as an element of W . The vector space W carries an induced Hermitian form, given by We remark that our convention is that Hermitian forms are C-antilinear in the first entry.
The opposite −W of a space W with a real structure consists of the same underlying Hermitian vector space together with the real structure w → −w.
If f : V → W is a map between real vector spaces, then its conjugate f : This allows us to form the corresponding Clifford algebra.

Definition 2.3 (Clifford algebra).
Given a Hermitian vector space W with a real structure and associated bilinear form b(·, ·), we denote by Cl(W ) the Clifford algebra associated with the bilinear form defined above; in other words, the algebra generated by the elements of W , with the relation for v, w ∈ W . Declaring elements of W ⊂ Cl(W ) to be odd induces a Z 2grading on the Clifford algebra.
Recall that the opposite of an algebra A is the algebra A op , which has the same underlying vector space, but the multiplication reversed. If A is a superalgebra, the opposite is defined with an additional sign; more precisely, A op is the superalgebra that has the same underlying vector space, but multiplication • defined by a • b = (−1) |a||b| ba (4) for homogeneous elements a, b ∈ A op . When applying this to our Clifford algebras, we have canonically in other words, the opposite of the Clifford algebra associated with a Hermitian space W with a real structure is the Clifford algebra associated with the opposite −W , see Definition 2.1.
Remark 2.4 (The CAR algebra). Given a Hermitian vector space V , the space W := V ⊕ V carries a canonical real structure, given by the flip map The associated bilinear form then takes the form In this case, the Clifford algebra Cl(W ) is canonically isomorphic to the algebra CAR(V ), which is the algebra on the symbols a(v), a * (v), for v ∈ V , subject to the canonical anti-commutation relations for v, w ∈ V and extending by multiplicativity.

Lagrangians and Their Composition
We start with the following definition. Above, the orthogonal complement is taken with respect to the Hermitian structure, not the bilinear form b defined in (2). This implies in particular that b(v, w) = 0 for all v, w ∈ L, i.e., that L is a totally isotropic subspace with respect to the bilinear form. In fact, a Lagrangian L is always maximal among totally isotropic subspaces, in the sense that if L ⊂ L for a totally isotropic subspace L , then L = L . Notice, a Lagrangian is always a closed subspace, as it is an orthogonal complement.
We will mainly deal with the situation where we have two complex vector spaces W 0 , W 1 with real structure and a Lagrangian L 01 ⊂ W 0 ⊕ −W 1 . This allows to speak of the composition of two Lagrangians. Definition 2.6 (Composition). Let W 0 , W 1 , W 2 be complex vector spaces with real structures and let L 01 ⊂ W 0 ⊕−W 1 and L 12 ⊂ W 1 ⊕−W 2 be Lagrangians. The composition of the two Lagrangians is the subspace L 02 = L 01 • L 12 ⊂ W 0 ⊕ −W 2 defined by L 02 := (w 0 , w 2 ) | ∃w 1 ∈ W 1 : (w 0 , w 1 ) ∈ L 01 , (w 1 , w 2 ) ∈ L 12 , in other words, their composition as linear relation.
While it is easy to see that L 02 is always an isotropic subspace, i.e., the bilinear form vanishes identically on L 02 , it is not clear that L 02 is also maximal. The following example illustrates that this is not always the case.
Example 2.7. Consider the Hilbert space 2 (Z), with the real structure given by e n = e −n , where e n , n ∈ Z, is the nth standard basis vector. For α ∈ R, define the unbounded operator Q α with domain dom(Q α ) = (a n ) n∈Z n∈Z (1 + e 2αn )|a n | 2 < ∞ ⊆ 2 (Z), given by Q α e n = e αn e n . It is easy to check that Q α is densely defined and closed, and therefore, the property Q * α = Q −1 α shows that defines a Lagrangian in 2 (Z) ⊕ 2 (Z). Clearly, the composition of two such Lagrangians L α1 and L α2 is the graph of the operator Q α1 Q α2 . When α 1 and α 2 have the same sign, then Q α1 Q α2 = Q α1+α2 , so that L α1 • L α2 is still a Lagrangian. However, if α 1 and α 2 have opposite sign, we have Q α1 Q α2 ⊂ Q α1+α2 , but the composition Q α1 Q α2 is not closed (for example, if α 1 = −α 2 , then Q α1 Q α2 ⊂ id but is not everywhere defined). Therefore, in the case that α 1 and α 2 have opposite sign, the composition of L α1 and L α2 is not closed, hence not a Lagrangian.
While in the example above, the composition of L α1 and L α2 may not be closed and therefore not maximal, at least its closure will always be maximal, hence a Lagrangian. However more extreme phenomena are possible: after conjugating Q α2 by a suitable orthogonal transformation M of 2 (Z), the domain of (MQ α2 M * ) • Q α1 can even be zero, in other words, the composition of the corresponding Lagrangians is zero.
where L 0 , L 1 are closed isotropic subspaces of W 0 , respectively W 1 , and the orthogonal complement L 01 is in general position, meaning that L 01 has a trivial intersection with W 0 and W 1 . This implies that L 01 is the graph of a densely defined, closed invertible operator Q: One easily shows that in order for such a graph to be a Lagrangian, Q must be invertible, and satisfy Q * = Q −1 . However, the operator may be unbounded in the infinite-dimensional setup, which makes the theory complicated, as Example 2.7 above shows.
In the following, we will investigate under which conditions the composition is in fact a Lagrangian. To this end, write and let P L : W → L be the orthogonal projection. Notice that P L = P L , the orthogonal projection onto L. We moreover set We will further use the maps Notice that σ * = δ, the conjugate of δ. Clearly, U = δW 1 and L σ = ker(σ) ∩ L. Lemma 2.9. We have the identity Proof. Let u ∈ W 1 with 0 = P L δu = P L (0, −u, u, 0). Then (0, −u) ∈ L ⊥ 01 and (u, 0) ∈ L ⊥ 12 , hence (0, u) ∈ L 01 , (u, 0) ∈ L 12 and u ∈ K.
Hence if P L U and P L U are closed, we have the orthogonal splitting Proof. This follows from the calculation P L U ⊥ ∩ L = im(P L δ) ⊥ = ker (P L δ) * = ker σP * L = ker(σ) ∩ L = L σ , which uses that im(f ) ⊥ = ker(f * ) for any linear map between inner product spaces. Hence P L U is dense in L ⊥ σ ∩ L. Conjugating this, we get that P L U is dense in L ⊥ σ ∩ L. The decomposition (11) follows. Theorem 2.11 (Composition). Let W 0 , W 1 , W 2 be complex vector spaces with real structures and let L 01 ⊂ W 0 ⊕ −W 1 and L 12 ⊂ W 1 ⊕ −W 2 be Lagrangians. Assume that W 0 , W 1 , W 2 are complete. Then the following statements are equivalent.
(i) The map σ has closed range when restricted to L = L 01 ⊕ L 12 .
(ii) The subspaces P L U and P L U are closed. Moreover, when these equivalent statements hold, the composition L 02 of L 01 and L 12 is a Lagrangian in W 0 ⊕ −W 2 .
In particular, this shows that in finite dimensions, the composition of two Lagrangians is always a Lagrangian. Moreover, if L 01 or L 12 is the graph of a bounded operator Q with Q * = Q −1 (e.g., a real unitary), then the composition L 02 is always a Lagrangian again.
Example 2.12. The converse of the above theorem is not true: if W 0 = W 2 = {0}, so that L 01 and L 12 are simply Lagrangians in W 1 , then obviously their composition is {0}, which is trivially Lagrangian in W 0 ⊕ −W 2 = {0}. In this case, condition (i) above is that the sum of L 01 and L 12 is closed, which may well be not the case.
In that setting, the equivalent conditions of Theorem 2.11 are implied by the statement that the difference P L01 − P L12 of orthogonal projections onto L 01 , respectively L 12 , is a compact operator (here the conjugate L 01 appears, as L 01 by definition is a Lagrangian in −W 1 ). Namely, this in turn implies that σ = P L01 − P L12 is a Fredholm operator, in particular has closed range.
Proof. The equivalence (i) ⇔ (ii), follows from the closed range theorem, which implies that im(σ| L ) = im(σP * L ) is closed if and only if im((σP * L ) * ) = im(P L δ) = P L U is closed.
To see these statements imply that L 02 is a Lagrangian, we use Theorem 2.1 in [19], which states that for two closed subspaces X, Y ⊆ W , where P X ⊥ is the orthogonal projection onto X ⊥ in W . Applying this to X = L and Y = U , we obtain that the closedness of P L U implies that L + U is closed. Therefore ker(σ| L+U ) = L σ + U is closed as well. Hence using (12) now for X = U and Y = L σ , we get that the closedness of L σ + U implies that Hence by the direct sum decomposition (11), we have (v 0 , 0, 0, v 2 ) = P L δw + P L δw for some w, w ∈ W 1 , using that P L U and P L U are closed. Hence, for all 01 ∈ L 01 and 12 ∈ L 12 , we have

Remark 2.13 (The category of Lagrangian relations). The category of
Lagrangian relations is the category where objects are complex Hilbert spaces with a real structure and morphisms are Lagrangian subspaces. While this idea works fine for finite-dimensional spaces, in the infinite-dimensional situation, one encounters the problem that not all morphisms can be composed, as illustrated by Example 2.7. The theorem above allows to repair this by taking polarized Hilbert spaces, as we discuss now.
To start with, we say that closed subspaces U , V of a Hilbert space W are close if the difference P U − P V of the corresponding orthogonal projections is compact. This defines an equivalence relation on the set of closed subspaces of W . A sub-Lagrangian is an isotropic subspace L that is close to a Lagrangian; in other words, there exists a finite-dimensional space K such that L ⊕ K is a Lagrangian.
To define the desired category, we start with the objects: These are Hilbert spaces W , equipped with an equivalence class [L] of sub-Lagrangians, where L ∼ L if L and L are close. The set of morphisms between two such objects (W 1 , This is closed since P L 1 − P L 1 is compact, hence id + P L 1 − P L 1 is a Fredholm operator. Now by condition (i) of Theorem 2.11, the composition of L 01 and L 12 is a Lagrangian. In fact, (13) furthermore shows that σ(L) ⊥ is finitedimensional, hence by (10), the space K is always finite-dimensional in this category.
Of course, the condition that P U − P V is compact in the definition of closeness can be replaced by the condition that P U − P V ∈ I(W ), where I is any operator ideal. Using the resulting notion of "I-closeness", one obtains subcategories of the above.

Lagrangian Bimodules and Their Tensor Product
Given a Hermitian vector space W with a compatible real structure, we can form the associated Clifford algebra Cl(W ). Moreover, given a Lagrangian L 01 ⊂ W 0 ⊕−W 1 , we will see below that the exterior algebra ΛL 01 is a Cl(W 0 )-Cl(W 1 )-bimodule in a natural way. This section is devoted to the question in how far this "second quantization" procedure gives a functor from the category of polarized Hilbert spaces and Lagrangians discussed in Remark 2.13 to the category sAlg of algebras and bimodules, where objects are algebras and morphisms between algebras A, B are A-B-bimodules, and the composition is given by the tensor product.
One of the challenges here is that the target category is a bicategory, so that one has to weaken the notion of a functor. More precisely, if C is a (1-)category a functor T : C → sAlg assigns an algebra T (x) to every object x of C, and an T (y)-T (x)-bimodule T (f ) to every morphism f : x → y in C. However with sAlg being a 2-category, it would be too restrictive to require strict functoriality; instead, the functor comes with isomorphisms for any pair of composable morphisms f : x → y and g: y → z. These isomorphisms need to satisfy the coherence condition that the diagram commute for every triple f, g, h of composable morphisms; here the bottom arrow is the associator of the tensor product.
It turns out that this "second quantization functor" is in fact not a functor, due to the presence of the spaces which force the canonical map between ΛL 02 and ΛL 01 ⊗ Cl(W1) ΛL 12 to be zero, c.f. Theorem 2.15 below. Instead, the tensor product is canonically isomorphic to the twisted module ΛL 02 ⊗ Λ top K. In this sense, the chiral anomaly has a purely algebraic origin: the non-functoriality of second quantization. This anomaly of course has consequences on the coherence condition (14), which is discussed in Theorem 2.18.
Let W be a complex vector space with a real structure and associated bilinear form b(·, ·), as in (2). Let L ⊂ W be a Lagrangian. The exterior algebra ΛL over a Lagrangian L ⊂ W gives rise to a module over the Clifford algebra Cl(W ) in a natural way, by letting elements of L act via wedging and elements of L via insertion. In formulas, we have for v ∈ L, ξ ∈ ΛL, where ι(v) denotes insertion of v using the inner product. Since L is a Lagrangian, any element w ∈ W has a unique decomposition w = v 1 + v 2 with v 1 , v 2 ∈ L, and hence the above definitions define the action on W ⊂ Cl(W ) completely. One can then check that the action satisfies the Clifford relations (3), and hence the action extends to all of Cl(W ) by the universal property of the Clifford algebra. The module ΛL is naturally Z 2graded via its even-and-odd grading, and the action is compatible with the grading, in the sense that even elements of Cl(W ) preserve the grading while odd elements reverse it.
The element Ω L := 1 ∈ Λ 0 L ⊂ ΛL is called the vacuum vector of the module ΛL. It has the property that w · Ω L = 0 for all w ∈ L; any element with this property must be a scalar multiple of Ω L . The following result is standard [18, §1.3].
More precisely, for any m ∈ Pf(L, M ), there is a unique homomorphism ϕ such that ϕ(Ω L ) = m and any homomorphism ϕ is determined by its value on Let W 0 , W 1 be Hermitian vector spaces with real structures and let L 01 ⊂ W 0 ⊕ −W 1 be a Lagrangian. By the above considerations, ΛL 01 is a for homogeneous elements ξ ∈ ΛL 01 and w i ∈ W i ; here the sign comes from the convention (4). Since the vacuum vector Ω 01 of ΛL 01 is annihilated by L 01 , we have for all (w 0 , w 1 ) ∈ L 01 .
and let L 02 be their composition. Suppose that the space K defined in (8) has finite dimension n. In the notation of Sect. 2.2, assume moreover (1) the map σ has closed range when restricted to L; (2) the spaces P L U and P L U are closed; Then there exists a unique module isomorphism Remembering the definition of the Pfaffian line Pf(L, M ) from (15), the above theorem in particular provides a canonical isomorphism Notice that if each of the spaces W 0 , W 1 and W 2 is complete, Theorem 2.11 implies that the conditions (1) and (2) are equivalent and in fact imply that L 02 is a Lagrangian. In particular, notice that any two composable morphisms in the category of Lagrangian relations described in Remark 2.13 satisfy the assumptions of the theorem. However, since we plan to apply this result to non-complete spaces in the sequel, we state it in this more general version. Our proof requires condition (1) for the surjectivity and condition (2) for the injectivity of α.
Proof. The proof consists of three steps: the first is well-definedness of the map α, where we have to show that it exists and moreover is uniquely determined by its value on a single element. The next two steps are surjectivity and injectivity.
Step 1: Well-definedness We start by showing (18) We first show that if k < n, then for all u 1 , . . . , u k ∈ K and w 1 , . . . , w m ∈ K ⊥ with m arbitrary, we have To this end, first observe that for any 12 . Therefore, the identity (17) implies that Ω 01 · v = 0 and v · Ω 12 = 0. This shows (19).
By (19), the map is well-defined, since the right-hand side is antisymmetric in the entries u 1 , . . . , u n : swapping u i and u j generates Clifford elements that are products of less than n factors, hence are zero. Equation (18) shows that this element is annihilated by L 02 , so that α is indeed a well-defined bimodule homomorphism.
Step 2: Surjectivity Let us now show that α is surjective, using condition (1). To this end, it suffices to show that elements of the form are in the image of α for w 1 , . . . , w k ∈ K ⊥ and u 1 , . . . , u n ∈ K, as these elements generate ΛL 01 ⊗ Cl(W1) ΛL 12 as a Cl(W 0 )-Cl(W 2 )-bimodule. To this end, we claim that there exist elements a ν ∈ Cl To prove this claim, we proceed by induction. The case k = 0 is trivial. Now assume that we have proven the claim for all k < k. Since Applying the identity (17), we conclude The last summand is zero by (19), which finishes the induction step and therefore proves the claim.
Step 3: Injectivity It follows from Lemma 2.14 that α is injective if and only if the element Ω 01 · u 1 . . . u n ⊗ Ω 12 is a nonzero element of the tensor product.
Since we have seen above that this element generates ΛL 01 ⊗ Cl(W1) ΛL 12 as a bimodule, this amounts to showing that the tensor product is not the trivial module. Using condition (2), we will establish this by showing that there exist non-vanishing linear maps out of it, following along the lines of arguments of Stolz and Teichner [21, §2.2].
To start with, we observe that since the Clifford algebra Cl(W 1 ) is generated by W 1 , the tensor product over the Clifford algebra can be realized as the quotient of the tensor product ΛL 01 ⊗ ΛL 12 over C by the subspace On the other hand, in the notation of Sect. 2.2, we have the isomorphism which is a Cl(W )-module since L is a Lagrangian in W . Under this isomorphism, the subspace Q corresponds to the subspace U · ΛL, using the Clifford action of Cl(W ) on ΛL: indeed, under the isomorphism (21), the action of U is given by Our goal is therefore to construct a linear functional ϕ on ΛL which is not identically zero, but vanishes on U · ΛL. Under the isomorphism (21), ϕ then descends to a nonzero linear functional on the quotient ΛL/(U · ΛL) ∼ = ΛL 01 ⊗ Cl(W1) ΛL 12 , showing that the tensor product is nonzero. To this end, we observe that with a view on (11), we have the factorization ΛL ∼ = ΛL σ ⊗ΛP L U , which uses that P L U is closed, by assumption (2). Hence under this isomorphism, every element of ΛL is a sum of elements of the form A linear map ϕ: ΛL → V is therefore equivalently described by a family of multi-linear maps which are alternating in the first k and last l entries. On the other hand, the action of U on such an element is given by where due to P L u 1 ⊥ ΛL σ , no term appears that is a wedge product of k + 1 elements of L σ . Rearranging (23), it follows that in order to ensure ϕ(U ·ΛL) = 0, the components ϕ k,l need to satisfy the relation (24) Suppose first that K = 0; then by (10), the element u 1 is uniquely determined by P L u 1 and the relation (24) can be used recursively to define the multi-linear maps, starting from an arbitrary family of alternating k-linear maps ϕ k,0 on L σ . Using the calculation Vol. 21 (2020) for w 1 , w 2 ∈ U , it is a combinatorial exercise to show that the maps ϕ k,l thus defined iteratively are in fact alternating in the last l entries also, and hence indeed are the components (22) of a linear functional ϕ (which then is non-vanishing if not all of the ϕ k,0 were vanishing).
In case that K = 0, the element u 1 is determined by P L u 1 only up to an element of δK = {(0, u, u, 0) | u ∈ K}. This forces additional conditions on the initial maps ϕ k,0 ; it is not hard to work out that these conditions are precisely the requirement that ϕ k,0 ( 1 , . . . , k ) = 0 unless at least n of the j are contained in δK.
Remark 2. 16. Suppose for simplicity that K = 0 in the last part of the proof above. Then the projection onto W 0 ⊕ −W 2 ⊆ W induces an isomorphism P 02 : L σ → L 02 . Hence we may use ϕ k,0 := Λ k P 02 as initial components for the construction of the linear map ϕ above. Defining ϕ k,l iteratively via (24) and passing to the quotient map, one therefore obtains a vector space isomorphism ϕ: ΛL/(U · ΛL) → ΛL 02 , which sends (the class of) Ω L to Ω 02 . On the other hand, restricting the Cl(W )action to W 0 ⊕ −W 2 , ΛL is naturally a Cl(W 0 )-Cl(W 2 )-bimodule and since U graded commutes with Cl(W 0 ⊕ −W 2 ), this bimodule structure passes to the quotient ΛL/(U · ΛL). However, one can check that the map ϕ defined before is not a bimodule homomorphism; in particular, the map ϕ thus constructed is not the inverse of the canonical isomorphism α.
To close this section, we discuss coherence of the isomorphisms α defined above. It turns out that they do not fit into a diagram of the form (14), due to the presence of the spaces K. However, Theorem 2.18 gives a precise description of this failure.
Reversing the argument shows that R is the graph of a bijection. Since R is a linear relation, the bijection is a linear map.
The map ρ 0 defined in the lemma above can be extended to a vector space isomorphism ρ: where the definition is with respect to the decomposition (26). This induces an isomorphism of determinant lines, where the normalization by the scalar factor det(ρ * ρ) is required by the following result.

commutes.
A crucial ingredient for the proof is the following lemma.
Proof of Theorem 2.18. Let u 1 , . . . , u l ∈ K 012 , v 1 , . . . , v m ∈ K ⊥ 012 ∩ K 013 and w 1 , . . . , w n ∈ K 123 be orthonormal bases and set is generated as a bimodule by Ω 03 ⊗ Θ. Therefore, it suffices to show that the diagram of the theorem commutes on this vector. To this end, calculate On the other hand, writing v j = ρ 0 (v j ) and Θ = Λ top ρ(Θ), we have where the second line performs the identification Λ top (K 012 ⊕ K 023 ) ∼ = Λ top K 012 ⊗ Λ top K 023 . Here we remark that throughout, we work in the category of super vector spaces, where the symmetry isomorphism of the tensor product potentially involves a sign; the particular sign in the formula above comes from the fact that in this category, the line Λ top K is either purely even or purely odd, depending on whether the dimension of K is even or odd. Now After switching the factors Ω 23 and u 1 ∧ · · · ∧ u l in the tensor product above using the symmetry isomorphism, applying α 012 to the left factor yields In total, we get which we have to compare with (28). Here we have Lemma 2.19 and that Clifford multiplication with v 1 , . . . , v m is totally skew-symmetric in the entries, as these vectors are orthonormal by assumption. Now since det(ρ * 0 ρ 0 ) = det(ρ * ρ), we have shown that which is the desired result.

Spin Geometry and Functorial Field Theory
This is the geometric/analytic part of this paper. We start by introducing the class of manifolds we will be working with, then we discuss some features of boundary value problems for Dirac operators needed in the sequel; finally, we end with defining the desired twist functor.

Geometry of Manifolds with Clifford Module
While the results in the introduction where stated for spin manifolds and corresponding bordisms, it is useful to formulate our results in a more general context.
for v, w ∈ T Y ⊕ R k . Here R k denotes the k-dimensional trivial line bundle over Y . We will usually just say Clifford module if the dimension d is fixed throughout and no confusion is likely to arise. A Riemannian manifold Y with a (d-dimensional) Clifford module will be referred to as a Clifford manifold; we will call Σ Y the spinor bundle on Y . An isomorphism of two Clifford manifolds (Y, Σ Y , γ Y ) and (Y , Σ Y , γ Y ) consists of an isometry f : Y → Y that is covered by a bundle isomorphism F : Σ Y → Σ Y which preserves the grading, the connection and the Hermitian inner product, and that intertwines the Clifford maps, in the sense that (1) The endomorphism field γ turns Σ Y into a bundle of graded modules for the algebra bundle Cl(T Y ⊕ R k ). (2) That Σ Y is Z 2 -graded means that it splits as a direct sum Σ Y = Σ + Y ⊕Σ − Y , where the summands are orthogonal with respect to the Hermitian scalar product. Since the connection is compatible, this implies that it preserves the summands. The operator is a complex structure and will be referred to as the grading operator. (3) An endomorphism of Σ Y is even, respectively odd, if it preserves, respectively exchanges, the summands Σ ± Y . In particular, we require γ(v) to be odd for each v ∈ T Y ⊕ R k . That γ is parallel means equivalently that we have the product rule (1) A spin structure on a d-dimensional Riemannian manifold X, d even, gives rise to a canonical spinor bundle Σ X , which is a graded Cl(TX )module. More generally, if a (d − k)-dimensional manifold Y is equipped with principal Spin d -bundle P lifting the structure group of the frame bundle Fr(T Y ⊕R k ), one can form the associated bundle Σ Y := P × Spin d Σ where Σ is the spin representation. This admits a canonical Clifford map, as the representation Σ of Spin d is naturally a graded Cl d -module. (2) Similar remarks hold when a spin structure is replaced by a spin c structure. The difference is that in the case of a spin structure, the Levi-Civita connection determines a canonical connection compatible with the metric and Clifford action, while in the spin c case, one has a certain freedom in the choice of a connection.
The Clifford map is given by Reduction of the form degree modulo 2 gives a Z 2 -grading on Σ Y . If Y is oriented, there is another possible choice of grading, given by splitting Σ Y into the eigenspaces of the Hodge- * -operator. (4) Manifolds with a reduction of their structure group to one of the ten symmetry groups of Freed and Hopkins can also be turned into Clifford manifolds, c.f. [9, §9]. We observe that a d-dimensional manifold X with d-dimensional Clifford module induces a d-dimensional Clifford module on its boundary ∂X by restriction, using the identification for v ∈ T ∂X, a ∈ R, where our convention is that we identify the outward pointing normal vector field ν ∈ N∂X with the canonical section 1 of R. Hence the boundary of a d-dimensional Clifford manifold is naturally a (d−1)dimensional Clifford manifold.

Definition 3.4 (Duals and bordisms). Fix a dimension d for all Clifford modules.
(i) If Y is a (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifold, its dual Y ∨ has the same underlying manifold and spinor bundle, but the Clifford map altered by (Fig. 1).

Example 3.5 (Cylinders). If Y is a (d − 1)-dimensional manifold with ddimensional Clifford module, this data induces a d-dimensional
Clifford mod-ule on the Riemannian manifold Y × I (where I ⊂ R is any interval) called a cylinder over Y . Namely, we set Σ Y ×I = Σ Y , and after identifying The following technical definition uses this notion of a cylinder over (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifolds. Definition 3.6 (Product structure). We say that the a d-dimensional Clifford manifold X has product structure near the boundary, if there exists a neighborhood U of the boundary ∂X that for some ε > 0 is isomorphic to ∂X × [0, ε) as a Clifford manifold.

Remark 3.7 (Sketch of the bordism category). Roughly, the d-dimensional bordism category Bord
Cl d−1,d can be described as follows. Objects of the category are (d − 1)-dimensional Riemannian manifolds Y with d-dimensional Clifford module. If Y 0 , Y 1 are two such manifolds, a morphism from Y 1 to Y 0 is a Clifford bordism X between them that has product structure near the boundary. Composition is given by gluing of bordisms, where the product structure near the boundary ensures that the metric and Clifford structure on the resulting bordism is again smooth.
One reason we leave this definition as a sketch is that Bord Cl d−1,d should actually be a bicategory, as bordisms may have automorphisms: isometries of Clifford manifolds. However, for our purposes, we do not need a precise definition of the bordism category, which we rather use as a guiding concept. Instead, we subsequently formulate our results in such a way that they are independent of the definition of the bordism category and can be used to rigorously define a functor, once a precise definition of the bordism category is established.
Remark 3.8. If one defines the dual of a bordism X between Y 1 and Y 0 as the obvious bordism X ∨ between Y ∨ 0 and Y ∨ 1 , the notion of dual thus defined should coincide with the category-theoretic notion of dual after rigorously constructing the bordism category; see, e.g., [17].
The operation sending Y to Y and X to X is an involution on the category Bord Cl d−1,d . An important observation is now that for (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifolds Y , there is a canonical isomorphism (id, η Y ): Y −→ Y ∨ given by the identity on the underlying manifold and the bundle isomorphism covering it. Notice that Σ Y = Σ Y ∨ = Σ Y as ungraded vector bundles and γ Y = γ Y so that this definition makes sense. But the grading of Σ Y is the opposite of that of Σ Y , and hence η Y is grading-preserving. That η Y intertwines the Clifford maps of Y and Y ∨ follows from the calculation If X is a bordism from Y 1 to Y 0 , then X is a bordism from Y 1 to Y 0 , or equivalently, between Y ∨ 1 and Y ∨ 0 after using these identifications Y i ∼ = Y ∨ i ; this in turn is the same thing as a bordism from Y 0 to Y 1 . In particular, if X is a compact Clifford manifold with boundary ∂X = Y , seen as a bordism from Y to ∅, we can form its double X X, a closed manifold, provided X has product structure near the boundary.

Boundary Analysis of Dirac Operators
Throughout, fix a dimension d for all Clifford modules. If X is a d-dimensional Riemannian manifold with (d-dimensional) Clifford module Σ X as introduced in Sect. 3.1, the Clifford map allows to define a canonical first-order differential operator D X on X, the Dirac operator, given by for Φ ∈ C ∞ (X, Σ X ), with respect to a local orthonormal frame e 1 , . . . , e d . The fact that γ is parallel implies that the Dirac operator is symmetric on functions with compact support in the interior of X. In general, if X is a bordism of Clifford manifolds from Y 1 to Y 0 , one has the integration by parts formula Here the signs on the right-hand side arise from our conventions regarding the normal vector. It will be important throughout our considerations that D X satisfies the following unique continuation property: If X is connected and a harmonic spinor Φ vanishes on some non-empty hypersurface Y of X, then Φ ≡ 0. (33) For references, see §8 of [7]; c.f. also [4]. We denote by the space of harmonic spinors on X. We remark that if X has a boundary, by a smooth spinor Φ on X, we mean one that is smooth up to the boundary, meaning, we require that whenever X is embedded in larger open manifoldX, Φ has a smooth extension toX. An important role in our considerations will be played by the space A direct consequence of the unique continuation property (33) is the following.
Lemma 3.10. Let X be a d-dimensional compact Clifford manifold. Then the kernel of the restriction map H X → L X is H X cl , the space of harmonic spinors on X cl ⊆ X, the closed part of X, i.e., the union of all connected components that do not touch the boundary.
The following result on the spaces L X defined in (35) is fundamental to our observations; a proof can be found, e.g., in [16,§XVII,Lemma B]; c.f. also [7, §12]. Theorem 3.11. Let X be a d-dimensional closed Clifford manifold and assume that the Dirac operator is invertible. Let Y ⊂ X be a closed hypersurface that divides X into two parts, X 0 and X 1 . Then we have Moreover, the orthogonal projection P 0 onto L X0 along L X1 is a pseudodifferential operator of order zero, with principal symbol p 0 (ξ), ξ ∈ T Y , the orthogonal projection onto the i|ξ| eigenspace of the endomorphism γ(ν)γ(ξ) of Σ Y . Here ν is the normal vector to Y pointing into X 0 . Consequently, the principal symbol p 1 (ξ) of P 1 = id − P 0 is the projection onto the −i|ξ| eigenspace of γ(ν)γ(ξ).
We use this to prove the following result. Theorem 3.12. Let X be a d-dimensional compact Clifford manifold and assume that X has product structure near the boundary. Then Proof. Since the kernel of the restriction map H X → L X is the space of harmonic spinors on the closed part of X, c.f. Lemma 3.10, we assume without loss of generality that X has no closed components.
Let M = X ∂X X be the closed Clifford manifold obtained from gluing X together with its conjugate along the common boundary, as explained at the end of Sect. 3.1. The obvious isometry f : M → M that exchanges X and X and fixes the hypersurface ∂X ⊂ M is covered by a bundle isomorphism F : Σ M → Σ M that preserves the Clifford map γ M but is grading reversing, given by the canonical identification Σ X = Σ X (in other words, (f, F ) is an isomorphism of Clifford manifolds from M to M ). On ∂X, we have F | ∂X = η ∂X , the bundle isomorphism used for gluing X to X. By (31), we therefore have F | ∂X = γ(ν), multiplication by the normal vector ν that points out of X.
It is left to show that γ(ν)L X ⊆ L ⊥ X . To see this, let ϕ, ψ ∈ L X and choose Φ, Ψ ∈ C ∞ (M, Σ M ) with D M Φ = D M Ψ = 0 on X and Φ| ∂X = ϕ and Ψ| ∂X = ψ. Then which finishes the proof.
This allows to generalize Theorem 3.11 as follows.
Proof. Let now ϕ ⊥ L X0 + L X1 . Then ϕ ⊥ L X0 , ϕ ⊥ L X1 , hence by Theorem 3.12, ϕ ∈ γ(ν)L X0 and ϕ ∈ γ(ν)L X1 ; in other words, ϕ ∈ γ(ν)K. Hence It remains to show that L X0 + L X1 is closed. To this end, we first prove that L c X0 + L c X1 is closed, where L c Xi is the closure of L Xi in L 2 (Y, Σ Y ). By (12), it suffices to show that the space P ⊥ 0 L c X1 or, equivalently, the space P ⊥ 1 L c X0 is closed, where P i is the orthogonal projection onto L c Xi and P ⊥ i = 1−P i . To this end, it suffices to show that the operator P ⊥ 1 P 0 + P 1 P ⊥ 0 has closed range. Now by Theorems 3.11 and 3.12, each of the operators P i , P ⊥ i is a pseudodifferential operator of order zero. Moreover, the principal symbols p 0 (ξ), p 1 (ξ), ξ ∈ T Y , of P 0 and P 1 are the projections onto the +i|ξ|, respectively −i|ξ| eigenspaces of the endomorphism γ(ν)γ(ξ) of Σ Y . In other words, we have p 0 (ξ) = 1−p 1 (ξ) = p ⊥ 1 (ξ) and p 1 (ξ) = 1−p 0 (ξ) = p ⊥ 0 (ξ), where p ⊥ i (ξ) denotes the principal symbol of P ⊥ i . The principal symbol of the operator P ⊥ 1 P 0 + P 1 P ⊥ 0 at ξ ∈ T Y is therefore Hence P ⊥ 1 P 0 +P 1 P ⊥ 0 = id+S, where S is a pseudodifferential operator of order −1, hence compact. This implies that P ⊥ 1 P 0 + P 1 P ⊥ 0 is a Fredholm operator, in particular has closed range.
Now to see that L X0 + L X1 is closed (with respect to the subspace topology induced from L 2 ), we have to show that L X0 + L X1 = (L X0 + L X1 ) c ∩ C ∞ (X, Σ X ). To this end, let ϕ ∈ (L X0 + L X1 ) c be smooth. Since by the previous step, Xi . Since L X0 and L X1 are not necessarily orthogonal, we do not necessarily have P 0 ϕ 1 = 0 and P 1 ϕ 0 = 0. However, since P i ϕ i = ϕ i , we obtain the system of equations By the observations above, the principal symbols of both P 0 P 1 and P 1 P 0 vanish, hence they are pseudodifferential operators of order −1. Moreover, P i ϕ is smooth. A bootstrap argument now yields that ϕ 0 and ϕ 1 are smooth, hence ϕ i ∈ L Xi and ϕ ∈ L X0 + L X1 . As the other inclusion is trivial, this finishes the proof.
The proof above in fact shows that an L 2 -version of Corollary 3.13 holds. More precisely, in L 2 (Y, Σ Y ), we still have where L c Xi denotes the completion of L Xi in L 2 (Y, Σ Y ).

Construction of the Anomaly Theory
In this section, we finally define the anomaly theory or twist functor where Bord Cl d−1,d denotes the bordism category of Clifford manifolds discussed in Remark 3.7 and sAlg denotes the bicategory of Z 2 -graded algebras, bimodules and intertwiners. Throughout, we fix a dimension d for all Clifford modules.
To start with, we define a complex vector space W Y with a real structure associated with (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifolds Y . Remember first that the grading operator J, defined in (30), squares to −1, so that it is a complex structure when acting pointwise on C ∞ (Y, Σ Y ). We therefore define where the subscript J indicates that we consider the space of spinors on Y as a complex vector space using J instead of the usual complex structure. A compatible real structure is defined by Clifford multiplication with the canonical vector 1 ∈ R ⊂ T Y ⊕R. Because Clifford multiplication is odd, this conjugation anti-commutes with J and hence is a real structure for J. A Hermitian metric on W Y is given by one easily checks that ϕ, ψ WY = ϕ, ψ WY and that the inner product is Hermitian with respect to J. Notice that when passing from Y to Y ∨ , the real structure is replaced by its negative, and when passing from Y to Y , J is replaced by −J. In total, we have canonical isomorphisms which each are the identities on the underlying space C ∞ (Y, Σ Y ) (when forgetting the grading and Clifford multiplication). For a d-dimensional Clifford manifold X with boundary ∂X = Y , remember the definitions (34) of the space of harmonic spinors H X on X and the corresponding space L X ⊂ W Y of boundary values, c.f. (35). Since L X is invariant under multiplication by J, it is a complex subspace of W Y , and due to its invariance under multiplication by i, Theorem 3.12 shows that in W Y , More generally, if X is a bordism between Clifford manifolds Y 0 and Y 1 , the identification (38) implies that we naturally have L X ⊆ W Y0 ⊕ −W Y1 . We now have the following lemma. Lemma 3.15. Let X be a bordism from Y 0 to Y 1 and let Z be a closed hypersurface that splits X into two parts, X 0 and X 1 . Assume that X has product structure near Y 0 , Z and Y 1 . Then the composition of the corresponding Lagrangians L X0 and L X1 is a Lagrangian, namely L X ⊆ W Y0 ⊕ −W Y1 .
Proof. The inclusion L X ⊂ L X1 • L X0 is trivial, since harmonic spinors on X restrict to harmonic spinors on X 0 respectively X 1 .
Let now (ϕ 0 , Then there exist harmonic spinors Φ i on X i , i = 0, 1, such that Φ i | Yi = ϕ i and such that Φ 1 | Z = Φ 0 | Z =: ψ. Hence we obtain a continuous spinor Φ on X by gluing Φ 0 , Φ 1 together at Z. Then for any spinor Ψ on X that is compactly supported in the interior of X, the integration by parts formula (32), applied to X 0 and X 1 separately, yields Here ν i denotes the outward unit normal of Y i and ν Z denotes the unit normal for Z pointing toward Y 1 . Now the first terms in each line are zero since Φ 0 , Φ 1 are harmonic by assumption. The terms involving the boundary restrictions to Z cancel, and the other terms vanish since Ψ| Y1 = 0, Ψ| Y0 = 0, as Ψ is compactly supported in the interior of X. This shows that Φ is a weak solution to the equation D X Φ = 0 in the interior of X. By elliptic regularity, it is therefore a strong solution, hence smooth on all of X; in other words, Φ ∈ H X . Hence (ϕ 0 , ϕ 1 ) ∈ L X , as claimed.
Remark 3. 16. The above observations can be used to construct a functor where LagRel is the category of Lagrangian relations described in Remark 2.13. Since the objects of LagRel are complete complex vector spaces with a real structure and a polarization, we define L(Y ) := W c Y = L 2 (Y, Σ Y ) J , the Hilbert space completion of W Y . A polarization on this Hilbert space is given as follows. Define the boundary Dirac operator A Y by the formula in terms of a local orthonormal basis e 1 , . . . , e d−1 of Y . This is a self-adjoint, elliptic differential operator on the closed manifold Y . Let be the subspace spanned by negative eigenvalues of A Y . Since γ(1) anticommutes with A Y , γ(1)L Y is just the space spanned by the negative eigenvalues. Hence (as ker(A Y ) is finite-dimensional), the completion L c Y is a sub-Lagrangian on W c Y , determining a polarization. It is well-known [7, Proposition 14.2] that the orthogonal projection onto L Y is a pseudodifferential operator of order zero on Y , and its principal symbol p(ξ), ξ ∈ T Y , is the projection onto the i|ξ| eigenspace of the endomorphism γ(1)γ(ξ) (which is just the principal symbol of A Y at ξ). Therefore, it follows from Theorem 3.11 that if Y bounds a d-dimensional Clifford manifold X, then L c Y and L c X are close in W c Y , in the sense of Remark 2.13. In particular, if X is a d-dimensional bordism from Y 1 to Y 0 , then the completion L c X is close . Moreover, it follows from Theorem 2.11 that the composition L c 01 • L c 12 is a Lagrangian, a result that does not follow directly from Lemma 3.15.
We would now like to post-compose the assignment Y → W Y and X → L X as discussed in Remark 3.16 above with the "second quantization functor" described at the beginning of Sect. 2.3. The problem with this, however, is that this second quantization procedure is not functorial due to the anomaly given be the space K in Theorem 2.15. However, notice that when passing from the space of harmonic spinors H X to the Lagrangian L X , we lose some information, as the map has a kernel; it is the finite-dimensional harmonic spinors on the closed components of X, c.f. Lemma 3.10. The solution to the aforementioned problem is to take this information into account; the definition is as follows. . For a bordism X between two Clifford manifolds Y 0 and Y 1 having product structure near the boundary, we set which is naturally a T (Y 0 )-T (Y 1 )-bimodule, as discussed above. Here X cl denotes the closed part of X and the subscript J indicates that we consider H X cl as a complex vector space using J.
In the definition above, for simplicity, we suppressed the boundary identification morphisms for the bordism X.   To discuss functoriality, we need the following lemma. Lemma 3.20. Let X be a bordism of Clifford manifolds from Y 0 to Y 1 and let Z be a closed hypersurface that splits X into two parts, X 0 and X 1 . Assume that X has product structure near Y 0 , Z and Y 1 . Then the corresponding Lagrangians L X0 and L X1 satisfy the assumptions (1) and (2) of Theorem 2.15.
Proof. Set L := L X0 ⊕ L X1 . To verify property (1) we need to show that the image of the map is closed. To see this, suppose first that Y 0 = Y 1 = ∅. In this case, we have im(σ) = L X0 + L X1 = (γ(ν)K) ⊥ ⊆ W Y1 , by Theorem 3.11. This is clearly closed; in fact, L X0 + L X1 has even finite codimension in W Y1 , since K is finite-dimensional.
If at least one of Y 0 and Y 1 is non-empty, we form the double M = X ∂X X, which is then a closed Clifford manifold. This has the hypersurface N = Z Z that separates M into a bordism M 1 = X 1 Y1 X 1 from ∅ to N and a bordism M 0 = X 0 Y0 X 0 from N to ∅. By the previous discussion, L M0 + L M1 has finite codimension in W N = W Z ⊕ W Z . This implies that has finite codimension in W Z , where P WZ is the orthogonal projection in W N onto W Z (in fact, this codimension is zero unless X had closed components to begin with, since the Dirac operator on the double is invertible, c.f. the proof of Theorem 3.12). However, since a harmonic spinor on M i restricts to a harmonic spinor on X i , we have Hence im(σ) has finite codimension and is therefore closed.
It remains to show (2), which by the observations from Sect. 2.2 is equivalent to showing that the adjoint σ * of the map σ above has closed image. If W Z and L were complete, this would follow from the observations above together with the closed range theorem; since they are not, we have to give an additional argument. To this end, form the completions L c Xi of L Xi in L 2 (∂X i , Σ ∂Xi ). Using Remark 3.14, the arguments above now can be easily extended to show that also the map σ c : L c X0 ⊕ L c X1 → L 2 (Z, Σ Z ), obtained by extending σ by continuity to the closure, has closed range; namely, its range contains the space P WZ (L c M0 + L c M1 ) of finite codimension. The closed range theorem then implies that its adjoint σ * c : We now claim that if ϕ ∈ im(σ * c ) is smooth, then in fact ϕ ∈ im(σ * ), which finishes the proof. To this end, notice that σ * c (ψ) = (P 0 (0, ψ), −P 1 (ψ, 0)), where P i is the orthogonal projection onto L Xi . With respect to the direct sum Now if σ * c (ψ) is smooth, this implies in particular that P ZZ ψ and P ZZ ψ, and also (P ZZ + P ZZ )ψ are smooth. By Theorem 3.11, P ZZ and P ZZ are pseudodifferential operators of order zero, and for their symbols, we have p ZZ (ξ) = 1 − p ZZ (ξ), ξ ∈ T Y . This implies that P ZZ + P ZZ is elliptic so that ψ is smooth by regularity.
By virtue of the lemma above, we can now use Theorem 2.15 to define isomorphisms τ : in order to complete the definition of the functor T . These isomorphisms will be coherent in the sense that they fit into a commutative diagram of the form (14), c.f. Theorem 3.22 below. To define these isomorphisms, first observe that i is the closed part of X i , i = 0, 1, and X cl Z is the remaining part of X cl , which can be identified with the connected components of X cl that touch Z, by virtue of Lemma 3.10, see Fig. 2. It now suffices to construct an isomorphism  (42) is then just τ tensored with the canonical isomorphism where R Z : H X → W Z is the boundary restriction map for Z. A few remarks are in order. First notice that by Lemma 3.10, R Z (or rather its restriction to H X cl Z ) provides an isomorphism between H X cl Z and the space Hence Theorem 2.15 asserts that there exists a bimodule isomorphism τ subject to (43) and that it is in fact uniquely determined by this requirement.
Remark 3.21. The determinant factor in the definition (43) of τ depends on the choice of a metric on H X cl Z , respectively the determinant line Λ top H X cl Z . The precise choice is immaterial for the construction of the functor here; however, we remark that there is a natural choice of such a metric, as the determinant line carries a natural metric, the Quillen metric, which has the property that it varies smoothly with the Riemannian metric and Clifford module structure on X.
The following theorem now shows the coherence of these isomorphisms τ , completing the construction of the twist functor T . Theorem 3.22. Let X be a bordism between (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifolds Y 3 and Y 0 . Let Y 1 , Y 2 be two closed hypersurfaces that split X into bordisms X ij from Y j to Y i , for 0 ≤ i < j ≤ 3. Assume that X has product structure near each Y i . Then the diagram (44) using multiplicativity of the determinant and functoriality of taking the top exterior power. Since the only difference between the isomorphisms τ defined above and the isomorphisms α used in Sect. 2.3 is the determinant factor, also the diagram commutes. This connects the left half of the diagram from Theorem 2.18 to the left half of the diagram of this theorem. A similar commutative diagram can be drawn for the respective right halves. Now tensoring the diagram (44) with ΛL 03 , the resulting diagram is used to join these two halves yielding a large commutative diagram that interpolates between the diagram from this theorem and the one from Theorem 2.18. This finishes the proof.

Outlook
In this expository section, we give an overview on questions that were not addressed in this paper and that remain open. In particular, in the first few paragraphs below, we sketch how to construct the free fermion itself, and how the anomaly theory T can be extended above. Interestingly, it turns out that essentially all objects of interest related to the Dirac operator-its etainvariant, its determinant, its index and theÂ-genus appear in this description. In this sense, the free fermion alone encompasses the whole index theory of the Dirac operator.

The Free Fermion
The purpose of this paper was not to construct the free fermion itself, but the corresponding anomaly theory, its twist in functorial field theory language.
Having completed this task, the free fermion will then be a natural transformation F : 1 → T , where 1 is the trivial field theory, which assigns C, respectively identities. In this section, we give a quick overview how to define it.
To begin with, let us unravel what such a natural transformation consists of. First, for every object of Bord Cl d−1,d , in other words, a (d − 1)-dimensional closed Clifford manifold, F assigns a morphism F (Y ): T (Y ) → 1(Y ) = C in the category sAlg, in other words, F (Y ) will be a Cl(W Y )-module. Now if Y 0 , Y 1 are two such manifolds and X is a bordism between the two, then the naturality of the transformation in this higher categorical context is the additional data of a homomorphism satisfying certain coherence conditions related to the composition of bordisms.
To define the Cl(W Y )-module F (Y ) for a (d − 1)-dimensional closed Clifford manifold Y , one takes it of the form F (Y ) = ΛL for some Lagrangian L in W Y . Here L should be taken from the space 1 where L Y is the sub-Lagrangian defined in (40). However, as L Y is not always a Lagrangian due to the possible presence of harmonic spinors, there is no canonical choice for such a Lagrangian L. A possible approach to define F is now to just choose a Lagrangian L for each such manifold Y (using the axiom of choice), at the expense of F depending on this choice. To provide a glimpse into a further understanding of this problem, we refer to Theorem 1.29 of [18], which states that if L 1 and L 2 are two such Lagrangians that are close in the Hilbert-Schmidt sense, the space of Cl(W Y )linear homomorphisms from (ΛL 1 ) c to (ΛL 2 ) c is a complex line. 2 This gives rise to a gerbe on the moduli space M Cl Y of Clifford structures on Y , and the choice needed to define the desired functor F on objects is precisely the choice of a trivialization of this gerbe. In particular, in order for F to have the property that the modules F (Y ) depend smoothly on the Clifford structure on Y , one needs this gerbe to admit a trivialization in the first place. We will not further elaborate on this problem here.
Let now X be a closed d-dimensional Riemannian manifold with ddimensional Clifford module, seen as an automorphism of the empty manifold in Bord Cl d−1,d . In this case, F (X) is a homomorphism It is then a non-trivial statement due to Quillen that the determinant lines glue together to a line bundle on the moduli space M Cl X of Clifford structures on X and that the determinant is a smooth section of this line bundle; for details, see, e.g., [5].
It is now a very interesting (and possibly quite challenging) task to extend this definition to manifolds X with boundary. Since each Lagrangian L ∈ Lag Y provides an elliptic boundary condition, giving rise to a self-adjoint Dirac operator D X,L , and a regularized determinant det ζ (D X,L ), we expect these determinants to be involved in the construction of the homomorphisms F (X). Similar to the arguments in [12], verifying functoriality will then use gluing formulas for the determinant of the Dirac operator (see, e.g., [11]). We believe that these (somewhat complicated) gluing formulas will take a very natural form in this setting.

Von Neumann Algebras and Connes Fusion
In this paper, we constructed the anomaly theory with values in the category sAlg of (Z 2 -graded) algebras, bimodules on intertwiners. In other words, we worked in the purely algebraic setting, where no topology or norm was put on algebras or modules. It is another challenging task to enhance this construction to a functor T : Bord Cl d−1,d −→ svN, where svN denotes the bicategory of Z 2 -graded von Neumann algebras, Hilbert space bimodules and intertwiners described in §4 of [21]. The composition of bimodules in this bicategory is given by the fusion product of Connes for Hilbert space bimodules.
To begin with, let X be a bordism from Y 1 to Y 0 and let F X := (ΛL X ) c be the Hilbert space completion of the Cl(W Y0 )-Cl(W Y1 )-bimodule ΛL X . The Clifford algebras Cl(W i ) act on ΛL X via bounded operators, hence we obtain Cl(W Y0 ) ⊆ B(F X ) and Cl(W Y1 ) op ⊂ Cl(W Y0 ) ⊆ B(F X ), the commutant. Taking the bicommutant of these subalgebras (or, equivalently, the weak closure) in B(F X ) then give rise to von Neumann algebras Cl(W 0 ) and Cl(W 1 ) , turning F X into a Hilbert space Cl(W 0 ) -Cl(W 1 ) -bimodule.
It turns out that these von Neumann algebras are factors if X is connected. More precisely, if Y 1 = ∅, then Cl(W 0 ) = B(F X ) so that Cl(W 0 ) is of type I ∞ (provided that d ≥ 2). On the other hand, if neither Y 1 = ∅ (and moreover Y 0 = ∅ and d ≥ 2), then Cl(W 0 ) is of type III λ , where any λ ∈ (0, 1] can appear. Finally, modules obtained from isomorphisms of Clifford manifolds also give rise to a von Neumann algebra, namely the hyperfinite type II ∞ factor. If X is not connected, Cl(W 0 ) is a tensor product of the factors corresponding to the individual components.
The first obstacle one encounters when trying to define the functor T is that one has to assign a von Neumann algebra to each (d − 1)-dimensional Clifford manifold, without any reference to a bordism. Here the only reasonable candidate seems to be the universal enveloping von Neumann algebra of Cl(W Y ). This von Neumann algebra can be defined as the double dual Cl(W Y ) * * of Cl(W Y ) and has the property that any von Neumann completion A ⊂ B(H) of a * -representation of π: Cl(W ) → B(H) admits a unique * -homomorphism ρ: Cl(W Y ) * * → A that is weakly continuous and restricts to π on Cl(W Y ) (here Cl(W Y ) ⊂ Cl(W Y ) * * via the canonical embedding into the double dual). In particular, it follows that the Fock module F X associated with a bordism X from Y 1 to Y 0 becomes a Cl(W Y0 ) * * -Cl(W Y1 ) * * -module in a natural way.
To establish functoriality for bordisms X 0 , X 1 with a common boundary Z, one needs to find a canonical isomorphism of Cl(W Y0 ) * * -Cl(W Y1 ) * * -bimodules, where X = X 0 Z X 1 and denotes the Connes fusion product. The problem here is that while naturally ΛL X ⊂ F X , the Connes fusion product F X0 Cl(WZ ) * * F X1 does not canonically contain the algebraic tensor product of ΛL X0 ⊗ Cl(WZ ) ΛL X1 , which makes it hard to put the Gluing Theorem 2.15 to use in this context. The solution to this problem is a question of ongoing research.

Higher Bordism Categories
Lurking behind various corners of this paper is the concept of extended functorial field theory. At its heart lies the observation that manifolds cannot only be cut in one direction to obtain bordisms with closed boundaries, but in several directions, giving rise to bordisms of manifolds with boundaries and corners. Remark 4.1. It is not hard to phrase the results of this paper in these terms, always considering (d − 1)-dimensional odd Clifford modules on (d − 1)dimensional manifolds instead of d-dimensional even ones. For example, with a view on Remark 2.4, the CAR algebra over the complex vector space C ∞ (Y, Σ odd Y ) is canonically isomorphic to the Clifford algebra over the complex vector space C ∞ (Y, Σ Y ) J with real structure given by γ (1). However, since a large part of our discussion depended on restricting spinors to the boundary, the current setup seemed more natural.

Extension Above: The Dai-Freed Theory
It is generally believed that the anomaly theory T extends to a functor T : Bord Cl,odd d−1,d,d+1 −→ sAlg. The top part of this extended theory, which is a functor is well-known; it was described by Dai and Freed over 20 years ago [8].
We already know what this theory assigns to objects, which are closed ddimensional manifolds X together with a (d + 1)-dimensional ungraded Clifford module Σ X or, what is the same thing, a d-dimensional graded Clifford module: it is the conjugate determinant line The main observation of Dai and Freed then was that if M is a (d + 1)dimensional (ungraded) Clifford manifold with boundary ∂M = X, its exponentiated η -invariant can be canonically understood as an element of Det X ; here η M denotes the η-invariant of Atiyah et al. [2]. Namely, they observe that Det X can be naturally identified with the space of functions on the space Lag X of Lagrangians in C ∞ (X, Σ X ) that satisfy a certain transformation rule. More precisely, while there is no real structure in this context, a Lagrangian is just defined to be a subspace L ⊂ W X (where W X := C ∞ (X, Σ X )) such that L ⊥ = JL. Such a Lagrangian is always the graph of a unitary transformation U : W + X → W − X , and conversely, the graph of any such transformation is a Lagrangian. The transformation rule for functions f : Lag X → C alluded to before is now where L i = Graph(U i ). Notice that assuming both L 1 and L 2 to be Hilbert-Schmidt-close to the Lagrangian L X considered in (40), we obtain that the difference U −1 1 U 2 −id is trace-class, hence the Fredholm determinant det(U −1 1 U 2 ) is well-defined. Since a function satisfying (48) is determined by its value at a single L ∈ Lag X , the set of such functions forms a complex line, which is canonically isomorphic to Det X by Proposition 2.15 of [8].
compare (47). Notice that while η M + dim ker D M is not continuous under a change of metric, the jump size is in 2Z, hence as a set, S τM depends continuously on the geometric data.
To describe the functor T , let first W be a (d + 2)-dimensional Clifford bordism between closed Clifford manifolds M 1 and M 0 , which we assume to have product structure near the boundary. In this case, the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem [2] states that Functoriality in this case is trivial, since T is locally determined. Now if M 0 , M 1 themselves have a boundary, so that W has corners of codimension two, one should be able to use Theorem 1.9 of [8] on the variation of the determinant-line-valued eta-invariant to generalize this result to this setting. Compare also the paper [10], where an index formula for manifolds with corners of codimension two for the signature operator is proved.