Building the Prestige of Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis: From a Little Known to an Internationally Recognized Journal

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (AITE) was founded in 1953 by Ludwik Hirszfeld, a world famous Polish physician and scientist in the field of microbiology and immunology. Initially, AITE was published in Polish, but within a few years, it changed to English to increase the range and number of international readers. In its over 65 year history, AITE has had several Editors and a number of Publishers. In the period 1977–1991, AITE was listed in the system of scientific information Current Contents/Life Sciences, but for several years, its impact on the international readership of the Journal was negligible. The political and economic crisis in Poland in late 1980s led to serious delays in printing of successive AITE issues, so the Journal was removed from the Current Contents. Year 1991 was a turning point for the Journal, guided since then by prof. Dubowska-Inglot, who changed its image and format, and allowed acceptance of review articles. In 1999, prof. Górski became the Editor-in-Chief, giving a new impulse for further development of the Journal. In a consequence, AITE was accepted to Science Citation Index Expanded (in 2001) and to Institute for Scientific Information Master Journal List (in 2002). Eventually, AITE has evolved to become a truly international, multidisciplinary journal, publishing original articles, and reviews relating to basic and clinical immunology, experimental therapy, immunogenetics, transplantology, microbiology, immunochemistry, as well as bioethics. Currently, AITE is cited in a number of major scientific information databases. Since 2011, the Journal is published by Springer Publishing House, it has achieved international recognition with its latest impact factor (for 2017) of 3.018. AITE, whose Editors are professors of Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, strengthens the status and position of the Institute as one of the leading scientific institutions in Poland.


Founding, Goals, Editors and Publishers
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (AITE) was founded in 1953 in Wrocław (Poland) by Ludwik Hirszfeld, a world famous physician, serologist and immunologist. At the time in the postwar Poland, a great demand existed for establishment of a new journal due to a remarkable progress in the field of immunology and related medical sciences. The Journal was initially edited in Polish, but after some years, English was introduced for all articles to increase the range and number of potential international readers. AITE in its 65-year history had several Editors-in-Chief (in a chronological order): Henryk Makower (1953-1955), Stefan Ślopek (1956-1987, Jerzy Giełdanowski (1988Giełdanowski ( -1991, Anna Dubowska-Inglot (1991-1998 and since 1999 until now-Andrzej Górski. The Journal was initially published by Polish Scientific Publishers (PWN, Warsaw, in 1953-1955, then by Polish Medical Publishers (PZWL, Warsaw, in 1956-1977, Ossolineum (Wrocław, in 1978(Wrocław, in -2003, Medical Science International (Warsaw, in 2004(Warsaw, in -2005, Birkhäuser (Basel, in 2006(Basel, in -2010 and finally Springer (Basel, from 2011 till now). Figure 1 presents the changing covers of the printed versions of AITE.

Early Years of AITE
At the beginning AITE was published solely in Polish, and from 1961, the articles are in English. Although AITE was added to Current Contents/Life Sciences (CC/LS) system in 1977, for several years its impact on the international readership of the Journal was low. The political and economic circumstances in Poland in the late 1980s led to nearly a year delay in printing of AITE issues, which finally resulted in deselecting from CC/LS in November 1991. The Journal's condition was poor-the scientific value of articles, as well as the reviewing procedures, was not adequate; in addition, the bureaucracy and poor management of the then publishing house negatively affected editorial work. In consequence, the impact factor (IF) for 1988 was the lowest in AITE history (0.104).

New Times, New Challenges, First Achievements
In 1991, prof. Anna Dubowska-Inglot was appointed Editor-in-Chief; she offered the positions of deputy editors to prof. Hubert Krotkiewski and prof. Michał Zimecki; subsequently, Ms Anna Steć, a very experienced secretary, became editorial assistant. At that time, an important reconstruction of the Journal was undertaken by (1) changing its size to A4, (2) introducing color figures and review articles (apart from original ones) and (3) introducing a two-column format. Fortunately, the respective issues of the Journal started again to be printed duely on time. In 1999, after passing away of prof. Dubowska-Inglot, prof. Andrzej Górski was appointed a new Editor-in-Chief, giving a further impulse to improve the quality of the Journal. A new approach to achieve a higher scientific status and international position of AITE involved the procedure of inviting review articles from renowned potential authors. In 2000, the IF of AITE was still modest (0.413) although four times higher than in 1988. AITE started to be much better recognized on the international publishing market. Taking the chance of a higher influx of review articles, AITE was able to publish, in collaboration with Kluwer Academic Publishers, two monothematic books: Autoimmunity and Inflammation (Górski et al. 2001a, b

Policy and Editorial Work: Challenges, Traps, Surprises
The policy of AITE assumes recruitment of the best quality manuscripts irrespectively of affiliation, country of origin and scientific output of a potential author, however, manuscripts from renowned authors and institutions have our preference. First, the manuscripts are subjected to the editorial in-house evaluation and these outside the scope or of lower priority are not processed further. The Editors, as a rule, do not accept case reports. As a next step, the manuscripts are subjected to peer review by at least two foreign experts in the field, although some articles require evaluation by more referees. Invited articles are published free of charge. The Journal accepts both original and review articles, although from Editorial Office point of view, the latter are preferred due to a higher readership and citation. In practice, the number of reviews and original articles per issue are roughly comparable (1:1). The policy of AITE also stipulates that new members of the Advisory Board are recruited from new authors and their exceptional contribution to the scientific level of the Journal is a requirement. The list of Advisory Board is a subject to modification every 3 years.
The gaining of the good quality articles is a serious challenge. Apart from spontaneously submitted manuscripts, of which many may not meet the Journal's requirements, we try to focus on a category of "invited reviews". Such invitations are usually aimed at authors published in high-quality journals, for example, The Journal of Immunology. Recently a remarkable increase of the number of new journals is evident, mostly published online, which leads to a dramatic competition on the market. Luckily, these newly generated journals are not attractive enough due to lack of established IF and absence, at the beginning, in the scientific information systems. In this respect, the tradition of AITE (founded in 1953) and its excellent history of attaining the international status, represent an advantage for the Journal. About 50% of the articles, published in AITE, are currently (2018) accessible to readers free of charge.
Due to a high number of the good quality journals in the category Immunology the position of AITE in this classification (the journals, for ranking purposes, are divided into four groups/quartiles within one category) varied depending on IF gained in a given year. AITE ranked in the years 2010-2012 in quartile Q3, in quartile Q2 in the years 2013-2014, in quartile Q3 in the year 2015 and in quartile Q4 in the year 2016. The IF 3.018 for the year 2017 moved AITE to quartile Q3 again. It is also obvious for us that because of high competition on the market recently we may observe serious shifts in a position of previously leading journals, e.g., The Journal of Immunology suffered a drop in its IF from 7.065 (in 2001) to 4.539 (in 2017). Although new attractive titles in the field of immunology emerged, due to a constant progress AITE found a firm place among important immunological journals (IF in parenthesis), such as: Immunobiology (2.720), Cellular Immunology (3.172), International Immunopharmacology (2.956), PLoS One (2.806), Acta Pharm Sinica (3.223), Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (3.176) or Scandinavian Journal of Immunology (2.256). These comparisons clearly show a leading position of AITE among immunological journals in Central and Eastern Europe (Groneberg 2018).
The most difficult part of our editorial work is a proper selection of articles which would be interesting to the readers. This is reasonably easy for some types of review articles but sometimes we can not foresee a potential "success" of a given article. A case in point: it happened that we published several articles from one research group and they were very poorly cited causing our objection to accept another manuscript from the same laboratory. In addition, the opinions of the reviewers regarding the newest paper were unpromising. However, to our surprise, the article had quite high citations. Another important issue regarding acceptance of articles for publication is that it turned out to be risky to publish articles from conferences presenting subjects not directly associated with the publishing scope of AITE. In 1 3 these cases the articles were not at all or very poorly cited which, in consequence, negatively affected the Journal's IF.
It is of course clear that the significance of IF value for a scientific journal should not be overestimated. A widely spread opinion prevails that IF does not actually reflect the real scientific value of a journal (Callaway 2016;Ketcham 2008) and what really counts is a citation of a particular article (Falagas and Alexiou 2008;Ketcham 2008). As Eugene Garfield, a "father" of IF system, says "impact factor is not a perfect tool to measure the quality of articles but there is nothing better and it has the advantage of already being in existence and is, therefore, a good technique for scientific evaluation" (Garfield 1999). In everyday editorial work we are aware of all doubts mentioned above. It is characteristic for all journals, as well as for top-cited journals, like Nature and Science (Callaway 2016), that the citation distribution of articles is highly out of proportion, i.e., majority of articles are cited below the journal's IF; for comparison see the relevant data for AITE (Fig. 2).
Nevertheless, in the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Pilc 2008) system of evaluation of scientific institutions IF values of articles published by the scientists, employed in an institution, correspond to so-called "ministry points". As a consequence, a sum of the points, representing scientific output of an institution and its other relevant achievements, determines its position in the ranking and, what is most important, is reflected by adequate funding. High value of AITE's IF is an important factor, contributing to the Ministry's funding of the Institute, which

Ethical Standards, Self-Citations
AITE Editors pay particular attention to maintaining high ethical standards of the Journal and thus the Editors decided not to publish their own articles in AITE. Solicitation, expressed by Editorial Office, to cite AITE articles by the authors of accepted papers, (which is an unfortunate practice in some journals), is totally unthinkable. In consequence, the percentage of self-citations in AITE articles is amazingly low (see Table 2) in contrast to the mean self-citation rate equal to 12.41% (McVeigh 2002).
The Editorial Office is also aware of potential plagiarism, and therefore, the submitted manuscripts are monitored using an anti-plagiarism computer program. Ethical responsibilities of the authors are included in the Instructions to authors and require a statement of: (1) novelty of the presented results not published before; (2) potential conflicts of interest; (3) agreement of local Ethics Committee regarding the research involving human participants and/or experimental animals and (4) informed consent of patients and volunteers donating biological material. The Journal Citation Reports (JCR), published by Clarivate Analytics since 1975, monitor the journals towards unexplainable high citations and, in the cases of dishonest procedures of acquiring citations, remove those journals from JCR databases for 1 year. AITE, in its 65 years history, has always been blameless regarding this issue.

Present Status of the Journal, Perspectives
In the last 26 years the scientific value of AITE has acquired good international level. Our Advisory Board currently consists of 39 members, 26 of whom (67%) come from the foreign scientific institutions. To complete the current, overall image of AITE below we present some characteristic data:

Reviewing Process
All manuscripts, submitted to AITE and accepted by Editors, are subject to peer review procedure. As a rule we look for reviewers abroad and pay due attention to their thorough opinions and subsequently to Authors' responses, who are mostly satisfied with these comments. This is reflected in their positive attitude, e.g., "The reviewers' comments have been most helpful to improve the quality of our manuscript", "Thank you very much for this opportunity to publish in AITE", "We express our gratitude to Reviewers for their comments that helped us to improve the quality of the article". We fully understand that thanks to the Reviewers' work the scientific quality of the Journal constantly improves. Table 3 presents rejection rate (number of rejected articles compared to all submitted manuscripts, expressed in percentages).

Rejection Rate
AITE publishes yearly ca 45-50 articles; from the Table 3 it is evident we reject approximately half of the submitted manuscripts, or less. The better the journal is, the more manuscripts it is able to reject.
It should be noted that some 25 years ago the influx of the manuscripts being very poor, the Journal did not reject a single article. Nowadays the number of manuscripts submitted is considerably higher and we have a real choice as to which manuscripts should be published.  Kobayashi et al. (2005).
AITE, in its 65 years of publishing history, had so far 13 articles cited more than a hundred times and 43 articles were cited at least 50 times. When an article is cited in a scientific publication, it is a clear indication that it was interesting and significant for the scientific world. In consequence, individual citations influence IF of a journal.

Full-Text Article Requests
Another measure of interest in a journal's articles, although more relative, are full-text down loadings from the website of a journal. Based on AITE Publisher's Report (2017) these full-text article requests in the recent years were as follows: In our opinion the number of the full-text article requests is high and means that AITE articles are interesting to the readers. Moreover, the number of these down loadings is constantly increasing, which is very promising for the Journal. Figure 3 presents IF values of AITE in the period 2002-2017. As can be seen, within 15 years the IF calculated for AITE has grown from 0.793 (2002) to 3.018 (2017). We can see a very dynamic and continuous development of the Journal, which directly means acquiring the good quality manuscripts. Such a diagram can be treated as a relative ID of a journal, because it shows an important final publication parameter, reflecting a response of a market to a real scientific value of the journal.

Distribution
Currently AITE is published in two forms: printed version (ISSN 0004-069X) and electronic version (ISSN 1661-4917); the latter can be reached under the address http://www.sprin ger.com/5. The navigation bar includes Online first articles, where there is a set of papers accepted for publication but not yet printed, with a given DOI number which already enables citation. Editorial

Last but Not Least
Our plans for the nearest future assume continued and fruitful collaboration with Springer Publishing House. Our efforts will also be aimed at achieving a complete coverage of the Journal's budget (both the costs of publication and personal costs) by adjusting the page-charges to the advancing scientific status of the Journal, which we are determined to maintain on the highest possible level. In December 2016 the Editorial Team of the Journal received a scientific award of the President of Polish Academy of Sciences, professor Jerzy Duszyński, for "earning a notable international prestige for the Journal due to the high publishing standards over many years of its publication". We do hope this award will strongly raise the international position of the Journal in the coming years.