Abstract
Over the past decade, sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) has been developed as a promising tool for the remediation of contaminated soil, sediment, and water. Although most studies have focused on applying S-nZVI for clean-up purposes, there is still a lack of systematic summary and discussion from its synthesis, application, to toxicity assessment. This review firstly summarized and compared the properties of S-nZVI synthesized from one-step and two-step synthesis methods, and the modification protocols for obtaining better stability and reactivity. In the context of environmental remediation, this review outlined an update on the latest development of S-nZVI for removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and also discussed the underlying removal mechanisms. Environmental factors affecting the remediation performance of S-nZVI (e.g., humic acid, coexisting ions, S/Fe molar ratio, pH, and oxygen condition) were highlighted. Besides, the application potential of S-nZVI in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), especially in activating persulfate, was also evaluated. The toxicity impacts of S-nZVI on the environmental microorganism were described. Finally, the future challenges and remaining restrains to be resolved for better applicability of S-nZVI are also proposed. This review could provide guidance for the environmental remediation with S-nZVI-based technology from theoretical basis and practical perspectives.
Graphical Abstract
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Copyright 2018, Elsevier. And for EDTA-Cd immobilization by S-nZVI (b). Reprinted with permission from Ref. (Liang et al. 2021). Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. b CMC-S-nZVI was applied at a site contaminated by cVOCs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. (Garcia et al. 2020a). Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Copyright 2016, Elsevier. TEM images of b S-NZVI, c DMSN, and d S-NZVI/DMSN. e Degradation efficiency of TBBPA as a function of time by different materials. f Removal mechanisms of TBBPA by S-NZVI. Reprinted with permission from Ref. (Li et al. 2021b). Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Copyright 2022, Elsevier
Copyright 2020, Elsevier
Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Copyright 2021, Elsevier
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The data analyzed and/or generated in this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
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This work was financially supported by the Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42107415) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210830).
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Wenjing Xue: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, writing—original draft, and funding acquisition. Jun Li: supervision, writing—review and editing, and writing—original draft. Xinyu Chen, Hongdou Liu, Siqi Wen, Xiaoyu Shi, Jiaming Guo, Yang Gao, and Jian Xu: review and editing. Yiqun Xu: conceptualization, methodology, and writing—review and editing.
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Xue, W., Li, J., Chen, X. et al. Recent advances in sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron materials for environmental remediation and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 101933–101962 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29564-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29564-9