Testing the minimal S 4 model of neutrinos with the Dirac and Majorana phases

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Introduction
The neutrino experiments are going on the new step to reveal the CP violations in the lepton sector. If the neutrinos are the Majorana particles, there are one Dirac phase and two Majorana phases [1][2][3], which are sources of the CP violation. The T2K experiment, which has already confirmed the neutrino oscillation in the ν µ → ν e appearance events [4], provides us the new information of the CP violating Dirac phase by combining the data of reactor experiments [5]- [8]. On the other hand, the neutrino-less double beta decay (0νββ) experiments lower gradually the upper-bound of the effective neutrino mass m ee around O(100) meV. If the neutrino mass hierarchy is the inverted one, one can expect to observe the 0νββ in the near future. Its magnitude depends on the CP violating Majorana phases. Thus, the three CP violating phases can be observed in progressive neutrino experiments. Those CP violating phases provide us the important information to test the flavor model of neutrinos. There appear many works to test models with the CP violating Dirac and the Majorana phases of neutrinos in addition to the mixing angle sum rules [9]- [32].

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The recent experimental data of neutrinos give us a big hint of the flavor symmetry. Actually, the lepton flavor structure has been discussed in the framework of the flavor symmetry. Before the reactor experiments reported the non-zero value of θ 13 , there appears a paradigm of "tri-bimaximal mixing" (TBM) [33,34], which is a simple mixing pattern for leptons and can be easily derived from flavor symmetries. Some authors succeeded to obtain the TBM in the A 4 models [35]- [39]. After those successes, the non-Abelian discrete groups are center of attention at the flavor symmetry [40]- [43]. The other groups were also examined to give the TBM [44]- [55]. The deviations from the TBM were estimated in many works [12,56]- [74]. The observation of the non-vanishing θ 13 enables the detail studies of flavor models in the context of the sum rules of mixing angles [43,75]- [83]. The neutrino CP violation is also discussed in the context of the generalized CP symmetry [15,84,85]. The non-Abelian discrete groups with the CP symmetry have predicted the magnitude of the CP violating phases [86]- [105]. Furthermore, the neutrino mixing angles have been predicted linking with the quark mixing matrix by using some GUT models [106]- [121]. Thus, the flavor models in the lepton sector confront the neutrino experimental data of CP violating phases.
However, the flavor models do not always give the unique predictions since they have many parameters. Therefore, it is desirable to build a model with the small number of parameters for testing it. This attempt was proposed with Occam's Razor [122], where the inverted mass hierarchy is predicted. In this paper, we build two neutrino flavor models with the small number of parameters as much as possible in the framework of the indirect approach with the S 4 flavor symmetry. The neutrino mass matrix is given by two complex parameters. The charged lepton mass matrix gives the non-vanishing reactor angle θ 13 . The models lead to the inverted mass hierarchy, and predict the Dirac phase and the Majorana phases. Our predicted effective neutrino mass of the 0νββ is correlated with the Dirac phase.
In section 2, we propose two simple S 4 models, and discuss their implications. In section 3, we present the numerical analyses of the CP violating phases as well as the mixing angles, and then predict the effective neutrino mass for the 0νββ. The section 4 is devoted to discussions and summary. In appendices, we present the multiplication rules of the S 4 group, and the neutrino mass matrix in the relevant basis of neutrinos.

S 4 flavor models
Let us build simple lepton flavor models with the S 4 group by the indirect approach of the flavor symmetry. We obtain the lepton mass matrices by introducing the relevant flavons and assuming the alignment of their vacuum expectation values (VEVs). The advantage of the S 4 group includes both the doublet and the triplets as the fundamental representations. Therefore, the S 4 flavor symmetry was easily extended to the quark sector [107,108]. We obtain two models with the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy, which give two cases of the lightest neutrino mass m 3 = 0 and m 3 = 0, respectively. The particle assignments are same in both cases, while the vacuum alignments of flavon for the neutrino sector are different in each model. (2)  2  1  1  1  1  2  1  1  1  1  1  1  S 4  3  2  1  2  1  1  3  3  3  3  3 1 We present a model with the S 4 flavor symmetry in the case of the vanishing lightest neutrino mass. The particle assignments are shown in table 1. These assignments are similar to the model in refs. [107,108] except for flavon fields. Under the S 4 group, the left-handed lepton doubletL = (L e ,L µ ,L τ ) are assumed to transform as the triplet, while the right-handed charged lepton are assigned to the doublet R = (e R , µ R ) and the singlet τ R . The right-handed neutrinos are also assigned to the doublet N c R = (N c eR , N c µR ) and the singlet N c τ R . The Z 4 charge is assigned relevantly to the leptons. In order to get the natural hierarchy between the muon and tauon masses, the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism [123] is introduced as an additional U(1) F N flavor symmetry, where Θ denotes the Froggatt-Nielsen flavon. On the other hand, the Higgs doublet H is assigned to the S 4 singlet. The gauge singlet flavons are assigned to the triplet or triplet-prime, which have different Z 4 charges as seen in table 1.

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We can now write down the S 4 × Z 4 × U(1) F N invariant Lagrangian for the Yukawa interaction in terms of the S 4 cutoff scale Λ and the U(1) F N cutoff scaleΛ as follows: where y's are Yukawa couplings, M 1 and M 2 are the Majorana masses, and H = iτ 2 H * . In this setup, we discuss the lepton mass matrices. Let us begin with discussing the neutrino sector. In order to desirable mass matrices, the relevant VEV alignments are required. We will show the potential analysis to derive the VEV alignments in subsection 2.3.
We take the VEVs of the relevant flavons and VEV alignments as: By using the multiplication rules in appendix A, we obtain the Dirac neutrino mass matrix M D as

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Therefore, the neutrino mass squared differences are given as and neutrino mixing matrix U ν is where tan 2η = 2 √ 2a a 2 + 9b 2 + 6ab cos ϕ 27b 2 − a 2 + 6ab cos ϕ , tan ψ = − 3b sin ϕ a + 3b cos ϕ . (2.12) Thus, the neutrino mass hierarchy is only inverted one and the neutrino mixing angles are determined by two neutrino mass squared differences and relative phase ϕ in our model. Next, we consider the charged lepton sector. Taking VEV and VEV alignments as 1 the charged lepton mass matrix M is given as In order to reproduce the relevant mass hierarchy between the muon and the tauon, we take θ/Λ as the Cabibbo angle 0.22 approximately. The left-handed mixing of charged leptons is given by investigating M M † : Hereafter, we define |a | ≡ a , |b | ≡ b , and |c | ≡ c for simplicity. Then, the charged lepton masses are given as The U(1) F N symmetry guarantees the mass hierarchy of the muon and the tauon. Now, we discuss the electron and muon masses. If we assume b a , c in eq. (2.14), the electron and muon masses in eq. (2.17) are approximately written as Then, the muon mass is 2/3b and the electron mass is reproduced by tuning a and c .
On the other hand, the left-handed charged lepton mixing matrix U is In the charged lepton sector, there are four real parameters (a , b , c , d ) and two phases. After inputting charged lepton masses, there remains two independent parameters, which are the mixing angle λ and the CP violating phase ψ . Those free parameters are adjusted to the experimental data of the lepton mixing matrix, namely Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix U PMNS [124,125] as

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The mixing matrix elements are written as Therefore, the mixing angles are expressed as follows: In order to compare our model with the TBM in the neutrino sector, it is useful to write down the mixing angles without the contribution from the charged lepton sector, that is ones in eq. (2.11), where θ ν ij denote the mixing angles only in the neutrino sector. Our model is different from the TBM only in θ ν 12 . We will see how large our θ ν 12 is deviated from the TBM sin 2 θ ν 12 = 1/3 in the next section.
Before closing this subsection, we present a simple sum rule between θ 23 and θ 13 in eq. (2.23): By using the experimental data [126] for 3σ range, the sin 2 θ 23 is predicted to be 0.487 ≤ sin 2 θ 23 ≤ 0.490, (2.26) which is within the 3σ range for the experimental data [126] as 0.389 ≤ sin 2 θ 23 ≤ 0.664. We show the details of our numerical analyses in section 3.

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2.2 S 4 flavor model for m 3 = 0 We can obtain another simple model with the non-vanishing lightest neutrino mass. The particle assignments are same as the model in table 1. Therefore, the S 4 × Z 4 invariant Lagrangian for the Yukawa coupling is same as in eq. (2.1). The VEV alignments for the neutrino sector are different from eq. (2.2). Taking VEV alignments as 2 we obtain the Dirac neutrino mass matrix M D as The right-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix M N is same in eq. (2.4) as By using the seesaw mechanism, the left-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix M ν is written as where a and b are complex parameters. Moving to the TBM base, the neutrino mass matrix is given as In order to get the mixing angles of the left-handed Majorana neutrino, we investigate Hereafter, we define |a| ≡ a and |b| ≡ b for simplicity. Then, the neutrino mass eigenvalues are Therefore, the neutrino mass squared differences are 34) and the neutrino mixing matrix U ν is where tan 2η = 2a 2(a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos ϕ) a 2 + 3b 2 + 4ab cos ϕ , We can easily find the mass ordering with m 2 > m 1 > m 3 for any cos ϕ. Therefore, the neutrino mass hierarchy is only inverted one and the neutrino mixing angles are determined by two neutrino mass squared differences and relative phase ϕ.
The charged lepton mass matrix is the same as the one in the previous subsection. Therefore, the PMNS mixing matrix elements are expressed in the same form in eq. (2.22). We have the same sum rule between θ 23 and θ 13 in eq. (2.25).

Potential analysis and VEV alignments
In this subsection, we present the potential analysis of flavons in the framework of the supersymmetry with the U(1) R symmetry. We can generate the vacuum alignment through F -terms by coupling flavons to driving fields, which carry the R charge +2 under U(1) R symmetry. We also assign R charge +1 to the lepton doublets, right-handed charged leptons, and right-handed Majorana neutrinos. In addition to driving fields with R = 2, we introduce a new flavon φ ν , which does not couple to leptons and right-handed Majorana neutrinos due to the U(1) F N charge. The charge assignments of the additional flavon and driving fields are summarized in table 2.
Let us write down the S 4 × Z 4 × U(1) F N invariant superpotential for the interaction of scalar fields as follow:

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where y ξ 0 , y ξ 0 , y η 0 and y χ 0 are arbitrary parameters. Then, the potential V is given as where X 0 = ξ 0 , ξ 0 , η 0 , χ 0 . Therefore, conditions to realize the potential minimum (V = 0) are given from eq. (2.38) as One of the solutions which satisfies these conditions is given as then, the VEV alignments are which have been used in the subsection 2.1. We can also derive the VEV alignments of the subsection 2.2 in the similar discussion.

Numerical analyses
In this section, we show the numerical analyses in our S 4 models. We use the result of the global analyses of neutrino oscillation experiments [126][127][128]. The 3σ range of the experimental data [126]  Our numerical strategy is as follows. Fixing a random value for ϕ of eq. (2.10) in the region −π ≤ ϕ ≤ π, then, a and b are determined from the experimental data of ∆m 2 atm and ∆m 2 sol . Then, we can calculate the neutrino mixing matrix (η and ψ) from

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eqs. (2.11) and (2.12). The magnitude of λ is determined in sin 2 θ 13 of eq. (2.23) by using the experimental data [126] for 3σ range. Finally, choosing a random value for ψ in −π ≤ ψ ≤ π, we calculate the PMNS mixing matrix elements in eq. (2.21), which are adjusted to the experimental data of eq. (3.1). In our numerical studies, we predict the Dirac phase and the Majorana phases. Our predicted PMNS matrix in the previous section should be compared with the following conventional parametrization [129] including the Majorana phases: where c ij and s ij denote cos θ ij and sin θ ij , respectively. The phases δ e , δ µ , and δ τ could be absorbed in the left-handed charged lepton fields, δ CP is the Dirac phase, and α, β are the Majorana phases.
We can calculate the Dirac phase δ CP as follows. The Jarlskog invariant [130], which is the measure describing the size of the CP violation, is given as (3.4) In our model, the one of the PMNS mixing matrix elements U τ 1 is written as Thus, δ CP is determined up to the quadrant. Next, let us calculate the Majorana phases. In our model, U µ3 and U τ 3 have no phases as seen in eq. (2.22), so we find δ µ = δ τ = 0 in eq. (3.2). For convenience, expressing the phases of the mixing matrix of eq. (2.22) as we derive the following relations by comparing with eq. (3.2): Eliminating δ e in these relations, we obtain from which we can calculate the Majorana phases numerically. Based on the numerical results of the phases, we can estimate the effective neutrino mass for the 0νββ. The effective neutrino mass is written as We show the effective neutrino mass of the 0νββ versus the difference of the Majorana phases and the Dirac phase for in figures 6 and 7, respectively. For the fixed effective neutrino mass for the 0νββ, there are two fold degeneracy and four fold degeneracy in the Majorana phase (α − β) and the Dirac phase δ CP , respectively. Therefore, the degeneracy will be solved if both δ CP and m ee are observed. At present, we predict 32 meV |m ee | 49 meV, which is close to the expected reaches of the coming experiments of the 0νββ [131]. Finally, we show the sum of the neutrino masses is predicted as 0.0952 eV i m i 0.101 eV. (3.11) This total neutrino mass is within the reaches of the future cosmological and astrophysical measurements, such as the CMB spectrum, the galaxy distributions, and the red-shifted 21cm line in the future [132].   In figure 8, we show the allowed region on ψ-sin 2 θ ν 12 plane, where θ ν 12 is the mixing angle of the neutrino sector without the charged lepton contribution as seen in eq. (2.24). This result is very similar to the case of m 3 = 0 of figure 1 in the previous subsection.
At first, in figures 9 and 10, we show the Dirac phase δ CP versus the Majorana phases α and β, respectively. The both positive and negative signs are allowed for α and β. The allowed regions of the Majorana phases are 105 • |α| 135 • and 145 • |β| 170 • . The Dirac phase is still allowed in the all region as −π δ CP π. We also show the Dirac phase δ CP versus (α − β) in figure 11. We obtain 10 • |α − β| 60 • . In figure 12, we show the allowed region of the Majorana phases α and β. The Majorana phases are restricted in the two regions on this plane as well as the case of the previous subsection.
Next, we also show the effective neutrino mass m ee for the 0νββ versus the Dirac phase in figure 13.  This value is also within the reaches of the future cosmological and astrophysical measurements.

Discussions and summary
We have presented the minimal S 4 flavor models of leptons. By using the alignments of the VEV's of the flavons obtained in subsection 2.3, the models lead to the two different neutrino mass spectra with the inverted mass hierarchy. The neutrino mass matrix is given by two complex parameters in eqs. (2.5) and (2.30). The first case has one vanishing neutrino mass m 3 = 0, and the second case has three non-vanishing neutrino masses. The charged leptons are not flavor diagonal. There remains the first and second family mixing, which give the non-vanishing reactor angle θ 13 . We have moved to the TBM basis of neutrinos in order to clarify the deviation from the TBM.
It is not necessary to go to the TBM basis to calculate the mixing angles, but this is merely a convenient basis to do so. We present alternative basis, the bi-maximal base or the µ-τ symmetric one, where it is also convenient to study the mass matrices in appendices B and C, respectively.
Inputting the experimental data of two neutrino mass squared differences and the mixing angles θ 12 , θ 23 and θ 13 , we can predict the Dirac phase and the Majorana phases. Furthermore, we predict the magnitude of the effective neutrino mass of the 0νββ, which is correlated with the Dirac phases. For the fixed effective neutrino mass for the 0νββ, there are two fold degeneracy and four fold degeneracy in the Majorana phase difference (α − β) and the Dirac phase δ CP , respectively. Therefore, if both δ CP and m ee are observed, the Majorana phases are determined finally. At present, the predicted magnitudes of m ee are in the regions as 32 meV |m ee | 49 meV and 34 meV |m ee | 59 meV for the cases of m 3 = 0 and m 3 = 0, respectively. These values are close to the expected reaches of the coming experiments of the 0νββ.
The sum of three neutrino masses is also predicted in both models as 0.0952 eV m i 0.101 eV and 0.150 eV m i 0.160 eV, respectively. Those total masses are also within the reaches of the future cosmological and astrophysical measurements.

A Multiplication rules of the S 4 group
We show the multiplication rules of S 4 : (A.1) More details are shown in the review [41,42].
After rotating M ν with the bimaximal mixing matrix V BM , the left-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix is rewritten as The left-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix M ν is (C.4) After rotating M ν with the µ-τ maximal mixing matrix V 23 , the left-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix is rewritten as Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.