Two Virasoro symmetries in stringy warped AdS$_3$

We study three-dimensional consistent truncations of type IIB supergravity which admit warped AdS$_3$ solutions. These theories contain subsectors that have no bulk dynamics. We show that the symplectic form for these theories, when restricted to the non-dynamical subsectors, equals the symplectic form for pure Einstein gravity in AdS$_3$. Consequently, for each consistent choice of boundary conditions in AdS$_3$, we can define a consistent phase space in warped AdS$_3$ with identical conserved charges. This way, we easily obtain a Virasoro $\times$ Virasoro asymptotic symmetry algebra in warped AdS$_3$; two different types of Virasoro $\times$ Ka\v{c}-Moody symmetries are also consistent alternatives. Next, we study the phase space of these theories when propagating modes are included. We show that, as long as one can define a conserved symplectic form without introducing instabilities, the Virasoro $\times$ Virasoro asymptotic symmetries can be extended to the entire (linearized) phase space. This implies that, at least at semi-classical level, consistent theories of gravity in warped AdS$_3$ are described by a two-dimensional conformal field theory, as long as stability is not an issue.


Introduction
Black holes carry an entropy given by a remarkably simple, yet completely universal, formula: the area of their event horizon in Planck units, divided by four [1,2]. Despite many years of investigation, the microscopic origin of this formula and the reason behind its universality have only been understood for a very special class of black holes, namely those whose near-horizon region contains an AdS 3 factor [3,4]. The microstates of such black holes correspond to thermal excitations in a two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT 2 ) and their entropy is counted by Cardy's formula [5], a universal CFT 2 formula that perfectly matches the area law on the gravity side. Moreover, the symmetries of the microscopic CFT -two copies of the infinite-dimensional Virasoro algebra -are directly visible in spacetime in the form of asymptotic symmetries [6].
Unfortunately, no black hole in nature has an AdS 3 factor in its near-horizon region. Nevertheless, a few years ago it was proposed that extremal Kerr black holes -

JHEP12(2014)012
Finally, the NHEK throat admits so-called travelling wave perturbations [13], which have an oscillatory behaviour at infinity and can carry energy and momentum through the spacetime boundary. The stability or instability of NHEK under such perturbations is a subtle question of boundary conditions: while [29], who required that no flux pass through the boundary of the spacetime, found an exponential growth of the perturbations with time, [30], who imposed purely outgoing boundary conditions instead, found an exponential damping, as [13] had predicted. Thus, one seems to have a choice between the symplectic form not being conserved and instabilities in the near-horizon region. In either case, one cannot define a self-consistent phase space, even at the linear level.
Some of the above problems do have a simple resolution if we consider the Kerr/CFT correspondence embedded in its larger context as holography for warped AdS 3 spacetimes, relation which was made precise in [34]. For example, the no dynamics puzzle has a similar origin and resolution to its AdS 3 /CFT 2 counterpart -for a clear explanation, see [35]. The lack of dynamics is due to taking an infrared limit (also known as the "very nearhorizon" limit [36]) that only keeps the ground states of the system. In order to avoid it, one should seek a different decoupling limit [37,38], which also keeps some finite energy excitations from the point of view of the decoupled theory. While this intermediate scaling limit is not known (to exist) for Kerr, it can be found for many type IIB geometries, via an analysis identical to that in [34]. These decoupled geometries, many examples of which have been studied in [39], have full dynamics and contain a rich spectrum of warped AdS 3 black strings, whose thermodynamics is identical to that of the BTZ black string. In certain cases, the spectrum of black string solutions can be entirely captured within a three-dimensional consistent truncation of type IIB supergravity [39]. One of these truncations, which will be studied in this article, is particularly interesting because its black string solutions, upon dimensional reduction and taking the very near-horizon limit, can model the near-horizon geometry of the charged generalization to Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theories of the singly-spinning, extremal five-dimensional Myers-Perry black hole [34] (see also [40,41]).
The main goal of the present paper is to address the first puzzle that we mentioned, namely the construction of a second copy of the Virasoro symmetry in warped AdS 3 , which acts simultaneously with the first. In order to have a full-fledged, dynamical, holographic correspondence, we will be working in the context of the type IIB consistent truncations mentioned above. The presence of both Virasoro symmetries in this context has been long forecast by the holographic analyses of [42,43], who showed that the holographic stress tensor for the warped AdS 3 spacetime is at the same time symmetric, conserved, and traceless, and is thus expected to generate two copies of the Virasoro algebra. In this paper, we show this is indeed the case (for a given set of "Dirichlet" boundary conditions), using the more transparent covariant phase space formalism. Concretely, we show that for each consistent choice of boundary conditions in an auxiliary AdS 3 space-time, there exists a choice of boundary conditions in warped AdS 3 , such that the associated conserved and [32] has recently given a beautiful explanation for why the applicability of Cardy's formula is extended for CFTs with a large central charge and a sparse light spectrum. We might expect that similar arguments also apply to Kerr/CFT. For an attempt to use string dualities to bring the extreme Kerr black hole in a regime where Cardy's formula is valid, see [33].
The statement above applies at full non-linear level, but only to a certain, nondynamical sector of the theory. The most interesting question nevertheless is whether the Virasoro × Virasoro symmetry extends to the full phase space of the theory, which includes bulk propagating degrees of freedom. If the answer is yes, then we would have shown that boundary conditions exist such that warped AdS 3 is holographically dual to a two-dimensional CFT (at least in the semi-classical limit), in the sense that all excitations that have a gravity dual transform under representations of the two Virasoro algebras, upon canonical quantization of the supergravity fields. 5 We are indeed able to show that these symmetries extend to the entire linearised phase space of gravity in warped AdS 3 , as long as no travelling waves are present. We leave the analysis of the conformal symmetries in presence of the travelling waves to future work. This paper is organised as follows. In section 2, we review two of the consistent truncations of [39] that we will work with, as well as the covariant phase space formalism. In section 3, we study slices through the phase space of these theories that do not contain bulk propagating modes, and show that their symplectic structure is isomorphic to that of pure three-dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant. This proves our claim that there is a one-to-one map between the conserved charges in AdS 3 and warped AdS 3 ; we work out two explicit examples in sections 3.3 and 3.4. In section 4, we discuss the spectrum of linear perturbations in the theories of interest and show that, even in presence of the propagating modes, the symplectic form can always be made finite. We gather some details of the computations in the appendices.

Setup and review
We begin this section by reviewing two consistent truncations 6 of type IIB supergravity theory to three dimensions that were worked out in [39] and that will be the main examples we use in this article. These truncations are interesting because they contain a rich spectrum of warped analogues of the BTZ black string as solutions, i.e. solutions characterized by two independent conserved charges that can be interpreted as excited states above the warped AdS 3 vacuum. 7 These warped black strings can be obtained by applying certain solution-generating techniques to the D1-D5 solution of type IIB string theory. For details on how the solutions were obtained, the consistent truncation Ansätze, the terminology and the possible microscopic brane interpretation of these backgrounds, please consult [39,50]. 5 It is important to note however that this dual theory cannot be a usual CFT2, since the background only has SL(2, R) × U(1) invariance and the dual theory is non-local, as pointed out by the structure of counterterms in holographic renormalization [28] and by concrete examples in string theory [45]. 6 For other consistent truncations of string/M-theory that contain warped AdS3 solutions, see [46,47]. 7 Given how easy it is to construct any given warped AdS3 spacetime using a (topologically) massive vector (i.e. using a combination of Yang-Mills/Chern-Simons terms or, equivalently [48], Proca/Chern-Simons terms [49]), it is quite surprising how difficult it is to find models that contain black hole/string solutions with both of the above properties.

JHEP12(2014)012
In the last two subsections, we review the covariant phase space formalism [51,52] for the construction of the symplectic form and conserved charges in diffeomorphisminvariant theories.

The S-dual dipole truncation
The simplest known consistent truncation of string theory that admits warped AdS 3 solutions is the so-called S-dual dipole truncation [39], with action given by This theory describes one scalar field U and one chiral massive vector A µ , for a total of two local degrees of freedom. The corresponding equations of motion are 3) In the first half of this article, we will be interested in solutions to the above equations that have constant U . For U = 0, this theory admits a null warped AdS 3 solution, given by where λ is an arbitrary parameter. For U positive, the theory admits a family of spacelike warped black string solutions, parametrized by the left/right moving temperatures 8 T ∓ and λ whose thermodynamic properties are identical to those of the BTZ black string [39]. It is useful to note that A µ is a Killing vector of the metric (2.6), Unlike the BTZ black strings, which are diffeomorphic to Poincaré AdS 3 , here only the T − dependence of the metric (2.6) can be turned off by a coordinate transformation. There is no diffeomorphism that relates black strings of different T + , as can be noted from the fact that the solutions have different values of the scalar U .
The Poincaré vacuum (2.4) can be simply obtained by setting T + = T − = 0. By analytic continuation, the global null warped background of [53] corresponds to T + = 0, T − = i. Solutions with negative U can be obtained from the analytic continuation T 2 + → −T 2 + , but the parameters must be restricted to λT + < 1. These solutions, which represent timelike warped AdS 3 space-times, are not very well understood (see however [24]).

The "NHEMP" truncation
Another consistent truncation worked out in [39] is what we call the "NHEMP" truncation, 9 which models the near-horizon limit of the six-dimensional uplift of the singly-rotating, fivedimensional charged generalization of the Myers-Perry black hole [41,54], reduced to three dimensions. The truncated three-dimensional action contains two scalars U 1,2 and two chiral massive vector fields A 1,2 , for a total of four propagating degrees of freedom 10 The associated equations of motion read 12) The above action admits warped black string solution parametrized by the deformation parameter λ and the left/right moving temperatures T ± . The metric is the same as before The two chiral massive vector fields read where α 1,2 are rather complicated functions of λT + , as are the two scalar fields U 1,2 . The solution for U 1 is and the other three constants are given by For T ± = 0, we recover the corresponding null warped AdS 3 solution, whereas for T 2 + < 0 (within reasonable ranges), we obtain asymptotically timelike warped AdS 3 spacetimes.

Review of the covariant phase space formalism
The main goal of this article is to study the structure of the phase space of theories admitting warped AdS 3 solutions, such as the two theories we just described. We thus review some general results on the construction of the symplectic structure in gravity, including the explicit expressions for the theories at hand.

Generalities
Let us first introduce some definitions. Let the fields in the theory (including the metric) be collectively denoted as φ = {φ i }, and let the Lagrangian n-form be denoted by are the Euler-Lagrange equations for the field φ i . The symplectic n − 1 form From the start, we note that the presymplectic form suffers from at least two ambiguities. First, one can change the action by adding a boundary term L → L+dµ, which changes the presymplectic form as Θ → Θ + δµ[φ]. However, this ambiguity cancels in the symplectic structure and therefore has no physical significance in the construction of a phase space. Second, the presymplectic form Θ is only defined up to the addition of an exact form Under this replacement, the symplectic structure is shifted by a boundary term This boundary term will turn out to play a crucial role in our analysis. We can define a representative Θ by a standard algorithm, which consists in integrating by parts the variation of the Lagrangian or, more formally, by acting on the Lagrangian with Anderson's homotopy operator I n δφ [55][56][57], defined for second order theories as (2.21) The total presymplectic structure is therefore δφ] still needs to be specified. Finally, it is possible to give an independent definition of the symplectic structure, which differs from (2.17) by a boundary term. 11 In this paper we shall not consider the latter ambiguity.

JHEP12(2014)012
Next, given an arbitrary vector ξ, the Noether current is closed on-shell 12 and therefore exact, , as a consequence of the absence of non-trivial cohomology [51,55,58]. It is easy to show that, on-shell from which there follows that (still on-shell) where k ξ [δφ, φ] is given by When ξ is a symmetry, δ ξ φ = 0, the left-hand side of (2.24) is zero and k ξ [δφ, φ] is nothing but the infinitesimal conserved charge associated with ξ. Consistently with theorems in cohomology [56,58], the boundary contribution ω Y vanishes identically for exact symmetries and the conserved charge is unaffected by the ambiguity (2.18). The situation is rather different when ξ is an asymptotic symmetry of a given set of boundary conditions. The boundary conditions must be chosen such that the total symplectic form is asymptotically zero for arbitrary perturbations. More precisely, we require that 13 where a denotes the tangent indices to the boundary, itself located at r → ∞. The first equation above represents the requirement that the symplectic flux be conserved, whereas the second corresponds to normalizability of the symplectic form at infinity. Note that we only require that ω satisfy the above boundary conditions for some choice of Θ in (2.18) or, equivalently, having fixed a reference Θ as e.g. in (2.21), only for some particular choice of boundary term Y . The contribution of this boundary term to the asymptotically conserved charge is When (2.26) is satisfied, it follows from (2.24) that the charge (2.25) is finite and asymptotically conserved. Assuming ξ r = O(r), ξ a = O(r 0 ), the condition (2.26) is sufficient to ensure integrability, since (2.28) To summarize, a phase space exists if and only if there exists a boundary symplectic structure such that (2.26) can be enforced for any element φ in the phase space and any linear perturbations δ 1 φ, δ 2 φ around it.

Explicit expressions for the symplectic structure and charges
The two consistent truncations presented in sections 2.1 and 2.2 can be summarized via an action of the form where all coefficients can in principle be functions of the scalar fields U a . For the S-dual dipole theory, we have whereas for the NHEMP truncation For theories with action of the above form, the pre-symplectic form is given by In three spacetime dimensions, it is oftentimes useful to work in terms of the Hodge duals where ǫ is the Levi-Civita tensor density. We then have Θ = 1 2 Θ µ ǫ µαβ dx α ∧ dx β and Θ µ transforms as a vector. Using this notation, the Einstein-Hilbert, Chern-Simons and scalar contributions to the presymplectic form are given by where h µν = δg µν . As discussed in the previous subsection, Θ is ambiguous up to the addition of the boundary term (2.18). The corresponding bulk symplectic form reads The Einstein contribution is where h 1µν = δ 1 g µν , h 2µν = δ 2 g µν and the Lee-Wald symbol [51] is P abcdef LW = 2g ae g f b g cd − g ad g be g f c − g ab g cd g ef − g bc g ae g f d + g bc g ad g ef . (2.37) The Chern-Simons and scalar contributions are

JHEP12(2014)012
In taking the variations, one needs to be careful about the possible dependence of c ij and f ab on the scalars U a . The infinitesimal conserved charges are entirely determined by the symplectic form, as one can see from (2.24). For the action (2.29), it has been shown in [59] that the conserved charge k ξ [φ, δφ] associated to ξ µ has the following expression The three contributions are (2.43)

Phase spaces without bulk propagating modes
It is well-known that pure gravity in three dimensions has no bulk propagating degrees of freedom. In particular, all solutions of three-dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant are locally diffeomorphic to AdS 3 . Despite its apparent triviality, the theory contains a rich black hole spectrum [60,61], solutions with non-trivial topology [62,63] and allows for non-trivial boundary excitations known as boundary gravitons [6] or photons [44]. The latter are obtained by exponentiating the generators of "large" diffeomorphisms: diffeomorphisms that fall off slowly enough at infinity to give rise to non-trivial conserved charges. These modes are very interesting from a holographic point of view, as they represent excitations of the stress tensor of the holographically dual theory [4]. The three-dimensional theories of gravity coupled to matter that we discussed in section 2 admit an equally rich subsector of degrees of freedom that do not propagate into the bulk. This subsector can be obtained by restricting the phase space of these theories to a slice on which the scalar fields are constant. As it was shown in [42,43], the solution space of the original theories, when restricted to this slice, is the same as the solution space of pure three-dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant. Thus, the solutions on the slice can be entirely characterized by an auxiliary AdS 3 metricĝ µν , which was argued to encode the holographic stress tensor data for warped AdS 3 [42,43].
In the following, we review the construction of this non-bulk-propagating subsector of the consistent truncations and we show that not only is the solution space the same as that of three-dimensional Einstein gravity, but also the symplectic structures of the two theories can be made identical. In turn, this implies that there is a one-to-one map between conserved charges in AdS 3 and warped AdS 3 ; in particular, the asymptotic symmetry groups are the same. We exemplify this construction of a consistent phase space for warped AdS 3 in sections 3.3 and 3.4, using two known sets of boundary conditions for the auxiliary AdS 3 , namely Dirichlet [6] and mixed Dirichlet-Neumann chiral boundary conditions [44].

Universal solution space without bulk propagating modes
We are interested in solutions to the equations of motion which are not dynamical in the bulk. As can be noted from section 4, all linearized bulk propagating modes have nontrivial scalar profiles, which are moreover linearly independent. Since we are only interested in solutions obtained by perturbative expansion around the black string backgrounds, it is therefore sufficient to set the scalar fields to constants in order to restrict to the non-bulkpropagating ones. Below we review the explicit construction of these solutions for both the S-dual dipole and NHEMP truncations, following [43].

The S-dual dipole truncation
Since setting U constant turns off the bulk propagating modes, all the remaining solutions to the equations of motion must be diffeomorphic to the black string backgrounds (2.6)-(2.7). The most general background that is diffeomorphic to the black strings can be found by rewriting (2.6)-(2.7) using a completely covariant notation, for some fixed U . We find that whereĝ µν satisfies the pure Einstein equations of motion in three dimensionŝ The vector field A µ satisfies its usual equations of motion (2.2), restricted to U = constant, It is nevertheless useful to rewrite the above equations in terms ofĝ µν , using (3.1) Finally, one notices that A µ is a Killing vector 14 of both g µν andĝ µν Equation (3.2) implies thatĝ µν is locally AdS 3 . A general solution to this equation can be constructed via e.g. the Fefferman-Graham expansion. The claim is that, given a solution forĝ µν , one can always construct a solution for A µ -and thus g µν -that does not contain any propagating modes. There are two ways of solving for A µ . One can start by solving the first equation in (3.4), which defines self-dual vector field A µ , and does in general contain propagating modes. The second equation in (3.4) states that A µ has constant norm with respect to the hatted metric and excludes all of the previously-mentioned propagating solutions. The system therefore describes a locally AdS 3 spacetime together with one of its constant norm self-dual vectors. Since the equations (3.4) are non-linear, it is not entirely clear what is the structure, or even the number, of solutions.

JHEP12(2014)012
The second way to solve for A µ makes use of (3.6). AdS 3 has six Killing vectors, and the self-duality condition selects three of them. A µ is then a linear combination of these three Killing vectors, subject to the constant norm conditionÂ 2 = 1 − e −4U . This would seem to imply that we obtain a two-parameter family of solutions. Nevertheless, one can check explicitly (e.g. by working in Poincaré coordinates and using the transformation formulae given in [38]) that all solutions in this family are related by SL(2, R) R transformations, which leave the AdS 3 metricĝ µν invariant, but change the reference self-dual Killing vector.

The NHEMP truncation
In the case of the NHEMP truncation, we can similarly concentrate on a slice through the phase space that has U 1,2 constant. As before, this condition is sufficient to suppress all the propagating degrees of freedom. We find it convenient to let the metric take the same form (3.1), withĝ µν defined as in (3.2), where the new scalar U is fixed by the relative normalization between the curvature of g µν andĝ µν . The scalar equations of motion (2.11)-(2.12) then imply that the norms of A 2 and A 1 − A 2 are constant. A natural Ansatz (and likely the only solution) is to let (3.4). Plugging this into the equations of motion, we find that the values of the two scalars are not independent, but are related as Then α 1,2 are given by (2.15) and the scalar U is given by Note for further use that the relations (2.15) imply Therefore, we have managed to reduce the problem of finding the most general nonpropagating modes in the NHEMP truncation to the same set of equations (3.1), (3.2) and (3.4) as we had before.

Comments and clarifications
One important solution of the system of equations (3.1)-(3.4) is the case whenĝ µν is the Poincaré AdS 3 metric andÂ µ is one of its self-dual Killing vectors. We then recognize (3.1) as the standard construction of spacelike, null and timelike warped AdS 3 ; the type of warping depends on the norm of the self-dual Killing vectorÂ µ [64], which in turn depends on the sign of U . The minus sign in (3.1) indicates that the S 1 fiber of the warped AdS 3 spacetime is squashed, 15 in the language of [67]. In our conventions, the warping breaks the symmetry group of the original AdS 3 as

JHEP12(2014)012
Applying diffeomorphisms to the resulting metric, one can span the entire solution space of the system, such as the black string sector.
Next, we would like to discuss a possibly confusing point, taking the S-dual dipole theory as an example. We have shown that on each constant U slice through the solution space of the S-dual dipole theory (here U is completely arbitrary), one can build solutions starting from an arbitrary AdS 3 metricĝ µν . This metric could, in particular, be that of the BTZ black string, characterized by the left/right-moving temperatures T ∓ , This is of course the seed metric for the construction of the warped black strings (2.6). Nevertheless, from (2.7) it seems that fixing the value of U will fix T + , thus restricting the possible auxiliary metricsĝ µν one can choose. This argument is however not correct, and it is easy to see why: the relationship between U and T + involves specifying the parameter λ, which from the point of view of the classical solution space does not have any meaning. To understand this, it may be a useful exercise to work out explicitly the solution for A µ , whenĝ µν is the BTZ metric (3.11). The solution is given by a linear combination of the three self-dual Killing vectors ofĝ µν It should now be clear that for each choice of U , one can find solutions toÂ 2 = 1 − e −4U for any T ± , by choosing the α i appropriately. As explained earlier in this section, one can always choose a particular representative in this family of solutions; all the others are related to it by SL(2, R) R conformal transformations. A natural choice is to look for a stationary (v independent) representative. It is clear that a stationary solution exists for any U > 0 and any T ± , since we can choose A ∝ σ 0 , which is v independent. Nevertheless, when U = 0 and thusÂ 2 = 0, one cannot find a time-independent solution, as long as T + = 0; therefore, stationary solutions with U = 0 require T + = 0. When U < 0, stationary solutions can still be obtained, but only in the sector T 2 + < 0.

JHEP12(2014)012
Note that the stationary solutions A = α 0 σ 0 that we obtain for U > 0 are not smooth as T + → 0. To make them smooth, one should introduce a parameter λ, with dimensions of length, such that lim A particular functional form of α 0 that satisfies this requirement is which corresponds to the value of U in (2.7). Although its introduction in the classical solution is just a matter of convenience, λ does have a physical meaning from the point of view of holography: it represents the intrinsic length scale of the holographic dual to warped AdS 3 , which is a dipole theory [68]. In the holographic interpretation of the warped black strings given in [43], it is explained why all fields in the gravitational description, including the scalar U , are naturally expressed in terms of λT + .

Equivalence of the warped and unwarped symplectic structures
In the previous section, we showed that there exists a universal subsector of both the Sdual dipole and NHEMP truncations that is entirely characterized by a negative curvature Einstein metric, together with one of its constant norm self-dual vectors. Given the intimate relation between the space of solutions of a theory and its phase space, we may expect that this subsector of the phase space of the truncations is in fact isomorphic to the phase space of pure three-dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant.
In this section, we will prove that this is indeed the case, by showing that the symplectic form of the S-dual dipole and NHEMP truncations on the constrained solution space is identical to the symplectic form of pure Einstein gravity in AdS 3 . The mapping between symplectic forms will require fixing the otherwise ambiguous boundary term (2.19) in the symplectic structure in a specific manner.

S-dual dipole theory
We will concentrate our attention on the presymplectic form Θ of the S-dual dipole theory, restricted to the constant U slice through the phase space, where g µν and A µ obey (3.1), (3.4) and (3.6). The presymplectic form receives contributions from the Einstein and Chern-Simons terms in (2.34); the scalar contribution vanishes because we are on a slice of constant U .
As explained in section 2.3, equation (2.18), the presymplectic form is ambiguous up to the addition of an exact form dY . The statement that we will prove below is that there exists a choice of boundary term Y , such that the total presymplectic form, when expressed in terms ofĝ µν and A µ using (3.1)-(3.4)-(3.6), only depends onĝ µν and, moreover, it precisely equals the presymplectic form of pure three-dimensional Einstein gravity with metricĝ µν . Formally, we show that 19) and the variations of the fields must obey the linearization of the constraints (3.1)-(3.4).
Here, the variation δA µ is defined as We now proceed to proving this statement. Letĥ µν = δĝ µν be an arbitrary variation of the metricĝ µν , which on the constant U slice leads to a variation h µν = δg µν of g µν . The two are related by Indices on h µν ,ĥ µν are raised with g µν and respectivelyĝ µν . The latter are related via The constraint (3.4) implies that the variation of A µ must satisfy Other useful relations involving the perturbations are Finally, the Christoffel symbols for g µν are given in terms of those forĝ µν via Note that the last term in Γ λ µν can be dropped, since A µ is a Killing vector ofĝ µν . To compute Θ g in (2.34), we need the expressions for The contribution to Θ CS is In terms ofĝ µν and A µ , the boundary term Y µ reads

JHEP12(2014)012
where we have used the fact that √ −g = e 4U √ −ĝ. Next, using (2.33) we find Using the fact that∇ µÂ µ =Â λ∇ λ A µ = 0 (as well as the variations of these constraints), we can show that Summing up all the contributions, we find the identity (3.18).

NHEMP truncation
The proof of (3.18) for the case of the NHEMP truncation proceeds in an identical manner.
Since we have parametrized the relationship between g µν andĝ µν , A µ in the same way as for the dipole theory (in particular, the field A µ satisfies the same equations in terms of the auxiliary metricĝ µν and U ), all that we need to check is that the Chern-Simons contribution to the presymplectic form given in (2.34), when written in terms of A µ , takes the same form as for the dipole theory. Using (2.31), we find where we plugged in A 1,2 = α 1,2 A and then used the property (3.9). Therefore, the Chern-Simons contribution is exactly identical to the one in the S-dual dipole theory. Consequently, we can use exactly the same boundary contribution Y as (3.19) in order to prove the equivalence (3.18). A natural way of rewriting this contribution in terms of the fields A 1,2 appearing in the NHEMP truncation action is where we have again used (3.9). The presymplectic form of the NHEMP truncation on the constraint surface U 1,2 = constant is therefore identical to the one of pure Einstein gravity. The fact that the total presymplectic form on the constraint surface is the same as the presymplectic form of Einstein gravity implies that the symplectic form must also be the same, since it is simply given by (2.17). This mapping of symplectic structures means that all dynamical quantities in one theory can be mapped to analogous quantities in the other theory. This provides us with a powerful equivalence, which can be used to construct of a phase space for asymptotically warped AdS 3 spacetimes for each known choice [6,44,69] (see also [70,71]) of boundary conditions for Einstein gravity in AdS 3 .
Furthermore, since the symplectic form is related to the conserved charges via (2.24), we find that there is a one-to-one correspondence between conserved charges in warped AdS 3 and in pure Einstein gravity in AdS 3 . More precisely, for any consistent choice of boundary conditions in AdS 3 that leads to charges that are finite, integrable and conserved, we obtain a corresponding set of boundary condition in warped AdS 3 with identical charges. In particular, the charges are completely independent of the value of the scalar U -a JHEP12(2014)012 feature of our construction which has been built into the definition ofĝ µν in (3.1). In the next subsections, we will explicitly construct two such phase spaces and their symmetries, obtained from Dirichlet (also known as Brown-Henneaux) [6] and Dirichlet-Neumann chiral boundary conditions [44] in the auxiliary AdS 3 .

Dirichlet boundary conditions
The most general non-linear solution to the three-dimensional Einstein equations with negative cosmological constant −1/ℓ 2 can be written in Fefferman-Graham form as It is a peculiarity of three dimensions that the expansion terminates at finite order [72]. The various coefficients are related aŝ Given such a metric, the solution for A µ satisfying (3.4) admits an infinite expansion in 1/ρ, the first few terms of which were given in [42]. Dirichlet or Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions [6] consist in imposinĝ where we take t ± to be non-compact. Then, the solution forĝ where L(t − ),L(t + ) are two arbitrary functions of their respective arguments which are allowed to vary on the phase space. General boundary conditions can then be obtained by acting on the solution space with trivial diffeomorphisms, i.e. diffeomorphisms whose linearized generators are associated with conserved charges that are identically zero. Since trivial diffeomorphisms do not contain any physics, we restrict our discussion to the Fefferman-Graham gauge. The diffeomorphisms that leave the asymptotic metric unchanged take the form These asymptotic Killing vectors satisfy a Lie bracket algebra which consists of two copies of the Virasoro algebra. The associated conserved charges represent the Lie bracket algebra by a Dirac algebra, which now consists of two copies of the centrally-extended Virasoro algebra, with central charges c L = c R = 6k.
We would now like to find the solution for the vector field A µ , which satisfies (3.4) and (3.6). SinceÂ µ is a Killing vector of the spacetime (3.34)-(3.37), asymptotically it JHEP12(2014)012 must be of the form (3.38). At leading order in 1/ρ, the self-duality condition requires that ǫ − (t − ) = 0, while the constant norm condition imposes A convenient way to solve this constraint consists in setting This expression is nothing else than the stress-tensor of a chiral right-moving boson with a Liouville potential. This is a familiar concept from the Hamiltonian reduction of the Chern-Simons formulation of Einstein gravity [73]. Here, the same structure appears in the metric formalism as well. Note that in terms ofL, the solution for Φ is entirely non-local.
Moving on to asymptotic symmetries, L transforms under left-moving diffeomorphisms ǫ − = f − according to the usual law Under a right-moving diffeomorphism (3.38) of generator ǫ + = f + , the commutator between asymptotic Killing vectors implies the following transformation law for Φ which in turn implies, using the definition (3.41), the usual Virasoro transformation law in which it takes a rather simple form, as we will soon see. To reach this gauge, one can perform a trivial coordinate transformation In this gauge, the AdS 3 metric and the massive vector field are given by

JHEP12(2014)012
where χ is related to the constant scalar U via (3.39). Quite remarkably, the radial expansion of A µ exactly stops, so we have the full non-linear solution to the system (3.4)-(3.6), including all boundary gravitons. The warped AdS 3 metric constructed using (3.1) then also admits a finite radial expansion, given by This is the main result of this section. Given that, in this particular gauge, the expansion exactly stops for Dirichlet boundary conditions, it is interesting to ask whether the gauge conditions (3.45) can be useful for constructing the full solution with a general boundary metric, or when propagating modes are present. It is not hard to see that the black string solutions agree with the above metric for constant Φ, L andL if we identify using (3.41). The solution then reduces to the warped black strings (2.6)-(2.7) upon identifying and parametrizing U as in (2.7). By construction, the phase space admits as asymptotic symmetry algebra two copies of the Virasoro algebra. More precisely, in the coordinates that we are using, the phase space is preserved by the action of the following asymptotic symmetry generators . The transformation laws of the fields Φ(t + ),L(t + ) and L(t − ) are given by (3.42)-(3.43)-(3.44). Given the phase space (3.48) and the asymptotic Killing symmetries (3.51), one can then compute the conserved charges using the explicit expressions (2.40) and the prescription for Y given in (3.19). 18 Since we proved the equivalence of symplectic forms (3.18) on the constraint surface U = constant, we are guaranteed that the resulting charge one-forms will be given by the usual expressions in AdS 3 ,

52)
18 A subtlety is that the asymptotic Killing vectors (3.51) are field-dependent, ξ = ξ[g], while the variation in (2.25) is defined with δξ = 0. One can alternatively define δ as acting on all the fields, case in which the charge is given by

JHEP12(2014)012
whereḡ µν is the Poincaré AdS 3 background. We can also use the explicit expression for the charges to check that the above expression is true. These charge currents then represent two commuting copies of the Virasoro algebra, with the usual central charges c L = c R = 6k.
Note that the scalar U is held fixed when varyingĝ µν in (3.52). This makes sense from a holographic point of view since, as shown in [43], U is related to the source for an irrelevant operator in the dual theory and should thus be kept fixed. Nevertheless, by construction, the charges (3.52) do not depend upon U . Therefore, from the point of view of the covariant phase space construction, U should be allowed to vary, as long as it is constant in spacetime. A way to incorporate a varying constant U in the holographic picture is to reinterpret the irrelevant operator that has U as coefficient as an exactly marginal operator from the non-relativistic point of view [28,43]. In this case, U becomes a modulus, which may then be allowed to vary on the phase space.
The construction of this section was performed at full non-linear level in the gauge (3.45). We find it useful nevertheless to repeat this construction using radial gauge for the auxiliary AdS 3 spacetime, in which the holographic interpretation of the various metric components is the clearest. Thus, in appendix A.1, we present the explicit construction of the linearized phase space for non-bulk-propagating perturbations around null warped AdS 3 in radial gauge.

Dirichlet-Neumann chiral boundary conditions
Let us now construct the phase space for asymptotically warped AdS 3 spacetimes that can be obtained from mixed Dirichlet-Neumann chiral boundary conditions in the auxiliary AdS 3 [44]. We will obtain a phase space similar to the ones first constructed in [24,74] for the case of topologically massive gravity (see also [39,75,76]).
Note that this problem involves two chirality choices: one in the boundary conditions [44] and the second, in the choice of orientation of the self-duality condition (3.3). One can therefore align or anti-align these chiralities, and the result will differ. We will discuss here only one choice of interest; the other can be analysed in a similar fashion and will be briefly commented upon at the end of this section.
The general solution to Einstein's equations with a negative cosmological constant is given by (3.34). Chiral boundary conditions at fixed real∆ consist in imposing [44] where k is given by (3.37) and P (t − ), L(t − ) are two arbitrary functions, which are allowed to fluctuate. They represent the boundary photons and, respectively, gravitons. These boundary conditions are characterized by the constant value g ++ =∆ k ℓ 2 or, equivalently, by the constant right-moving zero mode The diffeomorphisms that leave the asymptotic metric unchanged take the form

JHEP12(2014)012
We are interested in solving the equations (3.4) for A µ when the hatted metric takes the form (3.53). Note that this metric can be obtained from (3.36)-(3.37) via the coordinate transformation t + → t + − P (t − ) and settingL(t + ) =∆. Therefore, the solution for A µ is the same as before (3.47), up to the above gauge transformation and fixingL(t + ). Just as before, we can find a solution for A µ for every set of boundary data L(t − ),∆ and any value of the scalar U . Note that A µ need not take the asymptotic form (3.55), since only four of the six Killing vectors of AdS 3 are of this form. The final solution for the warped AdS 3 metric, vector and scalar fields is The function Φ(t + ) is given by (3.41) in terms of∆ and U . We can obtain solutions with Φ(t + ) = Φ = constant in three different cases: U > 0 and∆ > 0; U = 0 and∆ = 0; U < 0 and∆ < 0. Since g ++ =∆ ℓ 2 k , these solutions correspond to asymptotically spacelike, null or timelike warped AdS 3 spacetimes. The above boundary conditions are the analogue for the S-dual dipole theory of the boundary conditions first found in [24,74] in the context of topologically massive gravity. There, it was observed that the condition that (3.54) be fixed on the phase space is a natural requirement in order to define integrable charges. It was understood in [44] that this is, more fundamentally, a sufficient condition in order for the action to admit a variational principle. Note also that since Φ is fixed, the leading term in the metric does not fluctuate under these boundary conditions.
The asymptotic symmetry algebra is identical to the one of [44], by construction. This consists of a left-moving Virasoro algebra and a "crossover" left-moving U(1) current algebra, whose zero mode is the right-moving generator ∂ + . The vector fields that generate these symmetries are given by (3.55). Setting ǫ − = e int − , σ = e int − , we define L n = Q ǫ − , J n = Q σ . The asymptotic symmetries generated by these charges enhance the isometries of the null warped background as (3.57) The central charge and level of the current algebra are given by The Kac-Moody levelk KM is positive around the timelike warped AdS 3 vacuum∆ = −k/4, but it becomes negative in the presence of a∆ > 0 black string. This is indicative of the fact that the symplectic form of the phase space with mixed chiral boundary conditions is not positive definite, as it can be easily checked.
Finally, let us note that if we instead anti-align the choice of chiralities in [44] and (3.3), we obtain the following asymptotic symmetry enhancement

JHEP12(2014)012
with central charges where Q ∂ − = ∆ is the fixed left-moving zero mode. Boundary conditions in warped AdS 3 spacetimes can therefore be defined, which admit this unusual Kač-Moody-Virasoro algebra as asymptotic symmetry algebra.

Including the bulk propagating modes
So far, we have succeeded in showing that warped AdS 3 can admit the simultaneous action of two Virasoro symmetries, which eluded previous attempts to find them. Nevertheless, the phase space we defined in section 3.3, upon which these symmetries act, does not contain any bulk propagating modes, and thus does not evade the criticisms of [29]. In this section, we will also include linear bulk fields propagating around the warped black string backgrounds and ask whether a consistent phase space can be defined that contains both the Virasoro boundary gravitons and the propagating modes, the latter being subject to appropriate normalizable boundary conditions. Our conclusion strongly depends on the asymptotic behaviour of the bulk propagating modes. More precisely, if no travelling waves are present -as is the case for the Sdual dipole truncation -then we show that a phase space can always be defined, which contains the propagating modes and is acted upon by the two Virasoro symmetries. If this conclusion extends to non-linear level -as it most probably does -it amounts to a proof that, at least from a semiclassical, (super)gravity point of view, the dual theory to S-dual dipole warped AdS 3 is a two-dimensional CFT. When travelling waves are present -as we will show is the case for the NHEMP truncation -the subtleties involving these modes will not allow us to define a phase space satisfying the usual requirements of finiteness and conservation of the symplectic form, and we leave their analysis to future work. This section has two parts. We start with a rather general discussion of the behaviour of linearized bulk modes around warped AdS 3 and point out the characteristic features of the spectra of the two truncations. Then, we compute the symplectic form on the phase space of the S-dual dipole theory and show that it can be consistently defined at linear level.

Behaviour of the linearized bulk solutions
We consider linear fields propagating around the warped black string backgrounds (2.6) with temperatures T ± (which include the Poincaré/global null warped background as special cases). We will be working in Fourier space, where the linear perturbations are given by The equations of motion for both the S-dual dipole and the NHEMP truncation can be reduced to a set of second order differential equations for the linear scalar field δU (respectively δU 1 ) which depend upon a real parameter µ 2

JHEP12(2014)012
The equation above takes exactly the same form as the equation of motion for a free massive scalar propagating around the BTZ black string (3.11) with the same temperatures. In that simple example, the parameter µ is related to the mass m of the scalar via and, for Dirichet boundary conditions on the field, to the conformal dimension ∆ of the dual operator 19 by ∆ = 1 + 2µ [77]. In general, the two solutions to (4.2) are hypergeometric functions. When T − = 0, T + = 0, they are Whittaker functions, and when T + = T − = 0, they are Bessel functions. The equation always has a regular singular point at infinity, and thus the behaviour of the solution as r → ∞ takes the form For µ ∈ R, we find the usual power-law fall-offs. For µ ∈ iR, we obtain the so-called travelling wave solutions, which can carry flux across the boundary of the spacetime and are related to near-horizon superradiance [13]. The ∼ sign indicates the leading radial falloffs of the field, which are generally followed by terms suppressed in the r → ∞ limit. Equation (4.4) only gives the asymptotic behaviour of the scalar fields. The metric and gauge field perturbations have slightly different falloffs, which can be reconstructed from the scalar field solution, as explained in appendix A.2 for the special case of the NHEMP truncation. The asymptotic behavior at large radius is the same for both the S-dual dipole and NHEMP truncations, and reads where we have chosen the radial gauge for the metric perturbation. It is quite remarkable that a single hypergeometric equation, (4.2), controls the dynamics of scalar perturbations of both warped AdS 3 (2.6) and AdS 3 spacetimes (3.11). All the dependence on the details of the theory, the specific couplings in the Lagrangian and on the warping parameter λ is captured by the parameter µ, whose qualitative behaviour (i.e. whether it is real or imaginary) determines the physical properties of the solution. Based on the broken Lorentz invariance of the backgrounds, the combinations that can appear a priori in µ are λκ and λT + . We will now give the explicit expression for µ in both the S-dual dipole and NHEMP truncations. This expression is obtained by reducing the fully coupled system of linear differential equations that describes the interrelated fluctuations of the metric, massive vectors and scalars above the black string backgrounds to a set of equations of the form (4.2) -one for each propagating degree of freedom in the theory. For details on this procedure, please consult appendix A.2. 19 Note that the standard range of masses for which both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are allowed for the usual Klein-Gordon norm is −1 ≤ m 2 ℓ 2 < 0, which corresponds to 0 ≤ µ < 1 2 .  The S-dual dipole theory contains two propagating degrees of freedom, and thus µ takes on two different values. Remarkably, these have a very simple form, which is moreover temperature-independent,

JHEP12(2014)012
All modes have µ 2 ≥ 0, which leads to power-law fall-offs. A plot for the lower branch µ 2 − as a function of κ can be seen in figure 1. At the special values λκ = ± √ 3, we note that µ − vanishes, and thus the perturbation is on the verge of becoming a travelling wave. We call this an evanescent travelling wave. For the NHEMP truncation, there are four degrees of freedom; accordingly, µ 2 obeys a quartic equation, whose coefficients depend on λκ and λT + . At zero momentum, the four solutions are µ = 1 2 , 3 2 , 3 2 , 5 2 and are independent of the temperature. At large momentum, all solutions asymptote to Note that µ diverges as λT + → 1, i.e. when T + is comparable to the non-locality scale of the dual field theory. It would be interesting to understand the meaning of this divergence and why it occurs in the NHEMP truncation, but not in the S-dual dipole theory. Three solutions of the quartic are monotonically increasing with momentum at any temperature; nevertheless for the remaining one (the one which has µ = 1 2 at κ = 0), for most temperatures, there is a finite range of momenta such that µ 2 < 0. This situation has been depicted in figure 2 and leads to travelling waves. Outside this range of momenta, the solution for µ is real, leading to power-law fall-offs. The explicit equation obeyed by the function µ is given in (A.9).
The presence of travelling waves in the NHEMP truncation is rather worrisome, given that modes with µ ∈ iR are usually associated with tachyons (i.e. fields below the Breitenlohner-Friedman bound [78]), which are known to lead to instabilities. The presence JHEP12(2014)012 or absence of instabilities strongly depends on the asymptotic boundary conditions that one imposes, as was shown in [29,30,39]. Let us briefly recall the results of these analyses.
There are two natural boundary conditions to consider for travelling waves: (i) no flux passing through the spacetime boundary and (ii) purely outgoing flux passing through the boundary. 20 The boundary condition (i) is the natural one to consider in order to have conserved symplectic flux, which implies that the phase space is self-contained and decoupled from external systems. When µ ∈ iR, the zero flux condition requires |A| = |B| in (4.4), which exactly balances the outgoing flux against the incoming one. Together with regularity in the interior of the spacetime (or ingoing boundary conditions at the coordinate horizon), this imposes a quantization condition on the allowed frequencies, ω, of the perturbation. It was shown in [29] for NHEK (the proof can be easily repeated for the black string backgrounds) that when T + > 0, this quantization condition leads to a positive imaginary part for ω, which implies that the spacetime has instabilities (exponentially growing modes in u). Nevertheless, when T + = 0, T − = i, [39,81] showed that no exponentially growing modes are present, and thus the vacuum is stable at linearized level. 21 A possible physical interpretation of this result has been given in [81]. It would be very interesting to understand the fate of the instabilities present when T + = 0.
The second (ii) boundary condition is the one usually imposed in order to study the late-time effects of an initial perturbation. It was shown in [30] that under such boundary conditions, the near-horizon geometry of the extreme Kerr black hole (NHEK) is stable, because travelling waves have a discrete spectrum of complex frequencies, all of which have negative imaginary part; thus, they represent quasi-normal modes. The same analysis applies to our case, because the equation we need to solve is the same. In the case of the BTZ black hole, it was shown in [82] that the quasi-normal modes can be mapped to the poles of the retarded Green's function of the dual CFT 2 ; a similar interpretation was suggested in [83] for NHEK. Since flux is allowed to leak through the boundary, the near-horizon geometry is not entirely decoupled from the exterior region, and thus it is natural to interpret the boundary field theory as being coupled to an external system.
We thus conclude that in the case of travelling waves, we have a choice between instabilities at finite temperature for boundary condition (i) and having a non-conserved symplectic flux for (ii), neither of which sounds very appealing. Since the travelling waves only occur for a small range of momenta (see figure 2), one could attempt to exclude them at the linear level. Nevertheless, they are expected to reappear at non-linear level, due to interactions with the normal (µ ∈ R) modes. Since we do not yet know what is the best physical interpretation of the travelling waves, we leave their treatment to future work and concentrate instead on the S-dual dipole theory.

Phase space for the S-dual dipole theory
We would like to construct a phase space that contains propagating modes in addition to the boundary gravitons of section 3. We will only consider Dirichlet boundary conditions for the non-bulk-propagating sector, since this is the case of interest for describing a theory with two sets of Virasoro descendants. For commodity, we shall denote by T L = {L ξ L φ i } and T R = {L ξ R φ i } the left/right-moving linearized boundary graviton modes 22 (here ξ L/R belongs to the left/right-moving Virasoro asymptotic symmetry algebra), by T = {T L , T R } -a generic linearized boundary graviton and by X = {δφ i } -a generic propagating mode. Here φ i = g µν , . . . denote all the fields in the theory.
As discussed in section 2.3, there are several physical requirements that the symplectic form must satisfy in order to build a consistent phase space. One requirement is that it be normalizable and conserved ω uv = o(r 0 ). (4.9) The above relations must hold for all pairs of modes in the theory and around any background. For simplicity, we will restrict our analysis to linearized perturbations around the black string backgrounds. Moreover, we will only consider those with T − = 0 since, as we discussed in section 2, a non-zero left-moving temperature can be induced by a coordinate transformation, and thus we believe that it will not be very hard to extend our conclusions to the general T − = 0 case. The computation we perform is the following. We consider pairs of modes with momenta κ 1 , κ 2 and frequencies ω 1 , ω 2 , which can either be boundary gravitons (T modes, left or right), or propagating modes (X modes). We compute the total symplectic form for these modes (2.35), including a boundary contribution of the form dω Y (2.20), where Y is given by the expression (3.33). We will separately analyse the contributions from the TT, XX and mixed TX pairs of modes to the total symplectic form.
The symplectic form for the TT modes was computed in section 3.2, where we have shown analytically that all divergences are removed by the addition of the boundary counterterm Y . We can indeed check explicitly that and thus it satisfies the requirements (4.8)-(4.9). We would now like to show that they also hold (or they can be made to hold) for the XX and XT pairs of modes. Let us now compute the symplectic form for the XX pair of modes. We find Since µ 1,2 ≥ 0 for all momenta κ 1,2 , the symplectic structure is both finite and conserved, except perhaps when µ 1 = µ 2 = 0, i.e. when both modes are evanescent travelling waves. 22 The reader should not confuse TL, TR with the left/right-moving temperatures.

JHEP12(2014)012
Nevertheless, one can check that for the particular values of κ i for which µ i = 0, namely λκ 1,2 = ± √ 3, the coefficients in front of the leading term of ω ur and ω uv vanish, and therefore no divergences are introduced.
Let us now compute the symplectic product between the propagating modes and the boundary gravitons. We parametrize the boundary gravitons in terms of the left/rightmoving Virasoro generators and we work in momentum space. Note that the left-moving Virasoro generators only carry left-moving momentum ω (and have κ = 0), whereas the right-moving generators have ω = 0 and arbitrary right-moving momentum κ. Concretely, the generators are where the term parametrized by α R is a trivial diffeomorphism. Diffeomorphisms with α R = 1 preserve the radial gauge for the untwisted BTZ metricĝ µν , whereas those with α R = 0 preserve the radial gauge g rr = g ru = A r = 0. We will keep α R arbitrary, in order to ensure that our results are gauge-independent. The mixed symplectic form between left-moving gravitons and propagating modes satisfies for any α R . Since µ = µ X ≥ 0, the symplectic structure is finite and conserved. For the mixed form involving right-moving gravitons, we find where µ = µ X , ω = ω X . For all µ > 1/2, the symplectic structure is finite and conserved. Nevertheless, for the range 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1/2, which occurs as shown in figure 1, both ω ur (X, T R ) and ω uv (X, T R ) violate the requirements (4.8)-(4.9), leading to divergent symplectic flux and norm. However, the expressions for ω ∞ µν satisfy which implies that the divergence 23 can be absorbed into a supplementary boundary term of the form dY ct , where Y ct , when evaluated on the XT R sector, reads

JHEP12(2014)012
The next step is to recognize Y ct as a covariant expression. We propose for some functions f 1,2 (U ), which also depend non-trivially on λκ. Note that, by construction, the above counterterm can only contribute to the symplectic product of XT and XX pairs of modes. By matching the divergent terms in (4.19) to those in (4.17), one can find an expression for ∂ U f 1,2 , evaluated on the background of interest, which does not depend on the gauge parameter 24 α R . For example, around the null warped background, we find , (4.20) where µ − has been given in (4.6). One may obtain the full solution for f 1,2 (U ) by evaluating their derivative around all the other black string backgrounds and then integrating. The expression is divergent at κ → 0 but there is no divergence at κ = 2 √ 2 which also corresponds to µ − = 1 2 . The dependence of the denominators in (4.20) on the momenta, and in particular the fact that they diverge as κ → 0, indicates that the boundary counterterms are very non-local when expressed in position space. Similar non-local counterterms have been previously encountered in holographic renormalization for Schrödinger spacetimes [28], and their appearance has been justified by the fact that the dual theory is non-local in the v direction. These two types of counterterms are in fact related since, as shown in [84], it is possible to define the boundary term Y in the presymplectic structure in terms of the usual boundary counterterms that renormalize the on-shell action, in such a way that the final symplectic structure is finite. Here we did not work out the counterterms, but we simply derived this boundary term by requiring finiteness of the total symplectic structure.
The boundary counterterm above has been engineered to remove the divergences in the mixed symplectic structure between propagating modes and right-moving boundary gravitons. Nevertheless, we need to check that no new divergences are introduced in the XX and XT L cross products. It can be easily checked that the asymptotic behaviour of the contribution (4.19) to these products is still given by (4.11) and (4.14). As before, the only potentially divergent terms have µ 1 = µ 2 = 0, but one can again check that the overall coefficient vanishes. Therefore, no new divergences are introduced.
Besides finiteness, another important issue is the positivity of the symplectic form. For linearized perturbations around flat space/AdS with standard boundary conditions and uncharged matter, the original symplectic form (before any counterterms are added) is expected to be positive [85]. For perturbations around backgrounds where non-trivial matter fields have been turned on, such as the warped AdS 3 background, positivity is not JHEP12(2014)012 so clear. In our case, positivity can in principle be checked, since the perturbations are given by hypergeometric functions, which are known to satisfy the kind of completeness relations usually used in such computations. For the rest of our discussion, we will simply assume that the original symplectic form of the S-dual dipole theory around the warped AdS 3 backgrounds is positive definite for positive frequency perturbations.
Even if the original symplectic form is positive definite, the boundary counterterms Y bring in a usually negative contribution (because they need to cancel a positive divergence), and can lead to non-positive norm directions in the final symplectic structure. This phenomenon was shown to arise for scalar fields in AdS with Neumann boundary conditions above the unitary bound [86,87]. In the latter analysis, null states were found at zero boundary momentum where infrared divergences appeared. In our analysis, infrared divergences at zero boundary momentum κ = 0 also appear but the structure of counterterms crucially differ from [86,87]. In the following, we will show that if the original symplectic form of the S-dual theory is positive definite, as we assumed above, then this fact is not affected by the addition of the boundary counterterms.
First, we showed that the final symplectic form in the TT sector is identical to that of three-dimensional Einstein gravity in AdS 3 , and thus is positive definite. In the XT sector, the initial symplectic form is divergent, and thus one may fear that upon the subtraction of Y ct , the final answer may not be positive definite. Nevertheless, note that by (2.24) both the original symplectic form and the counterterm contribution are given by total divergences, which cancel each other in the final answer, yielding zero. It implies that the X modes and T modes are orthogonal. 25 Finally, in the XX sector, both the original and the renormalized symplectic form are finite for µ > 0. Nevertheless, the boundary contributions can be reduced to a boundary integral over Y u ∼ r −µ 1 −µ 2 , which vanishes as r → ∞ if µ i > 0. The contributions with µ = 0 need to be treated separately, and we checked explicitly that they all vanish.
In summary, we showed that one can define a finite and conserved symplectic structure for the S-dual dipole theory, at the linear level around the warped AdS 3 spacetimes, which includes two sets of Virasoro generators. We also showed that this symplectic form will be positive definite if the symplectic form of the theory before the inclusion of the rightmoving Virasoro generators was positive definite. If the latter is true, then a unitary quantum conformal field theory might exist, which is dual to the warped AdS 3 spacetime.

Further comments
Note that our analysis above depends rather little on the specific details of the theory we study, since most of the falloffs in the symplectic form are simply dictated by the asymptotic falloffs (4.4)-(4.5) of the solution. Thus, our conclusions above apply to all theories whose spectrum only contains modes with µ > 0.
Even when travelling waves with µ ∈ iR are allowed, we expect to be able to make the symplectic form finite. The first step is to impose the zero-flux boundary condition

JHEP12(2014)012
for the XX pairs of modes at the warped AdS 3 boundary which, as previously discussed, imposes a certain relation between the asymptotic coefficients A and B in (4.4). Disregarding the instabilities triggered by this boundary condition (which should be matched by a corresponding instability of the dual field theory), we proceed by requiring that the symplectic product of the XT pairs of modes be finite. Since Re µ = 0, we find divergences for the right-moving gravitons for all the travelling waves. These divergences can again be absorbed by a boundary counterterm dY ct , which leaves us with a finite contribution. Note though that now the boundary counterterms can contribute non-trivially to the XX symplectic product, and thus positivity needs to be re-checked explicitly.
Thus, the symplectic form can always be made finite at linearized order around the warped black string backgrounds; this follows from the arguments of [84] and the assumption that there is a good variational principle. An interesting question is whether this result extends to non-linear order. For this we need to understand the fall-offs of the modes order by order in perturbation theory. Such an analysis was carried out in e.g. [88,89], who showed that the same leading asymptotic behavior is present at higher orders in perturbation theory and certain subleading terms are introduced. If our theories follow the same logic, the form of the counterterms required to make the symplectic structure finite will therefore be of the same form as the one discussed, with possibly different coefficients f 1 (U ), f 2 (U ), which can be computed in perturbation theory. Again, travelling waves introduce more features and must be treated separately. We conclude that theories whose spectra only contain perturbations with µ ≥ 0, such as the S-dual dipole theory, should have a well-defined phase space even at non-linear level, which bears the action of two Virasoro symmetries. Whether this phase space can lead to a quantum theory that does not contain ghosts depends on the positivity properties of the symplectic form.

Discussion
This paper presents two main results. Our first result is that the symplectic form of certain theories admitting warped AdS 3 solutions, when restricted to a non-dynamical subsector, is exactly equal to the symplectic form of pure Einstein gravity in three dimensions. Using this equivalence of symplectic structures, we are able to map all known consistent boundary conditions for AdS 3 to consistent boundary conditions for warped AdS 3 , and to construct phase spaces for warped AdS 3 whose symmetries consist of either two copies of the Virasoro algebra or a Virasoro × Kač-Moody algebra. We note that the construction of two Virasoro asymptotic symmetry algebras in warped AdS 3 is new, even though their existence was to be expected in view of the results of the holographic analyses of [42,43].
Our second main result is the proof that the Virasoro × Virasoro symmetry can be extended to the entire, dynamical, linearized phase space in theories whose spectrum does not contain travelling waves, such as the S-dual dipole theory. This implies that, at least at semi-classical level, the field theory dual to such theories in warped AdS 3 is a twodimensional conformal field theory. This result is rather surprising, given our current understanding of the holographic dual: it can be either defined via an irrelevant but yet exactly marginal (with respect to the left-moving scaling symmetry) operator deformation,

JHEP12(2014)012
which breaks all the right-moving conformal symmetries [28], or it can be (roughly) understood in terms of the dipole deformation [68] of the D1-D5 gauge theory, flown to the infrared, which again does not seem to leave any space for a right-moving Virasoro symmetry. It would be thus interesting to understand whether these symmetries extend beyond the supergravity spectrum to the string states, 26 as well as to non-perturbative level.
An important question is whether the final symplectic structure on the phase space is positive definite. If true, this would imply that the CFT dual to warped AdS 3 is unitary. Even though we did not compute the symplectic structure in the bulk, we argued that the ghosts appearing in previous treatments of modified symplectic structures with boundary counterterms [86,87] do not arise here. It would be very interesting to check positivity of the symplectic form for these theories.
Our construction of the non-dynamical sector of the warped AdS 3 phase space has the interesting feature that it is local, for both Dirichlet and mixed boundary conditions in the auxiliary AdS 3 space-time. This constuction crucially uses the decomposition of the holographic stress-energy tensor in terms of the stress-energy tensor of a chiral boson with exponential potential. While this decomposition naturally arises in the Hamiltonian reduction of pure Einstein gravity in terms of Liouville theory in Chern-Simons formalism [73], it has not been used to the same extent in the metric formalism. It would be interesting to investigate whether this observation can be used to reformulate in a local fashion the non-localities arising in the presence of sources as well, given that sources in Einstein gravity are encoded in a conformally flat boundary metric, whose Weyl factor is known to lead to a boundary Liouville theory [91].
An interesting difficulty that we encountered in our analysis was the treatment of the travelling waves. Such modes are generically present in the near-horizon of extreme black holes, but their holographic description is very poorly understood (see however [81]). When travelling waves are present, either the symplectic structure is not conserved, or instabilities are present at finite temperature. It would be very interesting to understand what sort of field theory can reproduce this behavioural pattern on the gravity side.
At the technical level, our analysis relies heavily on the fixation of ambiguities in the symplectic structure by adding suitable boundary terms. While we find boundary counterterms which cancel all divergences, it would be instructive to have a more fundamental derivation of these terms -for example in the framework of holographic renormalization -as boundary terms appearing in the variation of the counterterms 27 [84] (see also [92]). More generally, it would be interesting to fully compare holographic renormalization for warped AdS 3 spacetimes with the covariant phase space techniques that we used herein, and show that the conserved charges computed using the two formalisms agree, as was established in [93][94][95] for AdS.
Finally, a very interesting future direction would be to understand how to extend our 26 For previous attempts at finding these symmetries in the string spectrum see [90]. 27 In asymptotically AdS spacetimes, such boundary terms only matter for non-Dirichlet boundary conditions for which the boundary fields fluctuate [84]. By contrast, in warped AdS spacetimes "Dirichlet" boundary conditions allow the leading order field to fluctuate, and therefore these boundary counterterms become important even in this case.

JHEP12(2014)012
analysis to the near-horizon region of the extreme four-dimensional Kerr black hole, as well as to all the extremal black holes to which the original Kerr/CFT analysis applies. There are two main problems to surmount: one is the lack of dynamics of these nearhorizon geometries; nevertheless, an already interesting first step would be to build the non-dynamical version of the phase space, as in section 3 above. The other problem is that in our analysis, the massive vector A µ played an essential role in the construction of the counterterms that remove the divergences in the symplectic structure, but no such vector field seems to be readily available e.g. for the four-dimensional extremal Kerr black hole. We thus leave to future work the construction of both Virasoro asymptotic symmetries for more realistic black holes.

JHEP12(2014)012
We would now like to consider linearized perturbations around the background (A.1), h µν , which satisfy the equations of motion (3.2), linearized around the background. In radial gauge (ĥ µr = 0), the most general linearized solution is simply given by 28 h uu = ℓ 2 F (u) ,ĥ vv = ℓ 2 G(v) ,ĥ uv = 0 (A. 3) where F (u) and G(v) are arbitrary functions of their respective arguments and are understood to be proportional to a small parameter. The solution for A µ satisfying (3.4), expanded to linear order, is We have introduced a new function ǫ G (v), which satisfies This notation is somewhat similar to the one in (3.39), up to a factor of λ. The above equation shows very explicitly that, givenĝ µν , the solution for A µ is non-local in terms of the boundary data, because in order to obtain ǫ G (v), one needs to integrate G(v) twice. Constructing g µν using (3.1) and discarding all terms quadratic in the perturbation, we find ds 2 ℓ 2 = F (u) − λ 2 r 2 (1 + 4ǫ G ) du 2 + r(2 − λ 2 G)dudv + λ 2 ǫ ′ G dudr + G(v)dv 2 + dr 2 4r 2 . (A.6) Since, when Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed, the functions F (u), G(v) are allowed to fluctuate, we see from the above expression that the most divergent term in g µν (proportional to r 2 du 2 ) is allowed to fluctuate, whereas the subleading terms, such as the boundary metric inĝ µν , are held fixed. This is certainly a peculiarity of the solutions to the equations of motion in this space-time, but note that it matches perfectly with the boundary conditions [12] that were originally imposed on metric fluctuations in NHEK.
The diffeomorphisms that leave the asymptotic AdS 3 metric invariant are The terms proportional to α L,R correspond to trivial diffeomorphisms in AdS 3 , i.e. they do not contribute to the asymptotic charges. The choice α L,R = 1 is nevertheless singled out, because if one acts with this diffeomorphism on the pure Poincaré AdS 3 metric one obtains a perturbation that is in radial gauge, with Using the above explicit expressions, one can study the divergences in the symplectic form ω and the conserved charges, and see explicitly how these divergences are completely removed by the introduction of the one-form Y in (3.19). We leave this exercise to the interested reader. 28 In section 4.2, we will also need the solution forĥµν when the backgroundĝµν metric is BTZ with T+ = 0, T− = 0. It is still parametrized by two holomorphic functions aŝ huu = ℓ 2 F (u) ,ĥvv = ℓ 2 G(v) ,ĥuv = T 2 + F (u)ℓ 2 4r .

A.2 Linear perturbations in the NHEMP truncation
The equations describing linearized perturbations around the null warped and black string backgrounds form a rather complicated set of coupled linear differential equations, which needs to be solved in a particular order to be able to find the solution. The case of linearized perturbations around the black string backgrounds with general T ± in the NHEMP truncation is particularly involved; the aim of this appendix is to present an algorithm for solving this system. Using it (and with the help of Mathematica), one can derive the hypergeometric equation (4.2), the fall-off behavior (4.5) and the expression for the parameter µ as a function of the right-moving temperature and the momentum.
The first step is to partially gauge fix the metric perturbation h µν , by imposing h rµ = 0. All fields are expanded in Fourier components, as explained in the main text. We denote the eleven r-dependent linearized fields as φ i = {h ab , δA 1 µ , δA 2
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.