Conserved currents and TT¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{T}} $$\end{document}s irrelevant deformations of 2D integrable field theories

The TT¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{T}} $$\end{document} deformation of 2-dimensional QFTs is closely-related to Jackiw- Teitelboim gravity. It has been shown that, at the classical level, this perturbation induces an interaction between the stress-energy tensor and space-time and the equations of motion of the deformed theory map onto the original ones through a field-dependent coordinate transformation. At the quantum level, instead, the perturbation is induced by a modification of the original S-matrix by a specific CDD factor and, correspondingly, the quantised energy levels evolve according to a Burgers-type equation. In this paper, we point out that, in the framework of integrable field theories, there exist infinite families of perturbations characterised by a coupling between space-time and local conserved currents, labelled by the Lorentz spin. Similarly to the TT¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{T}} $$\end{document} case, the deformed models emerge through a field-dependent coordinate transformation involving conserved currents with higher Lorentz spin. Furthermore, using a geometric construction, we present a general method to derive the integrable hierarchy of the corresponding deformed models. The resulting expressions of the conserved currents turn out to be essential for the identification of the scattering phase factors which generate the deformations of the S-matrix, at the quantum level. Finally, the effect of the perturbations on the finite-volume spectrum is investigated using a non-linear integral equation. Exact spectral flow equations are derived, and links with previous literature, in particular on the JT¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{\mathrm{T}} $$\end{document} model, are discussed. While the classical setup is very general, the sine-Gordon model and its CFT limit are used as illustrative quantum examples. Most of the final equations and considerations are, however, of broader validity, or easily generalisable to more complicated systems.


Introduction
The deformation of 2D quantum field theories [1,2] by the Zamolodchikov's TT operator [3], has recently attracted the attention of theoretical physicists due to the many important links with effective string theory [4][5][6][7] and the AdS/CFT correspondence [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. A remarkable property of this perturbation, discovered in [1,2], concerns the evolution of the quantum spectrum at finite volume R, with periodic boundary conditions, in terms of the TT coupling constant τ . The spectrum is governed by the hydrodynamic-type equation where E(R, τ ) and P (R) are the eigenvalues of the energy and momentum operator, respectively, on a generic eigenstate |n . Important for the current purposes is that, under JHEP11(2019)120 the perturbation, the evolution of the spectrum is equivalently encoded in the following Lorentz-type transformation E(R, τ ) P (R) = cosh (θ 0 ) sinh (θ 0 ) sinh (θ 0 ) cosh (θ 0 ) with R 0 and θ 0 defined through From (1.2), it follows that the solution to (1.1) can be written, in implicit form, as with the additional constraint ∂ τ R = −E(R, τ ) , (1.5) at fixed R 0 , obtainable directly from (1.3) (cf. with the s = 1 case of (4.50)).

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and L g (x, τ ) is the deformed Lagrangian in the set of cartesian coordinates x. Following the convention of [18], we will switch from cartesian to complex coordinates according to (1. 12) and we shall denote with z = (z,z) and w = (w,w) the two set of complex coordinates. An important link with topological gravity was noticed and studied in [19], where it was shown that JT gravity coupled to matter leads to a scattering phase matching that associated to the TT perturbation [1,2,[4][5][6]. Equations (1.6) and (1.9) were also obtained in [18] starting from the deformed EoMs following, therefore, a completely independent line of thoughts compared to [19]. However, the final results turn out to be fully consistent with the proposal of [19]. In this paper, we shall argue that the approach of [18] admits natural generalisations corresponding to infinite families of geometric-type deformations of classical and quantum field theories.
(1. 13) Equation (1.13) suggests that a consistent and natural generalisation of (1.6) can be obtained by replacing the stress-energy tensor with an arbitrary (rank-two) conserved current. Thus, the main objective of this work is to study the generalisations of the change of coordinates (1.6) obtained by replacing T µν with a matrix built using the higher-spin conserved currents, typically present in free or integrable theories. In complex coordinates z, the spin s conserved currents T s+1 ,T s+1 , Θ s−1 andΘ s−1 are related through the continuity equations∂ T s+1 = ∂Θ s−1 , ∂T s+1 =∂Θ s−1 , (s ∈ N) , (1.14) where ∂ = ∂ z and∂ = ∂z, the subscripts s + 1 and s − 1 are the Lorentz spins of the corresponding field and the s = 1 case of (1.14) corresponds to the energy and momentum conservation law. The replacement we shall perform in (1.6)-(1.7) is where the cartesian and complex components of T s are related through (T s ) 22 = 1 2π T s+1 + T s+1 +Θ s−1 + Θ s−1 .

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For simplicity, it will be useful to define the re-scaled quantities 2 . (1.17) One of the main consequences of the replacement (1.15) is that the resulting generalised deformations break explicitly the (eventual) Lorentz symmetry of the original models. See appendix A for an explicit example where the difference between the TT and the s = 1 cases clearly emerge. The corresponding gravity-like systems have therefore many features in common with the JT (TJ) models recently studied in [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. As we shall see in section 3.1, in the reference frame w, the deformed Hamiltonian -formally integrated over the space-time in the z variable -can be written as the integrated bare Hamiltonian plus a perturbing field: where the perturbing operator Φ 1,s (w) reduces to Φ 1,s (w) = T(w)T s+1 (w) +T(w) T s+1 (w) , (1.19) when the original theory is a CFT. For this reason we shall denote this newly-introduced class of systems as geometrically TT s -deformed theories. 3 A precise connection between the s = 0 case and the JT models will be established in section 4.5. As in [2,18,21], starting from section 4.2, we shall use the sine-Gordon model as a specific quantum example. However, we would like to stress that the techniques adopted and some of the results, i.e. the generalised Burgers equations (4.50)- (4.52), are at least formally, of much wider validity.

TT-deformed higher spin conserved currents
The aim of this section is to introduce an efficient method, based on the field-dependent coordinate transformation derived in [18], to reconstruct the local Integrals of Motion (IMs) associated to the TT deformation of a generic integrable field theory. The application of these ideas to the family of classical geometrically TT s deformed models will be described in section 3.

A strategy to reconstruct the TT-deformed higher conserved currents
Let us consider the following pair of conjugated 1-forms

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where the components T k+1 (z, τ ), Θ k−1 (z, τ ) and their complex conjugates are the higher conserved currents of the TT-deformed integrable theory which fulfil the continuity equations∂ therefore, for any given integration contour C, the following integrals do not depend on deformations of C, at fixed end-points. Expressions (2.4) can be used to define local IMs. From their very definition, differential forms are the right objects to be integrated over manifolds since they are independent of coordinates. In fact, since 1-forms remain closed also under field-dependent coordinate transformations, we can construct the TT-deformed local IMs from the undeformed ones, using the change of coordinates introduced in [18,19]. The strategy is the following: • Start from the 1-forms (2.1) expressed in w coordinates where T k+1 (w) and Θ k−1 (w) and their complex conjugates are the higher conserved currents of the undeformed theory which fulfil the continuity equations • Consider the change of coordinates w = w(z) (see [18]), which at differential level acts as follows where the Jacobian and its inverse are and

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• Use the explicit expressions of T 2 (w), Θ 0 (w) and their complex conjugates in terms of the fundamental fields of the theory to explicitly invert the map w(z) at differential level. Then, use the first expression of (2.7) in (2.5) where F (w(z)) indicates that the fundamental fields in w coordinates involved in an arbitrary function F , have been replaced with fundamental fields in z coordinates according to the map w(z).
• Read the TT-deformed higher conserved currents as components of (2.10) in z coordinates: ) . (2.11) By definition, the integrals (2.4) are invariant under coordinate transformations, provided the integration contour C is mapped into C accordingly The conserved charges are obtained by integrating over the whole volume on a fixed time slice dz = dz = dx. At finite volume R, C = [0, R], the contours C and C are not, in general, homotopically equivalent, therefore (2.13) which causes the non-trivial τ −dependent flow in the conserved charges.
In order to make the above strategy more concrete, in the following section, we will explicitly discuss the construction of the TT-deformed higher currents for the massless free boson theory and comment on more general cases.

The massless free boson
Consider the Lagrangian of a single massless boson field φ in complex coordinates w L(w) = ∂ w φ ∂wφ . (2.14) The EoMs are are possible sets of higher conserved currents since they fulfil (2.6) on-shell. In general, any linear combination of the form automatically defines a conserved current with spin k. Moreover, since the change of variables (1.6) is non-linear, different choices of the current in (1.15) should, at least in principle, give rise to different classical deformations of the original theory. For simplicity, we will consider the sets (2.16)-(2.17) separately. Following the strategy described in the previous section, we shall first derive the differential map, which means to express (∂ w f, ∂wf ) T in terms of (∂f,∂f ) T , ∀f : R 2 → R. Setting f = φ in the second expression of (2.7), we first write (∂ w φ, ∂wφ) T as a function of (∂φ,∂φ) T by solving the set of algebraic equations where we used The solution to (2.19) is Now, plugging (2.21) into the second expression of (2.7), we find the differential map (2.23) 5 The set of currents (2.17) can be obtained as the massless limit of the Klein-Gordon hierarchy: with Lagrangian L (KG) (w) = ∂wφ ∂wφ + m 2 φ 2 .

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Using (2.23), we can easily derive the TT-deformed version of the original EoMs as follows (2.24) which, after some manipulations, can be recast into The TT-deformed currents are obtained using (2.23) in the general expressions (2.11).
Considering the set of currents (2.16), namely setting T k+1 = T and the same for their complex conjugates in (2.11), one finds which coincides with the result first obtained in [2] through perturbative computations. Observe that, using (2.23) in (2.8), the Jacobian can be rewritten as where T 2 (z, τ ), Θ 0 (z, τ ) and their complex conjugates are the components of the TTdeformed stress-energy tensor, which can be read from (2.26), setting k = 1. Switching from complex z to cartesian x coordinates, it is easy to realize that expression (2.27) leads to the inverse map (1.9). The latter result can be generalised to the case of N -boson fields with generic potential (see [18]). For the set of currents (2.17), we can again derive exactly the associated TT-deformed currents, however their analytic expressions are more and more involved as k increases and we were unable to find a compact formula valid for arbitrary spin k ∈ N. We report here, as an example, the level k = 3 deformed current of the hierarchy (2.17): (2.28) Finally, it is important to stress that the method presented in this section is completely general and can be applied to a generic integrable model, provided the stress-energy tensor and the conserved currents are known in terms of fundamental fields. We have explicitly computed the TT-deformed conserved currents with k = 3, 5 for the sine-Gordon model using the generalised change of variables described in [18]. Again the resulting expressions are extremely complicated and we will not present them here.

JHEP11(2019)120 3 Deformations induced by conserved currents with higher Lorentz spin
In the following sections we shall generalise the change of variables (2.7) to deformations built from conserved currents with generic positive and negative integer spins. Conventionally, we will denote with s = |s| ≥ 0 (k = |k| ≥ 0) the absolute value of the spin, and set s = −s ≤ 0 (k = −k ≤ 0). We will discuss separately perturbations induced by conserved currents with spin s = s > 0, s = s < 0 and s → 0, providing explicit examples.
3.1 Deformations related to charges with positive spin s > 0 The natural generalisation of (2.7), which ensures the equality of mixed partial derivatives is with s > 0, and s = 1 corresponds to the TT deformation, J (1) = J . In fact, using the continuity equations (2.6) in (3.3), one finds that the second mixed partial derivatives are identical Consider now the 1-forms where the components T (3.7) Using the strategy described in section 2, we perform the change of variables (3.1) in (2.5) and obtain

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from which the components of the deformed currents can be extracted (3.9) Let us consider the following combinations of the components of level-k conserved currents Then, following the standard convention, the level-k Hamiltonian and momentum den- are the undeformed Hamiltonian and momentum density, and the quantities T ±,n andT ±,n correspond to the combinations Integrating (3.12) and (3.13) we find

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We now interpret the result (3.16) as follows: H (s) k (z, τ ) dz ∧ dz coincides with the corresponding bare quantity H k (w) dw ∧ dw deformed by the operator together with a non-trivial dressing given by the change of variables (3.1). In the s = 1 case, i.e. the TT example, the operator (3.19) associated to the k = 1 Hamiltonian becomes 20) which, but for the change of coordinates, coincides with the bare TT operator. In analogy with the TT result [18,19], one may be tempted to interpret (3.19) as the perturbing operator of the level-k Hamiltonian. However, the coordinate transformation (3.1) also introduces O(τ ) corrections which can, in principle, completely spoil this naive picture. In addition, even when the initial theory is a CFT and the bare operator (3.19) is completely symmetric in s and k  (3.22) are conserved in t, they evolve the system along "generalised space-time" directions, which differ from the original undeformed ones for k = s. Due to this fact, the Lagrangians associated to the deformed EoMs do not, in general, correspond to the deformed Hamiltonians. Therefore, these theories are more complicated compared to the TT and JT examples studied in the previous literature. One of the main objectives of the following sections will be the identification of the additional scattering phase factors needed for the characterisation of the finite-size quantum spectrum of the deformed charges (3.22).

Deformations related to charges with negative spin s < 0
To gain precise information about the spectrum, it turns out to be particularly convenient to first extend the current setup to the s < 0 cases. In order to define perturbations induced 7 See also the discussion at the end of section 2.1 about the construction of the deformed charges in the TT context, which corresponds to the s = 1 case in (3.22).

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by higher conserved currents with negative spin s, we replace s → s in the definition of the generalised Jacobian (3.2) and (3.3), obtaining We arrived to (3.23)-(3.24) by implementing the spin-flip symmetry (see, for example, which corresponds to the following reflection property at the level of the 1-forms 27) or, equivalently Using the continuity equations (2.6), it is easy to verify that (3.24) fulfils again the conditions (3.5), therefore it defines a consistent field-dependent change of variables. Repeating the computations (3.8)-(3.17) using (3.23)-(3.24) one finds that (3.9) become

The classical Burgers-type equations
In this section, we consider deformations of the massless free boson theory induced by the coordinate transformations (3.23)-(3.24), and we derive the higher conserved currents of the deformed models. As already discussed in section 2, the most general level-k current of the hierarchy can be expressed in the form (2.18). While the structure of the deformed currents does not emerge clearly by working with the general combination (2.18), we observed that the subset (2.16) is analytically much easier to treat since it does not mix with the others. This property allows to obtain compact expressions for the deformed currents which are formally identical to the exact quantum results of section 4.2.
Using (2.16) in (3.23)-(3.24), the coordinate transformations read explicitly Repeating the same computation performed in section 2.2, we first express (∂ w φ, ∂wφ) T in terms of (∂φ,∂φ) T , by solving the set of equations (3.34) The solutions to (3.34) can be written in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions for any value of s = −s as Plugging (3.35) into the second expression of (3.1) (with the replacement s → s = −s), one finds the differential map which reflects the fact that the s < 0 perturbations of CFT's do not mix the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic derivatives, as already emerged from (3.34). Using the technique described in section 2, we can now derive the deformed currents. Plugging the differential map (3.37) into (3.29), we obtain where we used the following relation between generalised hypergeometric functions 8 s+1 (z, τ ) depend only on z andz, respectively. Again we observe that, using (3.37) in (3.32), the Jacobian can be rewritten in terms of the deformed components (3.39) as which confirms that the coordinate transformation is invertible. In terms of the quantities (3.10) and (3.11), (3.39) can be more transparently written as Quite remarkably, the latter expressions are solutions to simple algebraic equations of the form

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Moreover, one can show that the combinations I and fulfil the following equations which generalise (3.44). Before moving to the next section, let us make a few important remarks: 1. The TT and the JT examples discussed in [14,22], taught us that, at least formally, the evolution equations for the quantized spectra already emerge at classical level after replacing the classical densities with their average value over the volume R: Implementing (3.47) in (3.46) gives which coincides with the CFT quantum result (4.79) of section 4.3.
2. Although (3.48) were derived for the s < 0 case, it is natural to conjecture that they can be extended also to s ≥ 0. From the reflection property (3.28), we find: are smoothly deformed, leading to a trajectory in the space of models which share the same set of conserved charges. As already mentioned at the end of section 3.1, a direct consequence of the mixing among the conserved quantities, and of the associated generalised time variables, is that the interpretation of 3.4 Deformations related to charges with spin s → 0 and the JT-type models In this section we shall consider perturbations of the massless free boson model induced by where T 1 (w), Θ −1 (w) and their complex conjugates corresponds to the case k = 0 in (2.16), while the additional factor i in (3.55) is used to write the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic components of the stress-energy tensor in Sugawara form (see [26])

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Since also the currents (3.55) are components of closed 1-forms we shall use the strategy described in section 2 to derive the corresponding deformations.
Following the same spirit of the s > 0 and s < 0 deformations, the most general change of coordinates built out of the U(1) currents (3.55) is of the form where τ (i) , (i = 1, . . . 4), are four different deformation parameters and Since the general case is quite cumbersome, we will restrict our analysis to some particular limits. Case which correspond to the case s = 0 in (3.2)-(3.3). Following the procedure described in detail in section 2.2, one can easily derive the differential map from which the deformed EoMs are Then, setting s = 0 in (3.9) and using (3.63), we get both the deformed level-0 currents and the components of the deformed stress-energy tensor

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Plugging (3.63) into (3.61), we notice that the Jacobian can be rewritten in terms of the deformed level-0 currents (3.65) as which again confirms that the coordinate transformation is invertible. In terms of the quantities (3.10) and (3.11), one finds the following relations which corresponds to the case s = −s = 0 in (3.23)-(3.24). The deformed level-0 currents and the components of the deformed stress energy tensor can be immediately read from (3.39), setting s = −s = 0: and, in terms of the quantities (3.11) and (3.10), from (3.45) one has In this particular case (3.58)-(3.59) reduce to In [18], it was observed that the TT-deformed solutions fulfil a non-linear evolution equation. Its extension to generic spin s is, in complex coordinates z The multi-parameter variant of (3.76) associated to the coordinate transformation (3.58) is, instead whose solution can be expressed, in implicit form, as Using the method discussed in sections 2 and 3, we can write down the deformed EoMs, i.e.
and the tower of deformed higher conserved currents from the undeformed ones. In particular, the components of the deformed U(1) currents (3.55) are From the definition of the change of coordinates (3.1) using the definition (2.5) and the coordinate independence property of differential forms, we arrive to (3.77).

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while the components of the deformed stress-energy tensor are (3.83) Therefore, the deformed Hamiltonian and momentum density are and the corresponding deformed Lagrangian 10 whose associated EoMs coincide with (3.81). Notice that, while the deformed action is mapped exactly into the undeformed one under (3.75), the integral of (3.84) transforms with an additional term In order to unambiguously identify the perturbing operator we must Legendre transform (3.84). First of all, we move from complex z coordinates to cartesian coordinates x = (x 1 , x 2 ) = (x, t) according to the convention (1.12). Then, inverting the Legendre map one finds

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Plugging (3.87) in (3.84)-(3.85), or equivalently, performing the canonical Legendre transformation, one gets and From (3.89), we find that the momentum density is unaffected by the perturbation, since where P(x) is the unperturbed momentum density. Finally, expanding (3.88) at the first order in τ and δ, we can identify the perturbing operator at first order x is the undeformed Hamiltonian and are the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic components of the undeformed stress energy tensor, respectively. In (3.91), we denoted as J µ (x) andJ µ (x) , (µ = 1, 2), the cartesian components of the undeformed U(1) currents (3.55) which fulfil the continuity equations In a similar way, we define the cartesian components of the deformed U(1) currents (3.82) as Therefore, from (3.96), one finds that the quantities are the conserved charges associated to the U(1) L ×U(1) R symmetry in the deformed theory. Case This case can be easily retrieved from the previous one by sending δ → 0. It corresponds to the change of coordinates associated to the JT deformation (see [22,26]). First we notice that, setting δ = 0 in (3.82) and (3.83), the deformation preserves the Sugawara construction for the holomorphic sector but this is not true for the anti-holomorphic sector. Then, we observe that the Lagrangian (3.86) reduces to where we find that J As already discussed in [21] for the TT deformation, we argue that also in the JT case the energy density of the right and left movers (3.102) has the same formal expression of the spectrum obtained in [23] (cf. (4.118)), where the classical densities are replaced by the corresponding integrated quantities. In addition, also the deformation of the U(1) current density (3.103) admits a straightforward generalisation at the quantum level (cf. (4.120)). Analogous considerations apply to the case τ (1) = τ (3) = τ , τ (2) = τ (4) = 0 , which corresponds to the TJ deformation.

The quantum spectrum
This second part of the paper is devoted to the study of the quantum version of the perturbations of classical field theories described in the preceding sections. As in [2], a NLIE will be the starting point for the derivation of the Burgers-type equations for the spectrum of the deformed conserved charges I (s,±) k (R, τ ). Although we arrived to (3.48) by considering the free boson model and only a very specific set of conserved currents, in the following we will assume the general validity of (3.48) and of (3.49), obtained from (3.48) using the reflection property (3.28). In order to put our classical/quantum identification on a more solid foundation, it would be very important to extend the proof of (3.48) to the set of conserved currents (2.18) and also to massive theories.

The scattering phase
We will now argue that the results of section 3.3 unambiguously suggest that the quantisation of these deformations is associated to a specific family of non-Lorentz invariant scattering phase factors. Consider first the quantum version of (3.48), where the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic sectors are not coupled together by the interaction. Then, the level-k Hamiltonian and momentum operators factorise aŝ and their action on a generic multi-particle state

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is, in the asymptotically in the R → ∞ limit, determined by 11 i } completely characterises an asymptotic quantum state. In addition where n (±) i ∈ Z + ,m =γ 1 and, we used the fact that the undeformed theory is free. Considering now equations (3.48), assuming that, at least asymptotically in the R → ∞ limit: we have and using (4.4) and (4.5), we find i.e. the asymptotic Bethe Ansatz (BA) equations for our models. The two body scattering amplitudes involving right and left movers are: Similarly, starting from (3.49) we find: The results presented in this section, strongly support the idea that the classical theories introduced in this paper through a field dependent change of coordinates, can be consistently quantised within the exact S-matrix approach through the introduction of specific Lorentz 11 We have adopted here the convention of [30], where the single particle energy and momentum for right (+) and left (−) movers are parametrised as m 2 e ±θ , ±m 2 e ±θ .

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breaking phase factors. The natural generalisation of (4.10) and (4.11) for a massive field theory is: Summing over all the rapidities we see that, apart for s = 1, the kinetic total momentum is not quantised, i.e.
since, at classical level, there is no trace of translational invariance breaking, this result shows that the generator of space translationsP and the deformed momentum P do not, in general, coincide. This fact is in agreement with the discussion of section 3.3. From (4.13) it is easy to show that a natural definition of quantised momentum is, in the large R limit: Finally, notice that the quantisation of P on a circle would be preserved by taking symmetrised versions of the scattering phases (4.10), (4.11) or (4.12). In the massive case: (4.18) withs = 1. However, this is not the phase factor that our classical analysis suggests for the spectrum of the deformed charges (3.22). We have some concrete evidences [31] that the phase factors (4.18), with arbitrary integerss and s, correspond instead to the perturbations, recently discussed in [32]. Furthermore, the scattering phasẽ 20) appears to be related, instead, to the spectrum of the corresponding mirror deformed Hamiltonians (See, for example, [33] for a rigorous definition of mirror theory in a similar, non relativistic invariant, Bethe Ansatz context.) of the models under consideration [31].

Burgers-type equations for the spectrum
The next goal is to try to build the quantum version of the classical models described in section 3, by including the scattering phase factors (4.12) into the NLIE for the sine-Gordon model confined on a infinite cylinder of circumference R. The sine-Gordon NLIE is [34][35][36][37][38] where we have set ν(R, α 0 | θ) = i2πα 0 − i mR sinh(θ) , (4.22) to denote the driving term. In (4.21)-(4.22), m is the sine-Gordon soliton mass, α 0 is the quasi-momentum and K(θ) is the kernel defined as (4.24) The quasi-momentum or vacuum parameter α 0 emerges [39,40] by imposing periodic boundary conditions on the sine-Gordon field: ϕ(x + R, t) = ϕ(x, t). Due to the periodicity of the potential in the sine-Gordon model the Hilbert space splits into orthogonal subspaces H α 0 , characterised by the quasimomentum α 0 , with α 0 ∈ [−1/2, 1/2]. Twisted boundary conditions of the form: 27) are also natural in the sine-Gordon model since they correspond, in the infinite volume limit, to field configurations with non-trivial topological charge: Energy levels in the twisted sectors are also described by the same NLIE at specific values of the quasi-momentum. Furthermore, α 0 can also be related to a background charge (cf. equation (4.61)). Therefore, (4.21) also describes minimal models of the Virasoro algebra, M p,q perturbed by the operator φ 13 [41].

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The integration contours C 1 , C 2 in (4.21) are state dependent. For the ground-state in an arbitrary subspace H α 0 , one may take them to be straight lines slightly displaced from the real axis: C 1 = R + i0 + , C 2 = R − i0 + . Equations describing excited states have the same form [37,38,40,42] but with integration contours encircling a number of singularities {θ i } with 1 + e f (θ i ) = 0. However, in this paper we can ignore these subtleties, since the final evolution equations do not depend explicitly on the specific details of the integration contours. Setting with r = mR, and 12  where E(R) = E 1 (R) and P (R) = P 1 (R) are the total energy and momentum of the state, respectively. In addition, the following reflection property holds which is the quantum analog of (3.28). Motivated by the results of section 4.1, we conjecture that the geometric-type deformations described in section 3, associated to generic combinations of the higher spin conserved currents, correspond to the inclusion of extra scattering phases of the form where the τ (s) are independent coupling parameters and with s = |s|. In (4.35) the sum runs, in principle, over positive and negative odd integers. 12 The explicit dependence on some parameters, e.g. the mass m, will be sometime omitted not to weigh down the notation.

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However, since the whole analysis can be straightforwardly analytically extended to arbitrary values of s, in the following we shall relax this constraint, at least to include the case s → 0 and the set of nonlocal conserved charges [43]. The scattering phase factor (4.35) leads to multi-parameter perturbations of the spectrum of the original QFT which, due to the intrinsic non-linearity of the problem, can effectively be studied only on the case-by-case basis. A detailed analytic and numerical study of specific multi-parameter deformations of a massive QFT, such as the sine-Gordon model, appears to be a very challenging long-term objective. Most of our checks have been performed considering conformal field theories deformed (explicitly at leading order) by a single irrelevant composite field. Therefore, in this paper, we shall restrict the analysis to scattering phase factors with only a single non vanishing irrelevant coupling: which modifies the kernel appearing in the NLIE (4.21) as Inserting (4.38) in (4.21), after simple manipulations, we find that the deformed version of where R 0 and θ 0 are defined through Equations (4.40) imply (4.41) The quantities E Formula (4.39) shows that the solutions of the deformed NLIE are modified simply by a redefinition of the length R and by a rapidity shift. One can easily show that the deformed charges are related to the undeformed ones through which, together with (4.42), leads to a generalisation of the Lorentz-type transformation (1.2) derived in [21] E (s)

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From (4.44) one has 45) and, in particular, for k = 1 where E(R, τ ) = E (s) 1 (R, τ ) and P (R, τ ) = P (s) 1 (R, τ ). To find the generalisations of the Burgers equation (1.1) describing the evolution of the spectrum under the deformations with generic Lorentz spin s, we differentiate both sides of (4.43) w.r.t. τ at fixed R 0 , getting (4.47) All that is left to do is compute ∂ τ R = R and ∂ τ θ 0 = θ 0 . We start by rewriting (4.40) as then, differentiating both equations in (4.48) w.r.t. τ we obtain , (4.49) whose solution is (4.50) The equations for the total energy and momentum are then which are driven, through R and θ 0 by the evolution equations for E (s) .

(4.52)
Again it is worth to stress that the deformed momentum P , defined through (4.51) is not always quantized for τ = 0, as it flows according to the complicated non-linear equations (4.51)-(4.52). One can argue (see for example [44]) that a quantised object iš P (R) = 1 2πR Using (4.40) and (4.54) in (4.53), we finď which is the same formula obtained in section 4.15 from BA considerations.

The CFT limit of the NLIE
The CFT limit of the sine-Gordon model is described by a pair of decoupled NLIEs corresponding to the right-(+) and the left-(−) mover sectors. The latter equations can be obtained by sending m to zero as m =m with → 0 + and simultaneously θ to ±∞ as θ → θ ± ln( ) such thatme ±θ remain finite. The resulting equations are identical to (4.21) but with the term m sinh(θ) replaced bym 2 e θ and −m 2 e −θ , for the right-and left-mover sectors, respectively where andm sets the energy scale. In (4.57), we have allowed for the possibility of two independent vacuum parameters α (±) 0 in the two chiral sectors. The resulting NLIEs are, in principle, suitable for the description of twisted boundary conditions and more general states in the c = 1 CFT, compared to the set strictly emerging from the m → 0 sine-Gordon model. For example, they can accommodate the states with odd fermionic numbers of the massless Thirring model, which require anti-periodic boundary conditions. The integration contours C 1 , C 2 are still state dependent. In particular, they should be deformed away from the initial ground-state configuration C 1 = R + i0 + , C 2 = R − i0 + when the parameters ±α withr =mR, then where the a with k = |k|. Some of the state-dependent coefficients I (±) k (2π) can be found in [39]. In particular, the energy and momentum of a generic state are with effective central charges where h (±) 0 are the holomorphic and antiholomorphic highest weights and h (±) = h (±) 0 +n (±) , (n (±) ∈ N).
For the current purposes, it is convenient to think about the massless limit of the sine-Gordon model as a perturbation by a relevant field of the compactified free boson with Lagrangian given by (4.25) with µ = 0 (see [38] for more details): In (4.62), r = ( √ 2β) −1 is standard compactification radius of the bosonic field. Then, the highest weights are now labelled by a pair of integers (n,ñ), whereñβ 2 / √ 4π is the quantized charge associated to the total field momentum and n is the winding number corresponding to the topological charge differ from the the standard Kac-Moody U(1) R × U(1) L charges by a multiplicative factor β which spoils explicitly the β → 1/β symmetry. We adopted this unconventional definition for the topological charges since, as a reminiscence of the sine-Gordon model, it emerges more naturally from the current setup. The anagolous of the Bloch wave states in (4.26) are now created by the action on the CFT vacuum state of the vertex operators (4.67) Considering (4.61), in section 4.4 we will make the following identification: However, relation (4.68) is valid only at formal level since α (±) 0 are continuous parameters which can also account, for example, for twisted boundary conditions while, at fixed β, the charges Q (±) 0 can only assume the discrete set of values given in (4.65). Using (4.68) in (4.66) we find which, forñ = 0 and under the field-shift (4.62), display the same quasi-periodicity properties of the finite volume sine-Gordon Bloch states (4.26). In this limit, the τ dependent phase factor (4.37) splits, for s > 0, into which matches with the TT result quoted in [45].
Perturbations with s < 0: for simplicity, let us discuss first the cases with s < 0. Since the generic k-th charges of a CFT scale as 13 R −k according to (4.59) and the corresponding deformed charges I , then where a is defined in (4.72). In order to find the solution to (4.79) for generic k, one must first solve (4.79) for k = s (k = s ). In this case, the solution can be reconstructed perturbatively as This expression can be resummed as • s = −1 : Both the classical (see the s = −1 case in (3.43)) and quantum results suggest that the leading perturbing operator corresponds to the Lorentz breaking operator typically appearing in effective field theories for discrete lattice models [47].
• s = −2 : For generic spin s < 0 the result can be written in terms of a single generalised hypergeometric function: , (4.83) 13 Separately, the NLIEs in (4.56), with generic parameters β and α (±) 0 can be also associated to the quantum KdV theory, as extensively discussed in [39,46]. The coefficients a k for k = 3, 5 can be recovered from [39].

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where F s (x) is defined in (3.40). The total momentum and energy are where I (s ,±) 1 (R, τ ) are obtained by solving (4.79) with k = −k = −1 using (4.83). Finally, notice that even spin charges do not, in general, correspond to local conserved currents in the sine-Gordon model. They can occasionally emerge from the set of non-local charges, at specific rational values of β 2 . Our results concerning the exact quantum spectrum can be smoothly deformed in s, therefore they formally also describe deformations of the sine-Gordon model by non-local currents [48]. Moreover, there are many integrable systems with extended symmetries where even spin charges appear. The sign of the corresponding eigenvalues depends on the internal flavor of the specific soliton configuration considered. Since the flow equations (4.50)-(4.52), should properly describe the evolution of the spectrum driven by analogous deformations in a very wide class of systems, perturbations by currents with s even, may lead to interesting quantum gravity toy models where the effective sign of the perturbing parameter τ depends on the specific state under consideration.
Perturbations with s > 0: in the case s > 0, the left-and right-mover sectors are now coupled and the solution of the generalised Burgers equations become equivalent to the set of equations While, for models with P (4.86) We were not able to find a general compact expression of (4.86), except for the already known (s = 1) TT-related result (4.87) Figure 1. The formation of the plateau in g(θ) = − 1 2π Im(ln(1 + e −fν (θ+i0 + ) )) as m → 0 at β 2 = 1/2, α 0 = 1/6. For this choice of the parameters, the height of the plateau of g(θ) is 1/3.
Perturbations with s → 0: let us first perform the s → 0 limit in the massive case. In this limit γ s → 0 but, rescaling τ , we can recast the driving term in the form (4.89) Next, in the limit m → 0, the leading contribution to G in (4.58) is coming from a large plateau of the integrand (g(θ) in figure 1) of height and width growing as ∼ 2 ln(mR/2): The emergence of the plateau can be deduced analytically from the NLIE (see for example [49] for a related discussion in the TBA context). Therefore, at fixed finite R, after a further rescaling τ → τ π/ ln(mR/2), as m tends to zero, we obtain for the driving terms in the NLIEs: Thus, perturbing the theory with the phase factor (4.37) with s = 0 is equivalent, in an appropriate scaling limit, to a constant shift of the volume R. At fixed normalisation of the deforming parameter τ , the shift turns out to be directly proportional to the topological JHEP11(2019)120 charge Q 0 . We see, from (4.92) that the left-and right-mover sectors remain decoupled also at τ = 0. However, starting directly from the CFT limit, one can argue that there exist less trivial ways to couple the two sectors. The most general variant involves four different coupling constants τ = {τ (a|b) } with a, b ∈ {+, −}: Notice that in (4.94) we allowed the possibility for two different topological charges Q (±) 0 , associated to the U(1) R × U(1) L symmetry of the c = 1 free (compactified) boson model, corresponding to the CFT limit of the sine-Gordon theory.

Further deformations involving the topological charge
A further, natural extension of the quantum models studied in section 4.2, corresponds to scattering phase factors of the form δ (s,s) (θ, θ ) = τ γsγ s sinh(s θ − s θ ) . (4.95) Deforming the kernel according to (4.38) and using (4.95) instead of (4.37), the driving term of (4.21) becomes ν = ν(R, α 0 | θ) − iτs γs es θ I where I (s,s,±) k are defined through (4.58) and (4.59) with the deformed driving term (4.96). The cases withs = ±1, have been extensively discussed in the previous sections, they all correspond to gravity-like theories, where the effect of the perturbation can be re-absorbed into a redefinition of the volume R plus a shift in the rapidity θ, according to (4.39). From equation (4.96), we see that for generic values ofs = ±1 it is not no longer possible to re-absorb the perturbation in the same fashion. However, another interesting example is recovered by considering the scaling limit {s, γs, m} → {0, 0, 0}, such thats γs remains finite. In the following we shall sets γs = 2π. This situation corresponds to the standard massless limit where, in the undeformed (τ = 0) NLIE, the right-(+) and the left-mover (−) sectors are completely decoupled, while a residual interaction between the two sectors is still present at τ = 0. In fact, the deformed versions of f ν (±) (θ) fulfil (4.56) with ν (±) = ν (±) R, α are very cumbersome, we will restrict the discussion to specific scaling limits: • τ (+) = τ (−) = τ : with h (±) = h (±) 0 + n (±) and (4.100) becomes equations (4.103) and (4.104) lead to exact expressions for the conformal dimensions h (±) (τ ), which precisely match the form of the (left) conformal dimension in the JT model, as recently shown in [50]: As we will shortly see, this is the first instance among many that link the phase factor (4.95) with s = 1, in the scaling limit (4.98) to the quantum JT model.
• τ (+) = 0 , τ (−) = τ : the two sectors (±) are completely decoupled , (4.108) We notice that (4.108) can be rewritten as which suggests that, in this limit, the perturbation has a dual geometric description, since it can be interpreted as a redefinition of the length R. The dual deformation of the NLIE corresponds to a deformed version of f ν (±) (θ) which fulfils (4.56) with Expressions (4.110) are trivially solutions of two decoupled Burgers-like equations Therefore, I 1 (R, τ ) fulfils a Burgers-type equation analogous to (1.1), where Q (±) (R, τ ) play the role of velocities.

The quantum JT model
Formula (4.110) strongly resembles the expression for the energy of the right-movers of the JT-deformed CFT derived in [23,26]. To obtain the JT model, one must treat the (±) sectors in a non-symmetric way. For s = 1, a possible asymmetric generalisation of (4.97) with four free parameters τ = {τ (a|b) } with a, b ∈ {+, −} is   which are in full agreement with [23,26]. 14

A simple example involving a pair of scattering phase factors
As already discussed, in principle one may introduce several scattering phase factors to deform the NLIEs. In this section we will consider a particular combination of s → 0 and s → 0 scattering factors which allows us to match with the classical results (3.105)-(3.106). We consider a double perturbation made of a length redefinition (4.94) with τ (±|+) = ∓τ and τ (±|−) = ±τ , together with a shift of the twist parameter (4.114) with τ (∓|+) = +τ and τ (±|−) = +τ . The corresponding deformed driving term is then with α (±) (R, τ ) = −τ P (R) , where in the last equality we used the fact that Q (±) (R, τ ) = 2π β 2 α (±) 0 − α (±) (R, τ ) . Since the central charges are affected by the deformation as (4.125) 14 Apart from an overall sign in the definition of P JT , the notation used in this paper is consistent with that of [23].

Conclusions
In this paper, we have introduced and studied novel types of systems obtained by a local space-time deformation induced by higher-spin conserved charges. We have argued that these geometrical maps correspond to classical and quantum field theories perturbed by irrelevant Lorentz-breaking composite fields. The possibility of non-Lorentz invariant generalisations of the TT operator was first briefly discussed in [1] and the JT and the TJ models studied in [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] are concrete realisations of these ideas, though with some important difference in the actual details. Another concise discussion on non-Lorentz invariant perturbations has appeared more recently in [51] were it was underlined the possibility to replace the TT operator with composite fields built out of a pair of conserved currents, a somehow obvious generalisation of the earlier comments [1] and results [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] which however also encompasses the systems effectively studied in the current paper. Here we would like to stress again that the spin s in the scattering phase factor (4.38) can also assume non-integer values, therefore the extension to non-local conserved charges [46] appears to be straightforward, as also underlined in [1]. Many open problems deserve further attention. First of all, the identification between the classical and the quantum results is, in our opinion, very convincing, but certainly more work is needed to fully confirm the match. In particular, a Lagrangian description for the higher-spin deformed models would lead the way to more stringent tests. Furthermore, it is natural to try to identify within the AdS 3 /CFT 2 setup the corresponding (bulk) JJ and Yang-Baxter type deformations, as it was successfully done for their close relatives studied [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. It would be important to extend the gravity setup adopted in [19,52] to accommodate also these novel geometric deformations.
While the TT perturbation is compatible with supersymmetry [16,27,[53][54][55], higher spin Hamiltonians should, at least partially, lift the degeneracy of the states. Therefore, in general, supersymmetry should be explicitly broken by the more general perturbations discussed here. However, it would be interesting to find specific examples were a residual supersymmetry survives. Finally, it would be also nice to study the effect of these perturbations on 2D Yang-Mills [21,56] and, following the suggestion of [57], to study the JHEP11(2019)120 expectation values on curved spacetimes, of the composite operators discussed here. Finally, while this paper was in its final writing stage the works [32,58] appeared. The latter articles contain many interesting results on the JT model and the combined JT/TT perturbations. There are only minor overlaps with the current paper. As already mentioned, our methods are easily generalisable to encompass such a two-coupling extension of the models described here, both at classical and quantum levels.

A Deformed classical solutions
Following [18], we shall now describe how to derive explicitly a deformed solution φ (s) (z, τ ) associated to the change of variables (3.1) starting from the undeformed solution φ(w). First of all we compute the relation between the sets of coordinates w and z by integrating, for s ≥ 0, where we have denoted z = z (s) to distinguish between the different perturbations. The components of the higher charges T s+1 (w), Θ s−1 (w) along with their complex conjugates are implicitly evaluated on the specific field configuration φ(w). Inverting the relation z (s) (w), we find the deformed solution as Similarly, we can apply the same strategy to derive a deformed solution associated to the change of variables (3.2), for s ≤ 0. In this case we should, instead, integrate the system and repeat the same procedure described above.