Slepton non-universality in the flavor-effective MSSM

Supersymmetric theories supplemented by an underlying flavor-symmetry Gf\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\mathcal{G}}_f $$\end{document} provide a rich playground for model building aimed at explaining the flavor structure of the Standard Model. In the case where supersymmetry breaking is mediated by gravity, the soft-breaking Lagrangian typically exhibits large tree-level flavor violating effects, even if it stems from an ultraviolet flavor-conserving origin. Building on previous work, we continue our phenomenological analysis of these models with a particular emphasis on leptonic flavor observables. We consider three representative models which aim to explain the flavor structure of the lepton sector, with symmetry groups Gf=Δ27\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\mathcal{G}}_f=\Delta (27) $$\end{document}, A4, and S3.


Introduction
As the LHC marches onward in its search for hints of physics beyond the Standard Model, the community eagerly waits. Unfortunately, despite the overwhelming evidence for its need in order to explain open questions, such as the nature of dark matter, the stability of the Higgs mass with respect to higher scales, the origin of the Baryon asymmetry in the universe, amongst others, New Physics (NP) continues to elude us. We should not despair however, as the LHC, along with a robust set of other dedicated experiments, will continue to probe new corners of parameter space where NP could be hiding. At the same time, as our "first-guess" models come increasingly under pressure, it is worth pausing to consider alternative methods or observables which may help to further constrain them and extend the reach of the LHC.
A class of such models, popular for their ability to shed light on several of the open questions in particle physics, are supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model. Its simplest incarnation, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), has many virtues: a possible dark matter candidate; new sources of CP violation; a mechanism for stabilizing the mass of the Higgs; the possibility for unification of the fundamental forces. However the non-observance by the LHC in Runs 1 and 2 of any of its predicted superpartners is beginning to constrain such a minimal realization of supersymmetry, pointing to a mass scale of the new predicted particles which may be heavier than naively expected. In the scenario where supersymmetry is indeed realized by nature, but out of reach of current colliders, we should look for further ways to probe or constrain the large parameter space available in the MSSM.

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One curious legacy of the Standard Model (SM) is its rich flavor structure, which has historically [1] proven invaluable and complementary to direct searches for sniffing out new particles. Yet, understanding the peculiar mass and mixing pattern of the fundamental fermions remains one of the biggest puzzles of the SM. Despite a wealth of ideas and models put forth by the theory community, a convincing solution to this puzzle is still missing. Among the proposed ideas, the use of flavor symmetries, both continuous and discrete, remains a popular tool for model builders. This avenue has been especially explored in the lepton sector, where the suggestive form of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix has led to several ansätze for its decomposition in terms of primitive "bare" mixing matrices, which give leptonic mixing angles close to their measured values. In most models, the aim is to motivate these special angles through the Clebsch-Gordan (CG) coefficients of a symmetry group, and moreover, to predict the as yet unmeasured parameters of the leptonic sector: the Dirac CP violating phase, the quadrant of the atmospheric angle, and the neutrino mass ordering.
Unfortunately, a definitive picture has failed to emerge from the large number of present models (for recent reviews, see [2,3]). One well-known problem at the level of the SM is that we cannot fully reconstruct the fundamental flavor parameters of the SM Lagrangian, the Yukawa matrices. In this regard, NP models which predict new flavor interactions in addition to new particles are particularly interesting, as they are bound to shed additional light (right-handed mixings, etc.) on the flavor puzzle regardless of their original motivations.
The MSSM contains a wealth of such new flavor interactions in its soft-breaking sector. Although, in all generality the MSSM contains a host of unknown parameters in the flavor sector, in a previous work [4] we explored a specific class of predictive models where the MSSM emerges as an effective theory from an ultraviolet flavor-symmetric theory. These models: • Arise from a superpotential which is invariant under a given flavor symmetry G f , spontaneously broken at a scale Λ f . After the breaking of G f , new effective operators, a la Froggatt-Nielsen (FN), contribute to the low-energy superpotential. Similar effective operators contribute to the soft-breaking Lagrangian.
• Mediation of Supersymmetry breaking to the visible sector is assumed to occur through interactions at a scale Λ S Λ f , so that the soft-breaking terms, and, more exactly, the visible sector operators giving rise to the soft-breaking terms, respect G f . An illustrative example of such a mediation scheme, which we will assume for simplicity, is gravity mediation.
Under these conditions, these models contain tree-level flavor violating effects, arising from the mismatch between the order one coefficients of their supersymmetric and corresponding supersymmetry-breaking supergraphs after integrating out the mediator fields at Λ f . In addition, as the flavor parameters 1 are fixed by the structure of the superpotential, these models are minimal, depending only on the traditional supergravity input parameters m 0 , m 1/2 , A 0 , tan β, and µ. This minimality and calculabity of these models makes JHEP11(2017)162 them interesting in their own right, and especially amenable to constraints from flavor observables; in many cases extending beyond the reach of direct searches at the LHC.
In this work, we continue our investigation of this class of models [4][5][6], with a particular emphasis on constraints coming from leptonic flavor observables such as µ → eγ, µ → eee, and µ − e conversion, although for completeness we scan each model over all relevant flavor observables to obtain the strongest constraints. We look at three representative models available in the literature, based on the symmetry groups ∆ (27), A 4 and S 3 .
Our paper is organized as follows. We begin in section 2 with a short review of the mechanism presented in [4], giving generic formulas applicable for any of the class of models under investigation. In sections 3-5 we apply these general formulae to specific models found in the literature based on the flavor groups ∆ (27), A 4 , and S 3 . These sections are self-contained, including the relevant phenomenological analyses and results for each group. Finally, we conclude in section 6 with brief remarks on our general results and future outlooks for extensions of this work.

A review of the mechanism
In this section we review and update the results of our previous work [4], demonstrating that in SUSY models augmented with a flavor symmetry spontaneously broken at a scale Λ f ≤ Λ S , flavor violation in the soft-breaking terms is generically present in the low-energy effective theory. This remains true even starting with completely flavor blind soft-breaking in the full theory and runs contrary to the naive expectation that the soft terms, being controlled by the flavor symmetry, should be diagonalized by the same rotations which diagonalize the Yukawa couplings. This mismatch between the Yukawa or Kinetic mixing matrices and their corresponding soft-term structures stems from the different ways in which SUSY breaking may be inserted in the full theory diagrams, giving rise to a single coupling in the low-energy effective theory.
Supersymmetry breaking can be represented by the insertion of a chiral background superfield, a spurion X, which is assumed to obtain a vacuum value largely along its supersymmetry breaking component F X X . Although not necessary, we will make the simplifying assumption in this work that this spurion is the only source of SUSY breaking and couples universally to the visible sector.
This mismatch between the soft-breaking terms and the superpotential or Kähler potential is manifest in terms of the FN fields in the full theory. Corrections to the low-energy superpotential W and Kähler potential K are generated below the flavor scale, Λ f . These corrections stem from non-renormalizable operators containing an appropriate number of flavon insertions, generated by integrating over the appropriate heavy messengers in the underlying theory, which, in the case of the superpotential, may write schematically as,  or heavy Higgses, M the heavy mass scale ∼ Λ f of the messengers and x n is a numerical coefficient depending on the charges of the fields. These corrections may be represented schematically in terms of the supergraphs which generate them, as shown in figure 1.
In addition to correcting to the superpotential, similar supergraphs will generate the so called A-terms in the soft Lagrangian upon inserting a soft-breaking term at any internal point in the diagram, which can be represented by the insertion of a spurion field X with non-vanishing F -term, F X . Assuming a universal SUSY breaking, these universal corrections in the full theory are of the form In terms of our supergraph language, this corresponds to attaching an external line involving the spurion X to each of the vertices in a given supergraph. From here, it is evident that, after integrating out the heavy fields in the Lagrangian to obtain the low-energy effective theory, the different ways to couple the spurion field produce a mismatch between the A terms and their corresponding Yukawa matrices. For a given supergraph which generates an entry in the Yukawa matrix, we have multiple ways to generate the corresponding A term, one for each insertion of the spurion X at a given vertex. This mismatch may be easily written in terms of the operator dimension which generates the given entry in the Yukawa matrices of the superpotential. Given an operator with N Φ insertions, we have 2N + 1 possible X insertions; 2 for each Φ and mass-insertion vertex, plus one additional for the vertex involving the Higgs. Generically, this implies that for a Yukawa entry Y ij generated by N Flavon insertions,

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where a 0 = k m 0 . As in FN models each entry in the Yukawa matrix is generated at a different order, the individual entries in the A matrices will contain different order one coefficients, and not be directly proportional to the Yukawa matrices. Performing a rotation of the superfields and going to the Super-CKM basis, the A terms will not be diagonalized, their off-diagonal terms contributing at tree-level to flavor violating observables. Similar considerations hold for the Kähler potential. Below Λ f , corrections to the Kähler potential are generated when integrating over the heavy messengers. In the case of a single flavon, as in the case Abelian models, it can be written schematically as, where, for the leading terms, c In the case of several flavon fields in complex representations of G f , as is the case of typical non-Abelian models, the leading contributions appear in the form Φ r Φ † r , 2 Again, this can be depicted in terms of supergraphs, where now superfields may both enter (undaggered) or leave (daggered) a given vertex. The leading corrections, those that do not contain derivatives or additional suppressions of M , are all of the form shown in figure 2, with one internal line a superpropagator of a given messenger connecting "bubbles" of Φ's involving only mass insertions in the internal lines. We may therefore organize the corrections generated by a given supergraph by the number of incoming (N in ) and outgoing (N out ) Φ's.
A given supergraph of this form will generate soft masses for the corresponding scalars Φ when coupled to the supersymmetry breaking combination F X F X † , as shown for the diagonal contribution in figure 3. For a supergraph of the form of figure 2, we have two ways to attach the spurion combination XX † , either as in figure 3 to an internal superpropagator, or with X attached to one of the incoming Φ vertices and X † attached to one of the outgoing Φ vertices, as shown in figure 4. As there are N in ways to attach X to a given incoming vertex and N out ways to attach X † to an outgoing vertex, plus an additional graph involving the correction to the internal superpropagator, we find that the mismatch factor between the soft mass matrices and the Kähler matrices can be written in terms of the total number of Flavon insertions N = N in + N out and the number of incoming Flavon insertions N in , As a concrete example, we show the case with N in = 1, N = 3 in figure 5, for which eq. (2.5) gives f = 3.   Eqs. (2.2) and (2.5) are useful in the sense that without knowing precisely the underlying theory, the mismatch factors can be quickly calculated solely in terms of the number of Flavon insertions, or alternatively, the operator dimension at which a given Yukawa entry is generated. Once these mismatch factors are known and the soft-matrices given, rotations of the superfields, first to canonically normalize [7] and then to diagonalize the Yukawa matrices, may be performed.
It is worth noting that even if the leading non-universal contributions in the soft-mass matrix are proportional to the Kähler matrix, flavor changing entries are generically present in the SCKM basis. In this case, the diagonalization of the Kähler matrix also diagonalizes the soft-mass matrix, but the rescaling of the diagonal Kähler elements does not eliminate the diagonal elements in the soft-mass matrices if f = 1; off-diagonal elements will always reappear when going to the SCKM basis.
As an illustrative example, consider a simplified non-Abelian model with two flavons. The non-universal corrections to the Kähler potential and soft-mass matrices would be proportional, (2.6) Taking Φ 1 = (0, 1) and Φ 2 = (ε, ε), it is clear that both matrices are diagonalized with the same rotation U , but the rescaling of the Kähler, N 1/2 , does not reabsorb the non-universal diagonal elements in the soft mass matrix,
. Thus, as stated before, when diagonalizing the Yukawa matrix to go to the SCKM basis, the new rotation V ∼ O(ε), will introduce again off-diagonal terms in the soft-mass matrices.
These off-diagonal entries of the A terms and soft masses are very relevant in performing phenomenological analyses of given models. By subjecting them to the appropriate flavor constraints, like those collected in table 1 for leptonic processes, complementary bounds to high-energy colliders can be set.
Finally, an additional consideration comes from the stability of the vacuum. As shown in [12], the requirement of the absence of charge and color breaking (CCB) minima and unbounded from below (UFB) directions impose strong limits on the trilinear terms. In our analysis, we establish an upper bound for k (remember that a 0 = k m 0 , eq. (2.2)) at the GUT scale and, after the running down to the EW scale, only points that satisfy the following relations are considered: As an application of these rules, we turn now to a phenomenological analyses using lepton flavor observables for three representative lepton flavor models found in the literature, based on the flavor groups G f = ∆ (27), A 4 and S 3 .

A ∆(27) model
As a first example, we consider the flavor model of I. de Medeiros Varzielas. G. G. Ross and S. F. King in ref. [13], where the continuum SU(3) f family symmetry of ref. [14], already considered in our previous work to study the quark sector, was replaced by its discrete subgroup ∆ (27). In this way the mechanism for obtaining the desired vacuum structure, which leads to Tri-Bi-maximal (TB) mixing in the lepton sector through a type I see-saw mechanism, is considerably simplified. ∆ (27) is the simplest non-trivial group in the series ∆(3N 2 ), a discrete subgroup of SU(3) that can be defined in terms of the semi-direct product (Z N ×Z N ) Z 3 . The elements of the group (g) can be written in terms of the generators of Z 3 (a, a , b) as follows:

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where the generators must satisfy These conditions give rise to nine singlets and a triplet/anti-triplet representation. Table 2 shows the particle content of the model: left-handed (LH) leptons transform as triplets 3 whereas the right-handed (RH) fields transform as anti-triplets3; the Higgs doublets are singlets under the group transformations and flavons, generically denoted as φ, transform as triplet or anti-triplets. Unlike the SU(3) f model, where the VEV of a triplet could be rotated to a single direction, the discrete non-Abelian symmetry leads to a finite number of candidate vacuum states. The obtained pattern for the VEVs is then given by [13]: The leading Yukawa terms responsible for the fermion masses in the SU(3) f model are still the dominant operators in this example although, beyond the LO, additional contributions enter in the superpotential. Its complete expression is [13]: After the flavor symmetry is broken, the Yukawa and Trilinear structures are given by: Regarding the Kähler potential, it is important to stress here that in this model the SU(2) L doublet-messengers are assumed to be much heavier than their singlet counterpart. Because of that, corrections to the kinetic and soft terms for LH particles will be negligible and, therefore, the associated matrices can be taken as the identity matrix. In contrast, the LO Kähler potential for RH fields is: Similarly, a mismatch between the soft-mass matrices and the Kähler metric will arise when considering the different ways in which XX † can be coupled to the diagram, see figure 5. Once the flavons get their VEV, the Kähler function and soft-mass matrices can be written as: with C R and B R given by: Again, the multiplicative factors in eq. (3.11) can be easily computed from eq. (2.5) just counting the number of flavon fields entering and leaving the diagram, without specifying the complete messenger spectrum of the UV theory.
With the structures of the Kinetic-mixing and Yukawa matrices known, the superfields must now be rotated twice: first, to the basis where canonical kinetic terms are recovered (canonical basis), and again, to the basis where the Yukawa couplings are diagonal (mass basis). Thus, the final matrices are: The net effect of this series of rotations is the following: the canonical normalization makes the multiplicative factors of B R decrease by one unit, while having no impact on the Yukawa and Trilinear terms; the second rotation to the mass basis results in the reduction from ε 8 → ε 4 of A ,11 and gives only additional small corrections to the elements of B R . The matrix U that performs the latter diagonalization gives only O(ε 2 ) corrections to U PMNS = U † U ν so that it mantains the tri-bimaximal LO structure. As a consequence, this model cannot reproduce the experimental value of the reactor angle that would require sin θ 13 ∝ ε. 3 With these matrices, a combined fit to the latest experimental values for U PMNS [16], excluding the 13 entry, and the Yukawas at the GUT scale [17] is performed to fix the values of the x i coefficients. For ε = 0.13 these are reasonably O(1) coefficients, namely: (x 1 = 1.0, x 2 = 1.2, x 3 = 1., x 4 = 1., x 5 = 1.7). After substituting these values, the matrices must be run to the EW scale by means of the MSSM renormalization group equations (RGE), checked to satisfy the charge and color breaking relations, and compared to the most relevant flavor observables. Numerical calculations for the running, spectrum and low energy processes have been done with the Supersymmetric Phenomenology package (SPheno) [18,19]. The resulting plot is figure 6.
As shown in figure 6, the most restrictive constraints come from the flavor violating decays µ → eγ and µ → eee. In the plot, the colored shapes represent the parameter regions where the analyzed model would dissagree with current and future bounds in table 1. As the results strongly depend on tan β, two reference values of tan β has been considered that is tan β = 5, blue (darker) regions, and tan β = 20, red (lighter) regions. It can be observed that, for both values of tan β, the obtained bounds are competitive with mSUGRA ATLAS limits, even just considering present µ → eγ experimental limits. On top of that, if the Mu3e experiment reaches the expected precision finding no sign of the µ → eee process, the parameter space of the model will turn out to be significantly constrained.
These results are in good agreement with those obtained with the mass insertion approximation (MIA) [20][21][22][23][24], which provides a simplified description of the phenomenology. As discussed in [24][25][26], in the absence of off-diagonal δ LL insertions, the main effects come from the RR sector. This sector suffers from a characteristic cancellation among the two tan β-enhanced dominant contributions: the one due to the pure bino term (with internal chirality flip and a flavor-conserving δ LR mass insertion) and another from the bino-higgsino exchange. This destructive interference can be easily recognized in figure 6.

An A model
As a second example, we consider a model belonging to perhaps the most popular class of models based on discrete flavors groups, those with G f = A 4 . This is the discrete group of even permutations of 4 objects; it contains 12 elements and has four inequivalent irreducible representations: three singlets {1, 1 , 1 } and a triplet 3. It is specially interesting because it is the minimal non-Abelian group containing a triplet representation. We refer to appendix A for a detailed description of the group, including the associated multiplication rules.
Here, we analyze the A 4 Altarelli-Meloni model of ref. [28], which can be seen as a simplest A 4 model in the sense that it is able to generate an appropriate charged-lepton hierarchy between generations without requiring an extra U(1) F N symmetry. The complete flavor symmetry of the model is G f = A 4 ×Z 4 with an additional U(1) R symmetry related to R-parity. Table 3 shows the symmetry assignments for leptons, electroweak Higgs doublets and flavons. In particular, the three generations of left-handed lepton doublets and the right-handed neutrino ν c are ascribed to triplet representations while the right-handed charged leptons e c , µ c , τ c , together with the two Higgs doublets H u,d , transform in the trivial singlet representation. Beyond the MSSM fields, the model contains the flavons that transform as singlets or triplets.
The vacuum alignment in this model responsible for the symmetry breaking [28] is given by

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where The shift in the VEVs, denoted as δυ i , account for NLO corrections arising from higher-order operators in the driving superpotential. A similar order of magnitude is expected for ε and ε , although a moderate hierarchy can be tolerated among them. The LO effective superpotential contains the following operators where the brackets stand for each possible product combination of the fields inside. It is easy to see that, replacing eqs. (4.1) into eq. (4.2) with δυ i = 0, the vacuum configuration leads to diagonal and hierarchical Yukawas in the charged-lepton sector. Off-diagonal entries in the Yukawa matrix derive from considering the shifted VEVs (δυ i = 0) in the LO superpotential and higher-order operators obtained by the insertion of φ S and ξ [28]. Taking into account  the charges of table 3, the correction to the LO superpotential would be: As can be seen in eq. (4.4), these contributions result in non-vanishing off-diagonal entries of the same order of the diagonal term in each row multiplied by ε : with x i ∼ O(1) generic order one coefficients. Again, Y and A are not proportional and the multiplicative factors in the Trilinears can be computed with eq. (2.2) considering N equal to the power associated to ε and/or ε in the correspondent Yukawa element. The LO Kähler potential for left-handed (LH) fields is given by: whereas the right-handed (RH) Kähler potential would be:

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Once the flavons have been integrated out, the Kähler function and soft-mass matrices for both LH-and RH-fields can be written as in eq. (3.9) with C L(R) and B L(R) : Again, the multiplicative factors in eq. (4.8) can be easily figured out from eq. (2.5) by just computing the number of flavon fields entering and leaving the diagram. Then, we perform the two rotations to the canonical and the mass basis that result in the following rotated matrices We find that the dominant structures of the matrices remain unaltered, the coefficients receiving only small corrections. In this case, the Yukawa rotation matrix U gives rise to an O(ε ) correction to the 13 entry of the PMNS matrix, such that the model can reproduce the experimental magnitude of sin θ 13 . This imposes ε ∼ 0.1 while the value of ε is fixed by the Yukawa hierarchy. Note that the off diagonal entries in the soft mass matrices arise at order ε 2 .
The O(1) coefficients x i are determined by the combined fit of the experimental values of U PMNS [16] and the Yukawas at the GUT scale [17]. For tan β = 5 and (ε, ε ) = (0.04 , 0.08) we obtain: (x 1 = 0.7, . Excluded regions due to µ → eγ and µ → eee for two reference values: tan β = 5 (blue shapes) and tan β = 20 (red shapes). In the dark (blue and red) regions, we compare with current µ → eγ bounds, while in the light (blue and red) regions we compare with the expected µ → eee sensitivity in the near future. As before, these results are competitive with mSUGRA ATLAS limits (gray area).
After RGE evolving the matrices to the SUSY scale with SPheno, checking the charge and color breaking relations, and calculating the low-energy observables, the constraints on the model are shown in figure 7 for tan β = 5, blue (dark) region, and tan β = 20, red (light) region. As expected, the most restrictive constraints come from the flavor violating decays µ → eγ and µ → eee. Current limits of the first process are competitive with present ATLAS bounds whereas future limits for µ → eee will allow us to either discover SUSY or to constraint a considerable part of the parameter space if no signal is measured.
In contrast with the previous example, no cancellation is observed here. This is because, in this model, the dominant effect comes from the LL mass insertion and, therefore, the two tan β-enhanced terms have the same sign. A detailed discussion of these effects can be found in [24]. We see that present and future LFV constraints are able to explore large values of m 0 and M 1/2 in these models, well beyond the LHC reach. Table 4. Transformation of the matter superfields under the S 3 family symmetries.

An S 3 model
Finally, another interesting and minimal group of models are those based on the symmetry group S 3 [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] defined as the group of all possible permutations among 3 objects, containing only 6 group elements. The number of irreducible representations is 3, which includes two singlets, {1, 1 }, and a doublet, 2. The detailed description of the group can be found in appendix B. The example that we consider here is the model of D. Meloni in ref. [76], which generates a PMNS LO-structure compatible with the TB-mixing together with a relatively large reactor angle and a good description of the quark sector. The full flavor symmetry of the model is G f = S 3 × Z 6 × Z 3 with and additional U(1) R continuous symmetry which will eventually break down to R-parity due to small SUSY breaking effects. Table 4 shows the complete spectrum for this model. As can be seen, the SU(2) L doublets and singlets of the second and third generations are arranged in two S 3 doublets, and c : whereas the electron fields are assigned to the real singlets, e and e c . The electron and muon Majorana neutrinos are grouped in a doublet, ν c , while the tau right-handed neutrino transforms as the pseudosinglet representation, ν c 3 . The minimization of the driving superpotential in the exact SUSY limit generates the desired alignment for the vacuum structure [76]: where At LO, only the muon and tau masses are generated by operators involving one and two flavon insertions while the electron remains massless. To obtain its mass, operators with up to 5-flavon insertions must be considered. The dominant terms are given by the JHEP11(2017)162 following contributions: In the vacuum alignment configuration, eqs. (5.2) and (5.3), the resulting effective Yukawa and Trilinear matrices are: 5) where the proportionality factor between each Yukawa and Trilinear term is given again by eq. (2.2), with N equal to the total power of ε and ε .
The LO contributions in the Kähler potential for LH-and RH-fields are given by: Once the flavor symmetry is broken, the Kähler metric and soft-mass matrices can be written in terms of C L,R and B L,R as in eq. (3.9), with: After canonical normalization and diagonalization of the Yukawa matrices, the soft terms in the mass basis are: (5.12) The O(1) coefficients x i are set so that the experimental values for U PMNS [16] and the Yukawa couplings at the GUT scale [17] are reproduced. Both for tan β = 5 with (ε , ε ) = (0.08 , 0.08), and tan β = 20 with (ε , ε ) = (0.1, 0.08) we obtain almost the same coefficients, that is (x 1 = 3., x 2 = 1.6, x 3 = 2.3, x 4 = 0.6, x 6 = 2.2). The allowed parameter space for this model is given in figure 8 for tan β = 5, blue (dark) areas, and tan β = 20, red (light) areas. Although we check all the low energy observables in table 1, we once again find the most constraining processes to be µ → eγ and µ → eee. As can be seen in the figure, for low values of tan β this model seems to be slightly more constrained than A 4 whereas, for tan β = 20, the limits are practically the same. As in the A 4 case, the dominant contributions to these processes come from the LL sector and therefore an analogous description holds here: the LL leading terms, tan β-enhanced, are those corresponding to contributions with an internal chirality flip and no cancellation among these terms occurs, since no relative sign from the hypercharge is present.

Conclusions
In this work, building on the methods of [4], we continue to analyze the flavor structures in supersymmetric theories where the MSSM arises as a low energy effective theory from a flavor symmetry broken at higher scales. For a specific class of predictive models, if the scale of mediation of Supersymmetry breaking is above the flavor symmetry scale, the resulting flavor structures in the soft-breaking terms are not universal and can give rise to flavor changing effects at low energies.
We have applied these ideas to three representative discrete flavor symmetry models, A 4 ,S 3 , and ∆ (27), able to explain the neutrino and charged lepton structures. In these models, we have been able to obtain the full trilinear couplings and the soft mass matrices and we have applied the constraints from the non-observation of lepton flavor violating processes, like µ → eγ and µ → eee. We saw that different models may be distinguished through the different predicted structures in the trilinear terms or soft mass matrices. We have shown that, at present, these constraints are already competitive with direct LHC searches. Future bounds on these observables may discover SUSY with masses far beyond the reach of the LHC high-luminosity upgrade.
In conclusion, flavor symmetries in a supersymmetric context give rise generically to non-universal soft-breaking terms. This non-universality and the resulting flavor-changing effects must be always taken into account when restricting the allowed parameter space in these models. Moreover, the power of flavor changing observables to signal the presence of supersymmetry at higher scales has been explicitly demonstrated in these calculable models. We hope to continue to extend these results to unified models with symmetries that describe both the quark and lepton sectors in a future work.

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It has three independent one-dimensional representations 1,1 ,1 and one threedimensional representation 3. The one-dimensional representations are given by: The multiplication rules between the various representations are: then, taking 3 α = (α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ) and 3 β = (β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ) as two generic triplets, we can write also It is useful to note that the operation of complex conjugation acts as so, for example, the product rule (1 ⊗ 3) * = 1 ⊗ 3 * .The reason for this is that T * = U T 23 T U 23 and S * = U T 23 SU 23 = S where U 23 is the matrix that changes the 2nd and 3rd row and column.

JHEP11(2017)162 B S 3 group
The group S 3 is defined by the possible permutations among three objects. One of its presentations is that given by the generators S and T satisfying the following relations S 2 = (ST ) 2 = T 3 = 1. (B.1) The number of irreducible representations is three: two one-dimensional, 1 and 1 , and one two-dimensional, 2. The generators in the one-dimensional representations are given by: while, in the two-dimensional representation for the T-diagonal basis, they can be written as: 3) The tensor products between singlets and pseudosinglets are: Considering two doublets, 2 α = (α 1 , α 2 ) and 2 β = (β 1 , β 2 ), we can also write The operation of complex conjugation leaves the singlets unchanged but acts over the doublet as follows so that 2 * transforms now as an anti-doublet with the matrices (S * , T * ).
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