Neutrino masses and mixing from flavour antisymmetry

We discuss consequences of assuming (i) that the (Majorana) neutrino mass matrix Mν displays flavour antisymmetry, SνTMνSν = − Mν with respect to some discrete symmetry Sν contained in SU(3) and (ii) Sν together with a symmetry Tl of the Hermitian combination MlMl† of the charged lepton mass matrix forms a finite discrete subgroup Gf of SU(3) whose breaking generates these symmetries. Assumption (i) leads to at least one massless neutrino and allows only four textures for the neutrino mass matrix in a basis with a diagonal Sν if it is assumed that the other two neutrinos are massive. Two of these textures contain a degenerate pair of neutrinos. Assumption (ii) can be used to determine the neutrino mixing patterns. We work out these patterns for two major group series Δ(3N2) and Δ(6N2) as Gf. It is found that all Δ(6N2) and Δ(3N2) groups with even N contain some elements which can provide appropriate Sν. Mixing patterns can be determined analytically for these groups and it is found that only one of the four allowed neutrino mass textures is consistent with the observed values of the mixing angles θ13 and θ23. This texture corresponds to one massless and a degenerate pair of neutrinos which can provide the solar pair in the presence of some perturbations. The well-known groups A4 and S4 provide examples of the groups in respective series allowing correct θ13 and θ23. An explicit example based on A4 and displaying a massless and two quasi degenerate neutrinos is discussed.


Introduction
Orderly pattern of neutrino mixing appears to hide some symmetry, discrete or continuous. It is possible to connect a given mixing pattern with some discrete symmetries of the leptonic mass matrices. Such symmetries may however be residual symmetries arising from a bigger symmetry in the underlying theory. One can obtain a possible larger picture by assuming that these symmetries are a part of a bigger group operating at the fundamental level whose breaking leads to the symmetries of the mass matrices. There is an extensive literature on study of possible residual symmetries of the mass matrices and of the groups which harbor them [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], see [17][18][19] for reviews and additional references.
Starting point in these approaches is to assume the existence of some symmetries S ν (usually a Z 2 ×Z 2 ) and T l (usually Z N , N ≥ 3) of the (Majorana) neutrino and the charged lepton mass matrices Matrices diagonalizing the 3 × 3 symmetry matrices S ν , T l can be related to the mixing matrices in each sector. The structures of these matrices can also be independently fixed if one assume that S ν and T l represent specific elements of some discrete group G f in a given three dimensional representation. In this way, the leptonic mixing can be directly related to group theoretical structures. This reasoning has been used for the determination of the

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neutrino mixing angles in case of the three non-degenerate neutrinos [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]20], two or three degenerate neutrinos [21,22] and one massless and two non-degenerate neutrinos [23,24]. The residual symmetries may arise from the spontaneous breaking of G f if the vacuum expectation values of the Higgs fields responsible for generating neutrino (the charged lepton) masses break G f but respect S ν (T l ). We wish to study in this paper consequences of an alternative assumption that the spontaneous breaking of G f leads to an M ν which displays antisymmetry instead of symmetry, i.e. assume that eq. (1.2) gets replaced by but eq. (1.1) remains as it is. These assumptions prove to be quite powerful and are able to simultaneously restrict both the mass patterns and mixing angles when embedding of S ν , T l into G f is considered. In the case of symmetry, the vacuum determining neutrino masses is invariant under S ν . This invariance implies eq. (1.2). In the case of eq. (1.3), the vacuum is not invariant under S ν but transforms under it in such a way that the neutrino mass matrix displays a residual antisymmetry. We shall give an explicit example based on A 4 of this phenomena in section 5. Since S ν in the antisymmetric case does not survive as a residual symmetry of G f , eq. (1.3) and the requirement that S ν belongs to G f are logically independent requirements. But they both can be consistent. Assuming that S ν belongs to G f helps in determining the mixing pattern and we shall make this assumption. We shall further assume that G f is some finite discrete subgroup of SU (3). Then the first consequence of imposing eq. (1.3) is that Det M ν = 0, i.e. at least one of the neutrinos remains massless. Since cases with two (or three!) massless neutrinos are not phenomenologically interesting, we shall restrict ourselves to cases with only one massless neutrino. Then as a second consequence of eq. (1.3), one can determine all the allowed forms of M ν in a given basis for all possible S ν contained in SU(3). There exist only four possible M ν (and their permutations) consistent with eq. (1.3) in a particular basis with a diagonal S ν . Two of these give one massless and two non-degenerate neutrinos and the other two give a massless and a degenerate pair of neutrinos which may be identified with the solar pair. We determine all the allowed textures of the neutrino mass matrix in the next section. Subsequently, we discuss groups ∆(3N 2 ) and ∆(6N 2 ) and identify those which can give correct description of mixing using flavour antisymmetry. In section 4, we introduce Z 2 ×Z 2 as neutrino residual symmetry and present an example in which neutrino mass matrix gets fully determined group theoretically except for an overall scale. We discuss a realization of the basic idea with a simple example based on the A 4 group in section 5. Section 6 contains summary and comparison with earlier relevant works.

Allowed textures for neutrino mass matrix
We shall first consider the case of only one S ν satisfying eq. (1.3) and subsequently generalize it to include two. The unitary matrix S ν can be diagonalized by another unitary matrix V Sν : whereS ν is a diagonal matrix having the form: Unitarity of S ν implies that λ 1,2,3 are some roots of unity. They satisfy λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 = 1 due to the condition Det S ν = +1. We now go to the basis with a diagonal S ν . Defining 3) can be rewritten as: It follows that a given element (M ν ) ij is non-zero only if the factor in bracket multiplying it is zero. This cannot happen for an arbitrary set of λ i and one needs to impose specific relation among them to obtain a non-trivialM ν . We now argue that only two possible forms ofS ν and their permutations lead to neutrino mass matrices with two massive neutrinos.
The third mass will always be zero as a consequence of eq. (1.3) and the assumption that S ν belongs to SU(3). These forms ofS ν are given by: λ is an arbitrary root of unity. This can be argued as follows. Assume that at least one off-diagonal element ofM ν is non-zero which we take as the 12 element for definiteness. In this case, eq. (2.2) immediately implies the first of eq. (2.3) as a necessary condition. One can distinguish three separate cases of this condition 1 (I) λ = 1 (II) λ = ±i and (III) λ = ±1, ±i. The structures ofM ν get determined in these cases from condition eq. (2.2) as follows: where c = cos θ, s = sin θ. This structure implies one massless and two degenerate neutrinos with a mass |m 0 |. In case of (II), This case corresponds to one massless and two non-degenerate neutrinos. In the third case one gets which implies a massless and a pair of degenerate neutrinos.

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The cases (I, III) lead to the same mass spectrum but different mixing patterns.M ν in eq.
The arbitrary rotation by an angle φ originates due to degeneracy in masses. The texture II in eq. (2.5) is diagonalized by a unitary rotation in the 12 plane while the one in eq. (2.6) by a similar matrix with the angle π 4 . The permutations of entries inM ν give equivalent structures and are obtained by permuting entries inS 1ν . The case which is not equivalent to above textures follows with a starting assumption that one of the diagonal elements ofM ν = 0 say, (M ν ) 11 = 0. In this case one requiresS ν = diag.(±i, λ , ∓iλ * ) with |λ | = 1. The case with λ = ±i gives S 1ν which is already covered. λ = ∓i implies the conditionS 2ν in (2.3). This leads to a new texture (2.8) For λ = ±1 one gets permutation ofS 1ν orS 2ν and for λ = ±1, ±i only 11 element ofM ν is non zero and two neutrinos remain massless. Thus conditions eq. (2.3) and their permutations exhaust all possible textures ofM ν consistent with the antisymmetry of M ν , eq. (1.3) and two massive neutrinos. Any G f admitting an element with these sets of eigenvalues will give a viable choice for flavour antisymmetry group. Note that texture III (IV) can be obtained from I (II) by putting s(y) to zero. But the residual symmetries in all four cases are different. Because of this, the embedding groups G f can also be different. We therefore discuss all these cases separately. The mixing matrix in texture I contains two unknowns θ and β apart from an overall complex scale m 0 . This is a reflection of the fact that the corresponding S ν is a Z 2 symmetry and contains two degenerate eigenvalues −1. These unknowns can be fixed by imposing another residual Z 2 symmetry commuting with S ν and satisfying eq. (1.2) or (1.3). We shall discuss such choices in section 4.

Group theoretical determination of mixing
The physical neutrino mixing matrix U PMNS ≡ U depends on the structure of M ν and M l M † l . The latter can be determined if the symmetry T l as in eq. (1.1) is known. We now make an assumption that S ν satisfying eq. (1.3) and T l as in eq. (1.1) are elements of some discrete subgroup (DSG) of SU(3) denoted by G f . The DSG of SU(3) have been classified in [25][26][27]. They are further studied in [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. These can be written in terms of few 3 × 3 presentation matrices whose multiple products generate various DSG. Two main groups series called C and D [37] constitute bulk of the DSG of SU (3). Of these, we shall explicitly study two infinite groups series ∆(3N 2 ) and ∆(6N 2 ) which are examples JHEP11(2015)186 of the type C and D respectively. See [39][40][41] for earlier studies of neutrino mixing using the groups ∆(3N 2 ) and ∆(6N 2 ) and neutrino symmetry rather than antisymmetry.
Eq. (1.1) implies that T l commutes with M l M † l . Thus, the matrix U l diagonalizing the former also diagonalizes M l M † l and corresponds to the mixing matrix among the left handed charged leptons. Similarly, the matrix U ν diagonalizing M ν gets related to the structure of S ν . In this way, the knowledge of S ν and T l can be used to determine the mixing matrix This is the strategy followed in the general approach and we shall also use this to determine all possible mixing pattern for a given G f consistent with eqs. (1.1) and (1.3). Not all the groups G f can admit an S ν which will provide a legitimate antisymmetry operator S ν , i.e. an element with eigenvalues specified by eq. (2.3). Our strategy would be to determine a class of groups which will have one or more allowed S ν and then look for all viable T l within these groups. There would be different mixing patterns associated with each choice of S ν , T l and it is possible to determine all of them analytically for ∆(3N 2 ) and ∆(6N 2 ) groups.

∆(3N 2 )
The ∆(3N 2 ) groups are isomorphic to (Z N × Z N ) Z 3 , where denotes the semi-direct product. The group theoretical details for ∆(3N 2 ) are discussed in [29,42]. For our purpose, it is sufficient to note that all the elements of the group are generated from the multiple product of two basic generators defined as: Here F generates one of the Z N groups and E generates Z 3 in the semi-direct product (Z N × Z N ) Z 3 . The other Z N group is generated by EF E −1 . The above explicit matrices provide a faithful three dimensional irreducible representation of the group and multiple products of these matrices therefore generate the entire group whose elements can be labeled as: non-diagonal elements R and V is simply given by λ 3 = 1. These elements therefore have eigenvalues (1, ω, ω 2 ) with ω = e 2πi 3 . These are not in the form of eq. (2.3) required to get the neutrino antisymmetry operator S ν . Thus S ν has to come from the N 2 diagonal elements. This requires that N, p, q should be such that W (N, p, q) = diag.(η p , η q , η −p−q ) matches the required eigenvaluesS ν of S ν given by eq. (2.3) or their permutations. This cannot happen for all the values of variables and one can easily identify the viable cases. It is found that • W can match any ofS ν only for even N . Thus only ∆(12k 2 ) groups with k = 1, 2, . . . contain neutrino antisymmetry operator S ν .
Let us now turn to the mixing pattern allowed within the ∆(12k 2 ) groups. S ν has to be a diagonal operator identified above. Then T l can be any other diagonal operator W (2k, p, q) or any of R(2k, p, q) or V (2k, p, q). In the former case, U l = 1, where 1 denotes a 3 × 3 identity matrix. The neutrino mixing in this case coincides with V ν diagonalizing any of the four textures ofM ν giving U PMNS = V ν . None of the allowed V ν are suitable to give the correct mixing pattern with a non-zero θ 13 . Thus, T l needs to be any of the non-diagonal element R, V . The matrices V R,V diagonalizing R, V are given by where, The final mixing matrix depends upon the choice of specific texture forM ν . Consider the texture I which arises within all the ∆(12k 2 ) groups. U ν = V ν in this case is given by eq. (2.7) and U PMNS = V † R,V V ν . Since a neutrino pair is degenerate, the solar mixing angle θ 12 remains undetermined in the symmetry limit. This is reflected by the presence of an unknown angle φ in eq. (2.7). In this case, the neutrino mass hierarchy is inverted JHEP11(2015)186 and the third column of U PMNS ≡ U needs to be identified with the massless state. It is independent of the angle φ. We get for T l = R(N, p, q), with η = e πi k for the group ∆(12k 2 ). p, q take discrete values 0 . . . 2k − 1 in above equation while β and θ are unknown quantities appearing in the neutrino mixing matrix eq. (2.7). The entries in U i3 can be permuted by reordering the eigenvalues of T l . We will identify the minimum of |U i3 | 2 with s 2 13 . If the minimum of the remaining two is identified with c 2 13 s 2 23 then one will get a solution with the atmospheric mixing angle θ 23 ≤ 45 • . In the converse case, one will get a solution ≥ 45 • . The experimental values of the leptonic angles are determined through fits to neutrino oscillation data [53][54][55]. Throughout, we shall specifically use the fits presented in [53] for definiteness. The texture I corresponds to the inverted hierarchy and the best fit values and 3σ ranges appropriate for this case are given [53] by: Let us mention salient features of results following from eq. (3.6).
• It is always possible to obtain correct θ 13 , θ 23 by choosing unknown quantities θ and β ofM ν . This should be contrasted with situation found in [22] which used neutrino symmetry instead of antisymmetry to obtain a degenerate pair of neutrinos. As discussed there, none of the ∆(3N 2 ) groups could simultaneously account for the values of θ 13 , θ 23 within 3σ.
• It is possible to obtain more definite predictions by choosing specific values of θ and or β. In contrast to θ and β which are unknown, the choice of p, q is dictated by the choice of T l and it is possible to consider any specific choice of p, q in the range 0, . . . N − 1. Consider a very specific choice of realM ν , i.e. β = 0 and a residual symmetry T l = E 2 corresponding to putting p = q = 0 in eq. (3.6). This equation in this case gives a prediction |U 23 | = |U 33 | which holds for all values of θ. This relation is equivalent to a maximal θ 23 which lies within the 1σ range of the global fits [53]. θ then can be chosen to get the correct θ 13 . Since the specific choice p = q = 0 is allowed within all the ∆(12k 2 ) groups, all of them can predict the maximal θ 23 and can accommodate correct θ 13 .
• The relation |U 23 | = |U 33 | does not hold for a complex η p+q even if β = 0. Such choices of T l give departures from maximality in θ 23 . It is then possible to reproduce both the angles correctly by choosing θ. This is non-trivial since a single unknown θ determines both θ 13 and θ 23 for a specific choice of group (i.e. N ) and a residual symmetry T l (i.e. p and q). The resulting prediction can be worked out numerically JHEP11(2015)186 Figure 1. Predictions for sin 2 θ 23 for the groups ∆(12k 2 ) as a function of k when sin 2 θ 13 is allowed to vary within the 1σ range as obtained through global fits in [53]. Horizontal lines show 1σ limits on sin 2 θ 23 .
by varying p, q, N over the allowed integer values and θ over continuous range from 0 to 2π. Values of s 2 23 obtained this way are depicted in figure 1. This is obtained by requiring that s 2 13 lies within the allowed 1σ range. The phase β is put to zero. It is seen from the figure 1 that all the ∆(12k 2 ) groups always allow maximal θ 23 as already discussed. But solutions away from maximal are also possible for k ≥ 4. The minimal group capable of doing this is ∆(192). The next group ∆(300) can lead to near to the best fit values of the parameters. Specifically the choice T l = R(10, 0, 7), S ν = W (10, 0, 5) within the group and θ ∼ 54.3 • gives s 2 13 ∼ 0.024 and s 2 23 ∼ 0.442 to be compared with the best fit values 0.024 and 0.455 in [53].
• p, q can only be zero or 1 and η is real for the smallest group ∆(12) = A 4 . In this case, one immediately gets the prediction θ 23 = π 4 for β = 0. µ-τ symmetry is often used to predict the maximal θ 23 . This is not even contained in A 4 which has only even permutations of four objects. Still the use of antisymmetry rather than symmetry allows one to get the maximal θ 23 and it also accommodates a non-zero θ 13 within A 4 . This should be contrasted with the situation obtained in case of the use of symmetry condition eq. (1.2) instead of (1.3). It is known that in this case A 4 group gives democratic value 1 3 for s 2 13 , see for example [6].
We now argue that the other three textures though possible within ∆(12k 2 ) groups do not give the the correct mixing pattern. Texture II has one massless and in general two non-degenerate neutrinos. This texture can give both the normal and the inverted hierarchy. The mixing matrix V ν is block-diagonal with a 2 × 2 matrix giving mixing among two massive states. Given this form for V ν and a general U l as given in eq. (3.4), one finds that the case with inverted hierarchy leads to the prediction sin 2 θ 13 = 1 3 while the normal hierarchy gives instead cos 2 θ 13 cos 2 θ 12 = 1 3 . Neither of them come close to their experimental values.
The texture III having degenerate pair corresponds to the inverted hierarchy. V ν in this case is block diagonal with an unknown solar angle. Given the most general form, JHEP11(2015)186 eq. (3.4) for V l one obtains once again the wrong prediction sin 2 θ 13 = 1 3 ruling out this texture as well. Likewise, texture IV also gets ruled out. This corresponds to a diagonal M ν with V ν = 1 and |U PMNS | = |U l | has the universal structure |U | = 1 3 1.
To sum up, all the groups ∆(12k 2 ) contain a neutrino antisymmetry operator S ν and allow a neutrino mass spectrum with two degenerate and one massless neutrino and can reproduce correctly two of the mixing angles θ 13 , θ 23 . The values for the solar angle and the solar scale have to be generated by small perturbations within these group. We shall study an example based on the minimal group A 4 = ∆ (12) in this category in section 5.
The matrices E, F, G provide a faithful irreducible representation of ∆(6N 2 ) [30] and generate the entire group with 6N 2 elements. 3N 2 elements generated by E, F give the ∆(3N 2 ) subgroup. The additional 3N 2 elements are generated from the multiple products of G with elements of ∆(3N 2 ). These new elements can be parameterized by: Here 0 ≤ (m, n) < N − 1. Since ∆(3N 2 ) is a subgroup of ∆(6N 2 ), the neutrino mass and mixing patterns derived in the earlier section can also be obtained here. But the new elements S, T, U allow more possibilities now. In particular, they allow more elements which can be used as neutrino antisymmetry S ν . To see this, note that the eigenvalues of Important difference compared to ∆(3N 2 ) is that the texture I can now be obtained for both odd and even values of N by choosing any of the S, T, U with m = 0 as neutrino antisymmetry. Texture IV still requires m = N/2 and hence even N for its realization. We determine mixing matrix U for each of these textures and discuss them in turn.

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Case Table 1. All possible choices of the residual symmetries S ν and T l within ∆(6N 2 ) groups and the corresponding PMNS mixing matrices. P, P collectively denote any of S, T, U defined in the text. Q denotes R and V . The mixing matrices V P , V Q and V ν appearing above are given in eq. (3.10), eq. (3.4) and eq. (2.7) respectively.

Texture I
The residual anti symmetries which lead to texture I can be either (1) S ν = W (2k, 0, k) or (2) S ν = P (N, 0, n) where P = S, T, U . The residual symmetry T l of M l M † l can be any elements in the group which we divide in three classes: (A) T l = W (N, p, q), (B) T l = P (N, p, q) and (C) T l = Q(N, p, q). Here and in the following, we use symbols P and Q to collectively denote P = S, T, U and Q = R, V . We use the basis as specified in eqs. (3.9), (3.3) for S ν , T l . Then the neutrino mixing matrix is given by U ν = V ν in case (1) while it is given by U ν = V P (N, 0, n)V ν in case (2). This follows by noting that the textureM ν given in eq. (2.4) holds in a basis with diagonal S ν but S ν in the chosen group basis of eq. (3.9) is non-diagonal in case (2). The neutrino mass matrix in this basis is thus given by M ν = V * PM ν V † P where V P diagonalizes P (N, 0, n). The matrix U ν which diagonalizes M ν is then given by  table 1 give independent predictions for the third column of U PMNS which determines s 13 and s 23 . We discuss the independent ones below.

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The choice (1A) giving U PMNS = V ν has one of the entries zero and thus cannot lead to correct θ 13 or θ 23 . The choice (1C) involves only elements belonging to the ∆(3N 2 ) subgroup and its predictions are already discussed in the previous section. The remaining choices give new predictions.
The case (1B) leads to three different U PMNS . One obtained with T l = S(N, p, q) contains a zero entry in the third column and can be used only as a zeroeth order choice. One gets the following result in (1B) if T l = T (N, p, q) The ordering of the entries |U i3 | 2 can be changed by rearranging the eigenvectors of of T l appearing in U l . We have chosen here and below an ordering which is consistent with the values of the parameters s 2 13 , s 2 23 when U is equated with the standard form of the mixing matrix. The result in the third case with T l = U (N, p, q) can be obtained from above by the replacement s ↔ c. All the three entries above follow for all the choices of p, q and the phase β. The case (1B) in this way gives a universal prediction. Two of the |U i3 | 2 are equal within this choice and they correspond to c 2 13 c 2 23 and c 2 13 s 2 23 . Equality of the two then implies a θ independent prediction θ 23 = π 4 . s 2 13 in the above case is then given by s 2 and can match the experimental value with appropriate choice of the unknown θ. Since the choice of S ν within (1B) is possible only for even N it follows that all the groups ∆(24k 2 ) lead to a prediction of the maximal atmospheric mixing angle and can accommodate the correct θ 13 .
The choice (2A) also gives the same result for |U i3 | 2 as (1B) with an important difference. The neutrino residual symmetry used in this choice is allowed for all N and not necessarily N = 2k. Thus one gets a universal prediction of the maximal θ 23 for all p, q, θ, β within all ∆(6N 2 ) groups. The smallest group in this category is the permutation group S 4 = ∆(24) which contain symmetries appropriate for both the cases (1B) and (2A).
There are two independent structures within nine possible choices contained in case (2B). The example of the first one is provided by the choice S ν = S(N, 0, n) and T l = S(N, p, q). The elements in the third column of mixing matrix are given in this case by While this choice does not give universal prediction as in the case (1B) discussed above it still leads to a prediction for θ 23 which is independent of the unknown angle θ and phase β: This follows from eq. (3.12) when |U 13 | 2 is identified with s 2 13 . The predicted θ 23 now depends only on the group theoretical factors N, p, q, n.

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Group T l S ν Predictions ∆(24k 2 ) T (2k, p, q) W (2k, 0, k) Maximal θ 23 for all β, p, q, n sin 2 θ 13 = sin 2 θ ∆(6N 2 ) W (N, p, q) P (N, 0, n) Maximal θ 23 for all β, p, q, n sin 2 θ 13 = cos 2 θ ∆(  Table 2. Some illustrative predictions of the mixing angles sin 2 θ 13 and sin 2 θ 23 using ∆(6N 2 ) groups as flavour symmetry. sin 2 θ 12 remains undetermined due to degeneracy in two of the masses in all these cases. Unlike (1B), both the maximal and non-maximal values are allowed for θ 23 in this case. The former occurs whenever cos 2π(n−q−p/2) N = 0. The latter occurs for other choices. It is possible to find values of parameters which lead to a non-maximal θ 23 within the experimental limits. The minimal such choice occurs for N = 7, i.e. the group ∆(294) which leads as shown in table 2 to a sin 2 θ 23 within the 2σ range as given in [53]. The next example of the group ∆(486) fairs slightly better.
The other prediction of the case (2B) is obtained with S ν = S(N, 0, n) and T l = T (N, p, q). One obtains in this case In this case, θ 23 is necessary non-maximal if θ 13 is to be small but non-zero. We may identify, |U 13 | 2 with s 2 13 and fix s 2 = 2s 2 13 . This determines the other two entries of |U i3 | 2 for a given p, q, β. For p = q = β = 0 one obtains sin 2 θ 23 either 0.345 or 0.655. Thus all the ∆(6N 2 ) groups with this specific choice give results close to the 3σ range in the global fits. This prediction can be improved by turning on β or choosing different T l . An example

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based on the group ∆(150) giving sin 2 θ 23 close to the best fit value [53] is shown in the table 2.
Predictions of the case (2C) can also be similarly worked out. Six different U PMNS are associated with this choice but not all give different predictions for the third column. One of the independent structures corresponds to choosing T l = R(N, p, q) and S ν = S (N, 0, n). (3.14) Rest of the choices within (2C) differ from the above only in the powers of η. Their predictions can be obtained from the above by choosing different values of p, q, n. Eq. (3.14) gives s 13 , s 23 withing 3σ range for a suitable choice of N, p, q, θ, β. In particular, one predicts a maximal θ 23 if p = q = β = 0 as in the earlier cases. But now the maximal value of θ also becomes a viable choice for all the groups ∆(6N 2 ). This makes the choice in this class particularly interesting since such value of θ can be forced by some additional symmetry. With the choice T l = E 2 corresponding to p = q = 0, eq. (3.14) gives for n = β = 0, The maximal value of θ then leads to s 2 13 ∼ 0.029 which is close to 2σ range as obtained in [53]. One can obtain a better solution with a different choice for p and q and θ. One particular solution based on the group ∆(150) is shown in the table 2.

Texture IV
The diagonal texture IV given in eq. (2.8) can be realized in ∆(6N 2 ) for even N with the choice S ν = P (2k, k, n). This texture has two non-degenerate and one massless neutrino. Thus both the normal and the inverted hierarchies are possible. The massless state has to be identified with the third (first) column of the mixing matrix for the inverted (normal) hierarchy. The neutrino mixing matrix U ν in this case is given by the matrix which diagonalizes P (2k, k, n). This is given for the inverted hierarchy by V P (2k, k, n) as defined in eq. (3.10). For the normal hierarchy, one instead gets U ν = V P (2k, k, n)Z 13 where Z 13 exchanges the first and the third column of of the mixing matrix obtained in case of the inverted hierarchy. Possible choice of T l can be any of the six types of generators and corresponding mixing matrices U l are the same as given in table 1 with the choice (2A), (2B), (2C). It is then straightforward to work out the final mixing matrices U PMNS . As the massless state in the basis with diagonal S ν is given by (1, 0, 0) T and its cyclic permutation for S ν = S, T, U , the third column of the U PMNS is given by ( It follows from the structure of U l that the third column has either one or two zero entries or all elements have equal magnitudes. The same applies to the first column of U PMNS in case of the normal hierarchy. In either case, the texture IV cannot give phenomenologically consistent result at the zeroeth order.

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4 More predictive scenario: Z 2 × Z 2 symmetry The neutrino mass matrix M ν has been assumed so far to be antisymmetric with respect to only one S ν . This fails in determiningM ν completely in case of the texture I which still has two unknown quantities θ and β. The situation changes if M ν is assumed to be symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to one more generator. We give here an example in which an additional residual symmetry ofM ν determines it completely apart from an overall complex mass scale. We use a generator S ν commuting with S ν for this purpose. It should be such that S ν , S ν and T l together are contained in some G f . M ν may be antisymmetric with respect to transformation by S ν also. In this case, it will be symmetric with respect to the product S ν S ν . Instead we assume that S ν is a symmetry of M ν , i.e.
We can transform above equation to the basis with a diagonal S ν by definingS ν ≡ V † Sν S ν V Sν . In this basis, we getS As before, we demandS ν to be contained in SU (3). If it is diagonal, thenS ν = diag.(λ 1 , λ 2 , λ * 1 λ * 2 ) with λ 1,2 being roots of unity. Then eq. (4.2) when applied toM ν in eq. (2.7) implies that eitherS ν is proportional to identity or s = 0 or c = 0. A non-trivial prediction can be obtained ifS ν is non-diagonal. SinceS ν = diag.(1, −1 − 1), a generalS ν commuting withS ν should have a block diagonal structure with the lower 2 × 2 block non-trivial. This block gets further restricted from the requirement that S ν , S ν , T l are elements of some discrete group G f . These requirements can be met within the already considered groups ∆(6N 2 ).
Consider the group ∆(12k 2 ). The choice S ν =S ν = W (2k, 0, k) = diag.(1, −1, −1) within it leads to texture I as already discussed. This commutes with all the discrete symmetries having a general form S(M, m, n) as in eq. (3.9). Thus a viable choice for S ν is provided by S ν = S(M, m, n). Note that since S ν is already diagonal,S ν = S ν = S(M, m, n). Then eq. (4.2) and the form ofM ν implies a restriction: which fixes the unknown angle θ and phase β. Mixing pattern can be determined by choosing appropriate T l and let us choose T l = R(N, p, q). Since both T l and S ν are contained in ∆(12k 2 ) mixing pattern is determined by the corresponding eq. (3.6) but now with θ and β satisfying eq. (4.3) which follows from the inclusion of S ν as a residual symmetry. We can vary p, q, M, N, n in eq. (3.6) and look for a viable choice. Consider M = N in which case T l , S ν , S ν are contained in ∆(6N 2 ). By varying p, q, N one finds that the minimum group giving acceptable θ 13 , θ 23 is ∆(600) corresponding to N = 10. One possible set of residual symmetries within ∆(600) is given by S ν = W (10, 0, 5) , T l = R(10, 4, 0) , S ν = S(10, 0, 0) .

An A 4 model with flavour antisymmetry
Our discussion so far has been at the group theoretical level. We now present an explicit realization of flavour antisymmetric neutrino mass matrix using A 4 as an example. A 4 has been extensively used for several different purposes, for obtaining degenerate neutrinos [43,44], to realize tri-bimaximal mixing [45,48] for obtaining maximal CP phase δ [46,47,49,51,52] or to obtain texture zeros [50] in the leptonic mass matrices. As we discuss here, it also provides a viable alternative to get a massless and two quasi degenerate neutrinos with correct mixing pattern. In the following, we discuss the required symmetry, Higgs content and obtain the vacuum needed to obtain antisymmetry. We also discuss possible perturbations which can split the degenerate pair and lead to the solar scale and mixing angle.
The explicit model presented below is based on the flavour symmetry A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 . The added symmetry Z 3 × Z 5 plays an important role in restricting the structure of the model in a way that leads to correct vacuum alignment and the required antisymmetric M ν . The A 4 symmetry determines the mixing angle structure obtained group theoretically in the earlier section.
The model uses the following ingredients (1) supersymmetry with unbroken R symmetry (2) flavon fields with zero R-charge which break the A 4 symmetry and (3) the driving fields with R = 2 which appear linearly in suprepotential and lead to correct vacuum alignment among flavons. R symmetry is assumed to be unbroken and driving fields have zero vacuum expectation values. These ingredients have been used in several papers to solve the difficult vacuum alignment problem in case of flavour symmetry, see for a review and references [18]. We use the same mechanism to get antisymmetry. The quantum numbers of the required flavonic superfields under A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 symmetry are listed in table 3 and that of the driving fields in table 4. The MSSM Higgs fields H u , H d and triplet ∆ are invariant under A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 symmetry. The model also needs and additional triplet superfield∆ for consistency.
The complete superpotential consists of several parts. We discuss significance of each of them below.
The subscript a in (. . .) a in the above equations labels the A 4 representation according to which the quantity (. . .) transforms. C is the charge conjugation matrix. The cut-off scale M and the flavon vacuum expectation values generate the effective Yukawa couplings in the model. We have kept only the leading order terms in the above superpotential.
W l and W ν respectively determine M l and M ν . Note that the assignments given in table 3 forbid terms having only one flavon field in W ν . Thus neutrino masses contain an extra flavon and suppression factor M compared to the charged lepton masses. The residual symmetry properties of the leptonic mass matrices are determined from the above superpotential by the flavon vacuum expectation values (vev) at the minimum. We shall show that these vev lead to the required symmetries in accordance with the discussion given in section 2. The symmetry T l of M l M † l is obtained as E or E 2 . Only possible choice within A 4 for S ν leading to flavour antisymmetry is given by F or its cyclic permutations and this can come from the minimization of W νd .
The minimum of the potential is obtained in the supersymmetric limit by setting F terms corresponding to each superfield to zero. W ld and W νd are responsible for the vacuum alignment in the model. Consider derivatives of W νd with respect to each component i = 1, 2, 3 of triplets χ 0 1,2 and σ 0 ν

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Using the product rules as given in eq. (5.1), one finds that the first two conditions imply that at most one component of the each of the flavon fields χ 1,2 can have non-zero vev. 2 The additional constraint F σ 0 ν then implies that χ 1 and χ 2 form an orthogonal pair of vectors. Thus only possible non-zero vev for these fields are given by 8) or and their cyclic permutations which are related to the above by A 4 symmetry. The last term of W νd assures through F σ 0 ξ = 0 that the fields ξ 1,2 assume non-zero vev. Flavon vev given in eq. (5.8) displays antisymmetry F χ 1,2 = − χ 1,2 .
A solution of these two equations is given by Equality of vev of all three components is one of the solutions of the above equation. This leads to an M l M † l having a residual symmetry T l = E, E 2 as has been discussed in several papers on A 4 . Other solutions of eq. (5.10) corresponds to equal magnitudes but relative minus sign between one or two components. Such solutions are invariant under A 4 elements The texture I obtained here is diagonalized by U ν = V ν . The resulting mixing pattern is a special case of eq. (3.6) obtained for ∆(12k 2 ) with T l = R(2k, p, q) and S ν = W (2k, 0, k). The choices T l = E, f i Ef i are obtained from above by a suitable allowed value of p, q. Consider the case with T l = E 2 corresponding to R(2, 0, 0) and S ν = F = W (2, 0, 1). Thus U i3 can be obtained by putting p = q = 0 and η = −1 in eq. (3.6). As already discussed, this leads to a prediction θ 23 = π 4 for β = 0 independent of the choice of θ. The latter can be chosen to give the correct θ 13 while the solar angle and scale remain unpredicted at this stage due to degeneracy in mass.

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The flavon vev v, u remain undetermined at this stage. The last piece W d of the superpotential given in eq. (5.6) is introduced to fix these vev. The price for this to be paid in the model is introduction of soft Z 3 ×Z 5 breaking mass parameters µ 1 and µ 2 . Apart from introduction of these mass parameters, the superpotential given by eqs. (5.2)-(5.6) is the most general superpotntial invariant under the A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 symmetry. The soft breaking masses may result from the neglected higher order terms, e.g. µ 2 1 may come from ξ 1 M χ 2 2 σ 0 1 and µ 2 2 may come from ξ 2 M χ 2 1 σ 0 2 allowed in the superpotential by the A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 symmetry. Rather than considering full higher order corrections, we discuss model only at the leading order and regard for the present the masses µ 2 1,2 as effective soft Z 3 × Z 5 breaking parameters. This is a technically natural assumption.
Perturbations are needed to split the degenerate pair and stabilize the solar angle. We now discuss possible perturbations within the model. One source of perturbation arises from the shift in the vev of χ 1,2 which may arise from higher order effects. Consider for example, where, |δv 1,2 | 1. The δv 1 generates a non-zero 23 elements in M ν , eq. (2.4). The δv 2 corrects the already existing entries s, c and can be absorbed in their redefinition. Zero entries in the diagonal part of M ν can be generated through an A 4 singlet contribution (l T L C∆l L ) 1 which can arise for example from from the higher order A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 invariant terms, e.g., 1 M 3 (l T C∆l) 1 (χ e χ 2 ) 1 ξ 1 . Motivated by this, we consider the following perturbed neutrino mass matrix.M Inclusion all possible non-leading effects may result in more complex M ν and would also correct M l . All these corrections will add more parameters to the model and we assume their contribution to be small. Here we show that two parameters 1,2 are sufficient to reproduce the neutrino mixing and scales correctly.

Summary
The bottom up approach of finding discrete symmetry groups starting with possible symmetries of the residual mass matrices has been successfully used in last several years to JHEP11(2015)186 predict leptonic mixing angles. The residual symmetry assumed in these works leaves the neutrino mass matrix M ν invariant. We have proposed here a different possibility in which M ν displays antisymmetry as defined in eq. (1.3) under a residual symmetry. The use of antisymmetry is found to be more predictive than symmetry. It is able to restrict both neutrino masses and mixing angles unlike all the previous works in this category which [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] could predict only mixing angles. Moreover, the antisymmetry condition by itself is sufficient for determining all possible discrete residual antisymmetry operators S ν residing in SU (3). This in turn leads to very specific textures of the neutrino mass matrix satisfying antisymmetry condition. These are given by eqs. (2.4), (2.5), (2.6), (2.8).
Just like symmetry, the antisymmetry of M ν can also come from the spontaneous breaking of some discrete group G f . We have demonstrated it through a supersymmetric model based on the group A 4 × Z 3 × Z 5 . Just like its counterparts in the case of symmetry [18,[56][57][58], the present model leading to antisymmetry also needs an elaborate set of flavons and driving fields.
• Of the four possible neutrino mass textures allowed by antisymmetry, only texture I having one massless and two degenerate neutrinos can lead to correct mixing pattern. This case provides a very good zeroeth order approximation to reality if the neutrino mass hierarchy is inverted.
• There always exists within these groups residual symmetries of M l M † l and M ν such that the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle is maximal. Correct value of θ 13 can be accommodated by choosing the unknown angle in eq. (2.4) appropriately. There also exists other choices of residual symmetries which for some groups allow non-maximal values of the atmospheric neutrino mixing angle as well. The results of various cases are summarized in figure 1 and table 2.
• The successful texture I still has two free parameters apart from an overall mass scale. But as we have shown here, predicted atmospheric mixing angle in many cases is independent of these unknowns. The reactor angle θ 13 depends on it but it is possible to determine these unknown also by enlarging the residual symmetry and we have given an example of a Z 2 × Z 2 residual symmetry which can determine the complete neutrino mass matrix up to an overall scale in terms of group theoretical parameters alone and have identified ∆(600) as a possible group which can give correct θ 13 and θ 23 with this symmetry.
We end this section with a comparison of the present work with some earlier relevant works.
• The texture I, eq. (2.4) has been extensively studied since long in the context of L e − L µ − L τ global symmetry which implies it, see for example [59] and references JHEP11(2015)186 therein. Imposition of this symmetry on the charged lepton mass matrix M l makes it diagonal after redefinition of θ appearing in (2.4). Thus the matrix V ν as given in eq. (2.7) corresponds to the final mixing matrix which is now not allowed by the present experimental constraints. This is not the case here since the M l M † l is non-trivial with the imposed discrete symmetry.
• Neutrino mass matrix displaying a specific flavour antisymmetry namely, µ-τ antisymmetry was studied in [60]. This antisymmetry was assumed there to hold in the neutrino flavour basis. In our terminology, this would correspond to study of a specific example within the choice (2A) discussed in section 3.2.1. The structure of the neutrino mass matrix and the mixing angle predictions obtained here for this choice agrees with ref. [60] after suitable basis change. The study presented here is not limited to the µ-τ antisymmetry but encompasses all possible antisymmetry operators within SU(3) and leads to many new phenomenological predictions.
• The antisymmetry condition, eq. (1.3), can be converted to the usually assumed symmetry condition by redefining the operator S ν → iS ν . The new operator does not however have unit determinant and would belong to a U(3) group. The occurrence of massless state within such group with condition, eq. (1.2) was discussed in [23,24]. The residual symmetry operators used there had eigenvalues (η, 1, −1) (or its permutations) with η = ±1. This coincides with eigenvalues of iS ν for texture IV when η = i. Only texture IV was considered in [23,24] and it was shown there that a large class of DSG of U(3) imply sin 2 θ 13 to be either 0 or 1 3 with condition (2). The same conclusion is found to be true here with eq. (1.3) and texture IV in case of the group series ∆(3N 2 ) and ∆(6N 2 ).
• It is possible to obtain a degenerate pair of neutrinos using symmetry condition, eq. (1.2) and DSG of SU(3). This was studied for the finite von-Dyck groups in [21] and for all DSG of SU(3) having three dimensional IR in [22]. Here, the third state is not implied to be massless. The case of one massless and two degenerate neutrinos can follow from the symmetry condition if DSG of U(3) are used. This was also discussed in [22]. The successful examples found in these two works are different from here because of the difference in the assumed residual symmetries. The cases studied in the context of DSG of SU(3) and U(3) [22] have texture similar to the texture II in the present terminology. It was found there that this texture can give non-trivial values of s 2 13 , s 2 23 in several ∆(6N 2 ) groups when symmetry condition (1.2) is used. This does not happen with the antisymmetry condition in case of texture II as argued here. On the other hand, one can obtain correct values for θ 13 and θ 23 in all the ∆(3N 2 ) groups with texture I when antisymmetry condition is employed. Thus symmetry and antisymmetry conditions appear complementary to each other and allow more possibilities for flavour symmetries G f .