Localization of the action in AdS/CFT

We derive a simple formula for the action of any supersymmetric solution to minimal gauged supergravity in the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence. Such solutions are equipped with a supersymmetric Killing vector, and we show that the holographically renormalized action may be expressed entirely in terms of the weights of this vector field at its fixed points, together with certain topological data. In this sense, the classical gravitational partition function localizes in the bulk. We illustrate our general formula with a number of explicit examples, in which exact dual field theory computations are also available, which include supersymmetric Taub-NUT and Taub-bolt type spacetimes, as well as black hole solutions. Our simple topological formula also allows us to write down the action of any solution, provided it exists.


Introduction and summary
Localization has played a key role in recent developments in AdS/CFT, allowing for the exact computation of certain field theory observables at strong coupling [1]. These computations may in turn be compared to classical, or semi-classical, gravity. Here the localization refers to supersymmetry in the field theory path integral, where under favourable circumstances the latter reduces to a well-defined finite-dimensional integral. In this paper we show that localization also plays a role in the dual classical gravity computation: specifically, we show that the holographically renormalized action I of any Euclidean supersymmetric solution to minimal gauged supergravity in four dimensions localizes to the fixed points of a supersymmetric Killing vector. Since exp(−I) is identified with the gravitational partition function, in a saddle point approximation, in this sense the classical JHEP10(2019)252 gravitational partition function localizes in the bulk. This should be distinguished from recent work attempting to define localization in a supergravity path integral -see, for example, [2][3][4][5]. 1 One of the motivations for the present work was to try to understand what are the fundamental structures underpinning certain supersymmetric observables in AdS/CFT. Rather than regard the agreement of dual computations of a particular observable, in a particular theory, as "miraculous", one would like to go further and try to understand at a more fundamental level why the computations are equivalent. To this end, we here focus on solutions to minimal N = 2 gauged supergravity in four dimensions [7]. The bosonic sector of this theory is Einstein-Maxwell theory with a negative cosmological constant. There are a number of reasons for focusing on this case. Two points worth mentioning here are that, firstly, solutions may be uplifted on different internal 7-manifolds Y 7 to obtain solutions of M-theory [8], with known dual three-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories; and secondly, this supergravity theory is simple, with a number of explicitly known solutions whose gravitational partition functions have already been matched to strong coupling (large N ) exact field theory partition functions [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].
In the remainder of this introduction we summarize our main result. As already mentioned, we consider Euclidean supersymmetric solutions to minimal N = 2 gauged supergravity that are asymptotically locally AdS. We denote the bulk 4-manifold as M , with the conformal boundary 3-manifold M 3 = ∂M . Every supersymmetric solution is equipped with a canonical Killing vector field ξ on M , defined as a bilinear in the Killing spinor. We take this to be nowhere zero on the boundary M 3 , so that the induced rigid supersymmetric geometry on M 3 is that in [16]. 2 As usual, the on-shell action I for such a solution is divergent, but may be regularized by adding boundary counterterms [17,18]. We show that this holographically renormalized action may be written as (1.1) The overall factor of π/2G 4 , where G 4 denotes the four-dimensional Newton constant, is simply the action of Euclidean AdS 4 . The terminology in the sums is taken from [19]: the fixed point set of ξ lies in the interior of M , with connected components being either fixed points, called nuts, or fixed two-dimensional submanifolds, called bolts. As we show later in the paper, at such a zero of ξ the bulk Dirac Killing spinor necessarily becomes chiral, and the ± signs in the sums over nuts ± ∈ M and bolts Σ ± ⊂ M in (1.1) denote chirality. At a nut isolated fixed point we may write the vector field ξ as Here the tangent space at the fixed point is R 4 = R 2 ⊕ R 2 , with ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 being standard polar angle coordinates on each copy of R 2 ∼ = C, respectively. As we also explain later, due function of this theory on M 3 , where more precisely one should take the bulk solution of least action. We shall return to some of these comments in the discussion section 5.
Outline. In section 2 we introduce the four-dimensional supergravity theory of interest, and outline the process of reduction to a three-dimensional base space for solutions with at least a U(1) isometry. The resulting equations of motion can be used to show that the on-shell action is naturally exact, as in [19]. All supersymmetric solutions possess a Killing vector, and in section 3 we evaluate the on-shell action in terms of the geometric data describing the Killing vector near the fixed points of the isometry. A number of explicit examples of supersymmetric solutions are presented in section 4, and we conclude in section 5 with some discussion of future directions, and possible extensions of our work.
2 Four-dimensional gauged supergravity and reduction

Action and equations of motion
The gravitational theory we consider is Einstein-Maxwell theory with a cosmological constant: the fields are the metric g µν and an Abelian gauge field A with field strength F = dA, and we set the cosmological constant to Λ = −3. The resulting bulk Euclidean action is where R g denotes the Ricci scalar of the metric g, and F 2 ≡ F µν F µν . The equations of motion obtained from the action are 0 = (E g ) µν ≡ (Ric g ) µν + 3g µν − 2 F µρ F ν ρ − 1 4 F 2 g µν , (2.2) where (2.3) is the Maxwell equation for the Abelian gauge field. The action (2.1) describes the bosonic sector of N = 2 gauged supergravity [7], and a solution to the above equations is supersymmetric if there exists a non-identically zero Dirac spinor satisfying the (generalized) Killing spinor equation coming from the vanishing of the supersymmetric gravitino variation Here, the Hermitian Γ matrices generate the Clifford algebra Cliff(4, 0), so {Γ µ , Γ ν } = 2g µν . Finally, we note that the supersymmetry equation (2.4) is compatible with the equations of motion (2.2), (2.3) and with the Bianchi identity dF = 0 for the gauge field. Specifically, the integrability condition contracted with Γ ν leads to 0 = (E g ) µν Γ ν + i 1 2 dF µνρ Γ νρ − ( * g d * g F ) ν Γ µν + ( * g dF ) µ Γ * + ( * g d * g F ) µ , (2.5) where E g is defined in the Einstein equation (2.2), and we have defined the volume element Γ * ≡ Γ 1234 .

Reduction to a base
In this subsection we assume we are given a solution to the equations of motion (2.2), (2.3) that is equipped with a U(1) symmetry generated by a vector field ξ. This is taken to preserve both the metric and gauge field curvature, so L ξ g = 0 = L ξ F . The aim will be to reduce the various geometric quantities to a three-dimensional base space of orbits of the U(1) symmetry, and also obtain an expression for the bulk action (2.1), evaluated on-shell. This straightforwardly generalizes the similar analysis in [19] for pure gravity to the case with an Abelian gauge field, although we will be careful to keep track of how various quantities transform under gauge transformations. We shall see in section 3 that supersymmetric solutions are always equipped with a canonical Killing vector ξ, and moreover there is a natural gauge choice for the Abelian gauge field A.
The assumption of a U(1) symmetry acting on the spacetime manifold M immediately leads to a circle fibration π : M \ M 0 → B , (2.6) where is the subset of M where the Killing vector is zero (the fixed point set of the U(1) symmetry), and B is a three-dimensional base of non-trivial orbits. In general B will be an orbifold, with orbifold points being images under π of points in M with non-trivial finite isotropy subgroups of the U(1) action. We may also remove small tubular neighbourhoods of radius ε > 0 around each connected component of M 0 to obtain M ε ⊂ M , so that B ε ≡ (M \ M ε )/U(1) ⊂ B is an orbifold with boundary. We may then recover B as the ε → 0 limit. Next we may introduce coordinates so that the Killing vector ξ = ∂ ψ , where on a generic orbit ψ is a local periodic coordinate with ψ ∼ ψ + β. On M \ M 0 we may then write the line element for the spacetime metric g as Here φ is a local one-form satisfying ξ φ = 0 and L ξ φ = 0, V ≡ ξ, ξ is the square norm of the Killing vector, and γ is a metric on B. Notice that since V is invariant under ξ, it descends to a strictly positive function on B, so that V −1 is well-defined on B. We will denote where ξ is the one-form dual to ξ using the metric. The one-form η is globally defined on M \ M 0 , being proportional to a global angular form for the circle bundle over B in (2.6), while the second expression in (2.9) is valid only locally. Note that under a redefinition ψ → ψ + λ, the local one-form φ transforms as φ → φ − dλ. In addition we may define the twist one-form by H ≡ * γ dη , (2.10) which is clearly conserved on B by construction where ∇ is the Levi-Civita connection associated to γ on the base.

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Ultimately our aim in this section is to reduce the bulk action (2.1) to an expression on B, showing that it is naturally exact. To this end, we thus begin by reducing the Ricci tensor of the spacetime metric g along the circle fibre of (2.6). In terms of the above quantities we find so that the scalar curvature takes the form Here we have denoted the pointwise inner product of two p-forms µ, ν on B as µ, ν γ ≡ µ i 1 ···ip ν i 1 ···ip , where indices are raised using the metric γ ij . Locally on M \ M 0 we may write the Abelian gauge field as where we have simply decomposed this local one-form into a component along the circle fibre direction, and a transverse one-form a, with ξ a = 0. From the assumption that the gauge field curvature F is invariant under the Killing vector, one can verify that it is possible to locally choose a gauge in which both ϕ and a are invariant under ξ, so that both descend to the base space B. In fact for supersymmetric solutions we shall see in section 3 that there is a natural gauge choice of the form (2.16) in which ϕ is a global function on B, determined by the Killing spinor , and a is a local gauge one-form on B, so we henceforth assume this to be the case. This leads to the following expression for the gauge field strength where f = da. Notice that we may identify ϕ = ξ A, but that a constant gauge transformation along the dψ direction leads to the changes

Reduction of the bulk action
Upon substitution of (2.15) and (2.19) into the bulk action (2.1), and further integration along the circle fibre of the U(1) isometry, we find an expression for the action on the base B. We then add to this a Lagrange multiplier term imposing the constraint that H is conserved (2.11): (2.20) This expression extends the analogue for pure Einstein gravity found in [19]. The equation of motion for the Lagrange multiplier σ is obviously just the constraint (2.11) on H, whereas the equation of motion for a, where recall f = da, is more interesting: This equation implies that locally on B there is an electromagnetic potential function ν such that which notice is gauge invariant under (2.18). Here the second equality follows from comparing with (2.19). In terms of the electromagnetic potential, the equation of motion for ϕ becomes which in turn tells us that we may locally write * γ (V −1 dϕ − ν H) = d (2.24) for some one-form . The Lagrange multiplier σ is known as the nut potential [19]. It also appears in the equation of motion for H, which may be expressed in terms of the electromagnetic potential ν as The origin of the name nut potential is clearer in the pure gravity case, where the last term in (2.25)

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Finally, we note the equations of motion for the scalar V , and the Einstein equation for the metric γ on the base: (2.28) Notice that all the equations of motion are written in terms of quantities that are invariant under (2.18), (2.26). Substituting these equations of motion inside the expression for the bulk Euclidean action (2.20), we readily find an expression for the bulk on-shell action, which we refer to as I bulk , expressed as an integral over the base: This is not immediately gauge invariant, but can be written in a more invariant way using The bracketed term contains the gauge invariant combination 4ϕν − σ, and is invariant, so the overall variation of the integrand under (2.18) is d(4cd ) = 0. Indeed, the variation of the integrand of (2.29) is precisely the equation of motion for ϕ, (2.23). The expression (2.29) shows that the on-shell action is naturally exact on the base B. Importantly, we shall see in section 3 that for supersymmetric solutions there is a natural gauge in which both ϕ and σ are global functions on B. Since also V > 0 is a global function, and H a global one-form on B, it follows that we may integrate the action (2.29) by parts using Stokes' theorem, reducing to an integral over the boundary of B. For an asymptotically locally Euclidean AdS spacetime, which is the case we are interested in, the latter consists of two types of boundary term: the conformal boundary at infinity, and the boundaries of the tubular neighbourhoods surrounding the fixed point loci of the isometry, where the fibration of spacetime (2.6) degenerates. It follows that (2.29) then reduces to a contribution from the conformal boundary, together with a sum over contributions from each connected component of the fixed point set of ξ. We shall evaluate this more explicitly for supersymmetric solutions in the next section.

Supersymmetry equations
In this section we shall assume we are given a supersymmetric solution to the equations of motion (2.2), (2.3), meaning there is a non-identically zero Dirac spinor satisfying the (generalized) Killing spinor equation (2.4).
It will be convenient for what follows to introduce the charge conjugation matrix C satisfying

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It was shown in [20] that there are no solutions to (2.4) in which the spinor is chiral. Thus at a generic point on M the spinor is a non-chiral Dirac spinor, which in four dimensions generates an identity structure. Effectively, this corresponds to an orthonormal frame {E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , E 4 } constructed in terms of the normalized chiral projections of the spinor where c ≡ C * is the charge conjugate of a spinor. Furthermore, a Dirac spinor defines two functions S and θ, where S is the square norm of the spinor. These are related to the square norms S ± of the two chiral projections via Notice that the frame degenerates where the spinor becomes chiral, S ± = 0, that is, at θ = π, 0, respectively, and also potentially where the spinor vanishes, S = 0. We may then express the standard supersymmetric bilinears in terms of the orthonormal frame and the two scalars constructed above. In particular, the following real bilinears will be relevant for us where note that the volume element corresponds to the orientation given by E 4123 , not E 1234 . As is usual, from the supersymmetry equation (2.4) we can find a number of differential equations satisfied by the bilinears. In particular, we find that the vector field ξ, dual to ξ , is a Killing vector, and that Since by construction F = dA automatically satisfies the Bianchi identity dF = 0, then it follows from the equations above that ξ generates a symmetry of all the bosonic fields in the solution

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We conclude this subsection by mentioning a few additional points that will be relevant to our subsequent analysis. Firstly, it is not necessary for the four-dimensional spacetime M to be a spin manifold. From (2.4) we see that the Killing spinor has unit charge under the Abelian gauge field A, and so generically can be a section of a spin c bundle over M . In fact, this is precisely what happens in some of the examples we consider later: A is more precisely a connection on a virtual square root line bundle L 1/2 , meaning that the periods of the globally defined curvature two-form F = dA are in general half-integer multiples of 2π, rather than the integer multiples for a standard U(1) gauge field. 3 In general we shall therefore assume that our Euclidean supergravity solutions are equipped with a global spin c Dirac spinor , which we have shown above defines a canonical frame on the subspace of M where it is non-chiral (and non-zero). Notice also from (3.3) that since iE 1 − E 2 has charge two under the Abelian gauge field, it transforms as a section of the gauge line bundle (L 1/2 ) 2 ∼ = L, so more precisely this is a twisted frame.
Next, since equation (2.4) is linear in , it is possible to rescale the spinor by an arbitrary non-zero complex number, which implies a rescaling of the Killing vector ξ by an arbitrary positive real number. Moreover, taking the gauge field A to be real implies that the charge conjugate spinor c satisfies the same equation (2.4), but with A → −A. The latter is a symmetry of the action (2.1) and equations of motion (2.2), (2.3). Constructing the Killing vector instead out of this charge conjugated spinor, one finds that ξ → −ξ. For a given real supersymmetric solution, there is no canonical way to choose between using or c for its supersymmetric structure. From these comments, one thus expects any final result depending on the Killing vector ξ to be independent of multiplying it by an arbitrary real number.
Finally, we note that charge conjugation is also related to the choice of orientations. On the spacetime manifold M we choose the orientation naturally provided by the supersymmetric frame as vol g = E 4123 . If instead we construct the same frame as (3.3) with → c , we find that E 1 and E 3 have changed sign (consistently with what was said above about the Killing vector ξ, given that E 3 is proportional to the dual one-form ξ (3.5)). Therefore, whilst the overall orientation of M is the same, the individual orientations of the two tangent planes spanned by {E 1 , E 2 } and {E 3 , E 4 } have changed. Identifying both of these tangent planes with the complex plane C, this amounts to a complex conjugation of both, while note that A → −A also complex conjugates the Hermitian line bundle L on which 2A is a connection.

Local form of supersymmetric solutions
In this subsection we proceed to further analyse the spinor bilinear equations presented in the previous subsection. This will allow us to determine the local form of any real supersymmetric solution. An equivalent analysis appears in [20], but we have found it more convenient to use the bilinear formalism developed in the present paper. In particular, as we shall see, certain bilinear equations play a key role in evaluating the on-shell action.

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As already noticed, ξ is a Killing vector, so as in section 2.2 we may introduce coordinates so that ξ = ∂ ψ . In section 2.2 we assumed that the orbits of ξ all close, so that it generates a U(1) isometry of M . More generally this need not be the case, but provided the closure of the orbits of ξ in the isometry group of M is a compact group, then M will in fact have a torus isometry, i.e. at least U(1) 2 . In this case we may approximate ξ by a sequence of Killing vectors, each of which generates a U(1) isometry. We shall return to this point again later. From (3.5) we may write down where φ, as in the previous section, is a local basic one-form. We have also seen in section 3.1 that ξ generates a full symmetry of the solution, so all functions will be independent of ψ. Additionally, from (3.5) and (3.8), since K is closed we may locally introduce a function y satisfying Following [20], via an appropriate frame rotation we may choose a gauge where ∂ y A = 0 . In such gauge, we may then introduce a local complex coordinate z and a real function W to write (3.14) From the supersymmetry equation (2.4), we find that which will be useful below.
As for the gauge field, by writing it in the form (2.16) and comparing its curvature with (3.7), we immediately find that ϕ = S cos θ + c ϕ = P + c ϕ , (3.16) for some real constant c ϕ . Recall here that in terms of the spinor bilinears in (3.5) we have P ≡¯ Γ * = S cos θ, so that P and hence also ϕ are then manifestly global functions on the spacetime four-manifold M . Moreover, in the gauge where ∂ y A = 0, the components of (3.15) fix a and impose a constraint between the functions W, S, θ: It follows that the metric and gauge field on the spacetime respectively take the form

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In order to apply the formulae derived in section 2.2 to this class of supersymmetric solutions, we should identify the terms in (3.19), (3.20). Clearly, the square norm of the Killing vector field V and the metric on the base γ are Notice that the subset M 0 ≡ {ξ = 0} of fixed points of the isometry is also M 0 = {V = 0}, which is precisely where the canonical frame degenerates, which in turn is where the spinor becomes chiral. Moreover, (3.6) fixes the electromagnetic potential Note that ν, just like the coordinate y, is a priori only defined locally. Recall that the gauge transformation (2.18) in particular shifts ϕ → ϕ + c, where c is a constant. Thus via an appropriate gauge transformation we may take c ϕ = 0, obtaining which we refer to as the supersymmetric gauge.
Next, in order to determine nut potential and twist, we should find dη from its definition and (3.9): In deriving this, we have compared the orientation given by supersymmetry vol g = E 4123 , and that chosen in the reduction to the base of the fibration vol The expression for dη then immediately gives H = * γ dη and σ via (2.25) again involving a constant c σ which we are going to fix in the next subsection by looking at the contribution to the on-shell action from the conformal boundary. As for ϕ, we observe that the expression for the nut potential only involves the spinor bilinears σ = 2SP + c σ , so it is manifestly globally defined on M . Finally, the differential equations arising from higher rank differential form spinor bilinears provide two additional constraints between the functions appearing in the metric and gauge field: In the latter equation, which is introduced for completeness but not needed for the purposes of this paper, the function f is defined by (3.28)

On-shell action: contributions from the conformal boundary
In this subsection we begin our analysis of the on-shell action for supersymmetric solutions that are asymptotically locally Euclidean AdS. The main result of section 2 was the formula (2.29) for the bulk contribution to the on-shell action. As usual, to obtain the full on-shell action we should add to this the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term, together with the standard local boundary counterterms that holographically renormalize the action (see e.g. [17,18]). The latter are both terms at the conformal boundary (or more precisely near the conformal boundary, using a cut-off δ that is then removed by taking the δ → 0 limit). The bulk on-shell action (2.29) is naturally exact, and the main result of this subsection will be to show that by choosing the integration constant c σ = 0 in the nut potential in (3.25), all the contributions at the conformal boundary in fact cancel. The only remaining contributions to the on-shell action then come from the fixed points of the supersymmetric Killing vector ξ, which we analyse in the next subsection. Of course, the on-shell action is independent of the choice of c σ , so we may regard c σ = 0 simply as a natural and convenient gauge choice. Following [13,21], we take the conformal boundary to be at {y = 0} = ∂M = M 3 , where the function 1/y then provides a natural radial coordinate near to this conformal boundary. We furthermore assume that the various terms appearing in the local structure of the solution described in the previous subsection have an analytic expansion in y in a neighbourhood of the conformal boundary at {y = 0}. Essentially the same analysis appears in [21], using a different set of variables, so here we will be brief. In a neighbourhood of the conformal boundary we thus write and by imposing the constraints (3.17), (3.26), (3.24), we find

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where φ (0) is constrained to satisfy To leading order, the metric of the four-dimensional spacetime then takes the form confirming that it is asymptotically locally Euclidean AdS, with defining function y. We may then choose a natural representative for the metric on the conformal boundary Furthermore, the bulk Abelian gauge field A has leading order term A (0) given by Proceeding to higher orders in the expansion of the supersymmetry equations leads to additional relations between the terms in the expansion of the functions, as described in detail in [21]. The conclusion is that all the higher order terms in the series solutions are determined in terms of the boundary data, characterized by W (0) , θ (1) (with φ (0) constrained to satisfy (3.37)), and the free bulk functions W (1) , θ (2) . The geometric structure on M 3 = {y = 0} induced from the bulk supersymmetry conditions is the same as that for rigid supersymmetric backgrounds in three-dimensional new minimal supergravity [16]. In a little more detail, ∂ ψ restricted to the boundary coincides with the canonical vector field for the almost contact structure with global oneform dψ + φ (0) , and the Abelian gauge field restricted to the boundary is identified with the non-dynamical gauge field that couples to the R-symmetry current of the field theory. Since we are assuming that the orbits of ξ all close, the boundary manifold M 3 = ∂M is a Seifert three-manifold, being the total space of an orbifold circle bundle over an orbifold Riemann surface Σ.
Having determined the expansion of the fields near the conformal boundary, we may now evaluate the corresponding contribution to the bulk on-shell action (2.29), after integrating by parts. More precisely, we consider a cut-off spacetime M δ , where the radial coordinate y only extends to y = δ > 0, rather than to the conformal boundary located at y = 0. We denote the resulting boundary by ∂M δ ≡ M ∩ {y = δ} ∼ = M 3 , with base ∂B δ = ∂M δ /U(1). Applying Stokes' theorem to (2.29), we find that the conformal boundary contribution to the bulk on-shell action is The sign here is due to the direction of the normal, together with compatibility of the orientation choices associated to supersymmetry and the reduction along the circle fibre. As already pointed out, the volume element on (B, γ) is naturally vol γ = 2ie W dy ∧ dz ∧ dz/y 6 .

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The outward-pointing unit normal to ∂B δ is n = −dy/y 2 , so in order to appeal to Stokes' theorem with a positive sign we should use the orientation on ∂B δ given by n vol γ = −2ie W dz ∧ dz/y 4 , but this is opposite to the natural orientation on that surface, hence the sign. We may then lift the integral in (3.41) back up to an integral on ∂M δ : Next we add to the bulk action the usual Gibbons-Hawking-York term, computed using the induced metric h on the cut-off hypersurface ∂M δ The same induced metric is used to construct the counterterm action [17] cancelling the divergences present in the sum I UV bulk + I GHY : The conformal boundary contribution I UV to the full on-shell action is then given by the sum I UV bulk + I GHY + I ct , in the limit of vanishing cutoff, δ → 0. Using the expansion of the fields determined earlier, it is a straightforward computation to see that this sum reduces to where vol 2 = 2ie W (0) dz ∧ dz. Remarkably, (3.45) is proportional to the constant c σ that appears in the nut potential in (3.25). On the other hand, the total on-shell action is independent of the choice of this constant. However, clearly a natural choice is to now set With this gauge choice for the nut potential, the only contribution to the on-shell action thus comes from the fixed point set of the supersymmetric Killing vector ξ, and it is this contribution to which we now turn.

On-shell action: contributions from the fixed points of the isometry
In this subsection we would like to evaluate the contribution to the bulk on-shell action (2.29) from the fixed points of the isometry generated by the supersymmetric Killing vector ξ. Recall this means that we remove a small tubular neighbourhood M ε of radius which is in general an orbifold with boundary. We then wish to apply Stokes' theorem to (2.29), and evaluate the boundary contributions around the fixed point set, in the limit ε → 0. The square norm of the Killing vector ξ is V = S 2 sin 2 θ. This vanishes where the spinor is chiral and non-zero (θ = 0, π), and also potentially where the spinor is zero, where JHEP10(2019)252 the latter is equivalent to S = 0. It follows that the fixed points of the supersymmetric isometry precisely correspond to the subspaces where the orthonormal frame associated to the identity structure degenerates. The connected components of the fixed point set of a U(1) isometry must have even codimension, so in four dimensions there may only be zero-dimensional nuts, and two-dimensional bolts [19]. At this point we notice that in fact S can never be zero anywhere, unless the isometry acts trivially on M : S is only zero where is zero, but then (3.9) implies that dξ is also zero at such a point, which in turn means that the vector field is identically zero on M (assuming M is connected).
It follows that on a given connected component of the fixed point set the spinor has either positive or negative chirality, corresponding to θ = 0, θ = π, respectively, and we may thus correspondingly label isolated fixed points as nut ± , or connected two-dimensional fixed point sets as Σ ± , if the spinor has positive or negative chirality there, respectively. At such points P = ±S, and in the ε → 0 limit the equation for dξ (3.9) greatly simplifies: By taking the (anti-)self-dual parts at subspaces with spinors with definite chirality we find Here the ± superscripts denote self-dual and anti-self-dual parts of the two-forms, respectively. The second equation above is particularly useful, as its square norm gives S 2 | ± : At a fixed point of chirality ±:

Contribution from a nut
A nut is an isolated fixed point of ξ, and we may introduce a radial geodesic distance function ρ from the nut, so that the nut is at ρ = 0. To leading order near the nut, the metric is simply the flat space metric where ρ 2 = ρ 2 1 + ρ 2 2 . For ρ = ε > 0 small, the induced metric on {ρ = ε} is then approximately the round metric on the three-sphere of radius ε, S 3 ε . Moreover, the supersymmetric Killing vector near the nut is then (3.51) Here we have identified the tangent space to the nut as R 4 = C ⊕ C, where ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 are standard polar coordinates on each copy of the complex plane C with periodicity 2π, and b 1 , b 2 are the weights of the rotations in the two two-planes. Notice that the orientations here are not unique: reversing the orientations of both two-planes is equivalent to simultaneous complex conjugation of both copies of C, and gives the same orientation on R 4 , and likewise swapping the two two-planes also leaves the overall orientation invariant. These act as loss of generality, we may then assume that b 1 > 0, and b 2 may then either be positive or negative. Requiring that the orbits of ξ close means that we can write b 1 /b 2 = p/q, with p, q coprime integers of the same signs as b 1 , b 2 , respectively, so the period of a generic orbit is β = 2πp/b 1 = 2πq/b 2 > 0. The connected component of the boundary of the tubular neighbourhood ∂B ε in the base space B is then the complex weighted projective space Σ 2 = WCP 1 [p,|q|] . Using the form of the metric (3.50) shows that the square norm V = O(ρ 2 ) as ρ → 0, and it is straightforward to see that the first term in (2.29) does not contribute to the action in the case of a nut (see also [19]). On the other hand, the last term in the action, namely the integral of * γ 4βV −1 ϕ dϕ over the boundary of B, can also be written using (2.19) as the integral of −4ϕη ∧ * F over the corresponding boundary in M , which is a three-sphere of radius ε. Now for any smooth two-form, such as * F , the components tangent to the three-sphere must vanish at least as fast as O(ρ 2 ) as ρ = ε → 0. This term hence also gives zero contribution as ε → 0. It follows that the entire contribution of a zero-dimensional fixed point to the action arises from the term involving dη = * γ H. On the other hand, as in [19] (or [21]) we may easily compute where L is the orbifold line bundle over B associated to the U(1) fibration (2.6). The contribution to the on-shell action of isolated nuts is hence where the sign is due to the normal being dρ. This shows that in order to evaluate the onshell action contribution from a nut, we now only need an expression for the nut potential.
Here supersymmetry helps, because for supersymmetric solutions the nut potential is fixed by (3.25), and the choice c σ = 0 taken in the previous subsection (3.46) in order to have vanishing contribution to the action from conformal infinity gives Since also S ± = ±P = ±ϕ, using (3.49) we may hence write Finally, in the orthonormal frame compatible with (3.50), (3.51) we have Of course here the values of the weights (b 1 , b 2 ) at each nut will in general be different, although we have suppressed this in the notation. Notice that for each nut, the expression in the sum is indeed invariant under both , as it must be since these are simply different choices of bases for the same vector field action near the nut. Moreover, it is also invariant under scaling , which for λ > 0 is equivalent to rescaling the spinor by a non-zero complex number. Since the overall spinor normalization is arbitrary, it again follows that the formula for the action had to be invariant under such a rescaling.

Contribution from a bolt
A bolt is a two-dimensional surface Σ ⊂ M . This means that the image of the boundary of a small ξ-invariant tubular neighbourhood around Σ in the base B is also a copy of Σ. We denote this as T ε ∼ = Σ, which is the connected component of ∂B ε around the bolt. We next look at equation (3.47). Notice that we may always decompose a differential form Ψ uniquely as Ψ = η ∧ Ψ ξ + Ψ T , where we identify Ψ ξ ≡ ξ Ψ. It then follows that the transverse part of a form Ψ with L ξ Ψ = 0, namely Ψ T = Ψ − η ∧ ξ Ψ, may be interpreted as a two-form on our base B. Moreover Ψ = 0 if and only if both Ψ ξ = 0 and Ψ T = 0. For a bolt, the transverse part of dξ is zero at the bolt, since this is the rotation matrix for the linear action of ξ, which only rotates the normal directions. On the other hand, manifestly (E 34 ) T = 0, (E 12 ) T = E 12 , while from (2.17) and (2.19) we have Using these preliminary results, we may now go back to the evaluation of the on-shell action (2.29) for a bolt. In particular, using (3.60) and (3.61) we compute

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Here we have used the first equation in (3.59) in the third line, while in the last line c 1 (F ) is the first Chern class of the Abelian gauge bundle, and we have used that S is constant along the bolt. To see the latter, notice from (2.17) that We may restrict this equation to the bolt, and then dot with a tangent vector t to the bolt. Since by assumption F is smooth everywhere, notice that F ξ (t) must then tend to zero at the bolt (where η is singular). But then (3.63) implies that ϕ is constant over a bolt, and since S ± = ±ϕ at a fixed point of positive/negative chirality, we deduce that also S is constant over a bolt. Notice that an expansion in geodesic normal coordinates would give, consistently with [19], that the * γ d log V term in (3.62) results in a contribution proportional to the area of the bolt. However, for supersymmetric solutions this area term is then cancelled by the 4V −1 ϕ dϕ term, leaving the topological contribution on the last line of (3.62). Finally, we turn to the contribution of the middle term in (2.29). Again, the calculation of this is essentially the same as that in [19], and is proportional to the self-intersection number of the bolt: Since S is constant on the bolt, we may evaluate it at any point using (3.49). At a bolt, dξ is a skew-symmetric operator with rank 2, so there exists an orthonormal frame in which it has the form and the "surface gravity" κ is related to the period β of a generic orbit of ξ as κ = 2π/β. Thus, applying (3.49) gives Notice that S is proportional to the surface gravity, consistently with the fact that it is constant on the bolt. Finally, adding the two contributions in (3.62), (3.64), and summing over all bolts, we obtain The expression (3.67) depends on the first Chern class c 1 (F ) of the Abelian gauge bundle, but this may in turn be related to certain topological invariants at a bolt Σ by further considering the topology of Σ ⊂ M . Since a bolt is a two-dimensional orientable Riemannian manifold, it can be given a complex structure and viewed as a Riemann surface Σ = Σ g of genus g. Notice this involves a choice of orientation. Complex line bundles over JHEP10(2019)252 a compact Riemann surface are in one-to-one correspondence with H 2 (Σ g ; Z) ∼ = Z, and the (group) isomorphism is given by the first Chern number of the bundle. Thus, we may use unambiguously the notation O(n) for the line bundle over Σ g with degree n. In particular, having fixed a choice of orientation for the bolt, in order to agree with the given orientation on M this also fixes an orientation for the normal bundle N Σ of Σ in M . We may then Similarly, the tangent bundle of the bolt is T Σ = O(2 − 2g), where Σ = Σ g has genus g.
From the above discussion it follows that topologically T M | Σ ∼ = O(2 − 2g) ⊕ O(Y ) may be written as a direct sum of two complex line bundles, and from this we may then compute the chiral spin bundles of M restricted to the bolt, which we denote as S ± . One finds (3.69) where we have denoted L| Σ = O(m). These correspond to the 2 + 2 = 4 components of a spin c Dirac spinor. As we have shown, the spinor is necessarily chiral on (a connected component of) the fixed point set, but with non-zero constant norm. This means that there is a nowherezero section of one of the two pairs of line bundles in (3.69), which means that one of the complex line bundles is just the trivial bundle at the bolt. In order to find out which one it is, we can refer to the form of U in terms of the supersymmetric vierbein in (3.5), which near a bolt ± , reduces to This in turn then constrains the gauge bundle near a bolt in terms of the local topology or, equivalently, With this result, we can go back to substitute the first Chern class of the gauge bundle through the bolt in (3.67), whence

Examples
As already remarked in the Introduction, there are a number of explicitly known supersymmetric solutions to N = 2 gauged supergravity. In this section, we illustrate some features of the general formulae given above by considering concrete examples.

AdS 4
The simplest example we consider is AdS 4 , realised as a hyperbolic ball foliated by threespheres with a trivial Abelian gauge field, A = 0. The radial coordinate is r ∈ [0, ∞), while the S 3 is viewed as a torus fibration over the interval, with ϑ ∈ [0, π 2 ] parametrizing the interval, and ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 ∈ [0, 2π) parametrizing the torus. 5 This is a maximally supersymmetric solution 4 Recall here that the supersymmetric vierbein is not that used to define the Γ matrices, as remarked below (3.5). 5 The change of variable r 2 = 4y 2 /(1 − y 2 ) 2 takes (4.1) to the standard metric on the Poincaré ball

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to the equations of motion of our theory and can be given a number of supersymmetric structures. Indeed solving the (generalized) Killing spinor equation on this background leads to a spinor that depends on four complex numbers. By appropriately choosing them, we may construct supersymmetric Killing vectors as in (3.5) that have the form Such vectors generate an isometric torus action on AdS 4 and have a nut at r = 0 (in the nomenclature of [19], respectively a nut or an anti-nut). The corresponding spinors, in the vierbein where e 1 = r cos ϑ dϕ 1 , e 2 = r sin ϑ dϕ 2 , e 3 = r dϑ, e 4 = dr/ √ r 2 + 1 are Here we have chosen the following form of the Γ matrices generating Cliff(4, 0) where σ i are the Pauli matrices, and the charge conjugation matrix is It is immediately clear from the above form of the spinors that near the nut the spinors ± have negative/positive chirality. 6 Therefore, corresponding to the relative signs of the two circle actions in the torus we have either a nut − or a nut + (the nut is a nut − and the anti-nut is a nut + ). It is then immediate to see that applying the formula (1.1) leads in both cases to the action of AdS 4 However, AdS 4 admits a number of different supersymmetric structures with corresponding Killing vectors constructed out of the generalized Killing spinors. For instance, a different supersymmetric structure was found in [9] and reviewed in [13]: this corresponds to a non-trivial Abelian instanton gauge field and a Killing spinor leading to the generic circle action which subsumes the above case, corresponding to b 1 /b 2 = ±1. As shown in [13], the resulting solution is in fact regular only if b 1 /b 2 > 0 or if b 1 /b 2 = −1, and the chirality analysis can be shown to carry through: if b 1 /b 2 > 0, we have a nut − . Thus, application of (1.1) leads to the same result as [13].

Self-dual solutions
As we have just reviewed, starting with the standard hyperbolic metric (4.1) on AdS 4 , one can turn on an instanton gauge field that modifies the standard Killing spinors on AdS 4 , and hence also the supersymmetric Killing vector. In fact requiring the gauge field to be anti-self-dual is natural in four dimensions, and leads to interesting classes of solutions related to integrable systems, described in general in [22]. Under the assumption that the topology of the spacetime is that of a four-ball, with a nut at the origin (as for the explicit solutions in section 4.1 above), the value of the on-shell action has been computed in terms of the weights of a torus action at the nut in [13], and further analysis has been performed in [21], so here we will be succinct.
Requiring the gauge field to be anti-self-dual implies that where k ∈ R is a constant, which we choose to be zero (assuming that spacetime is pathconnected). For supersymmetric solutions, for which the electromagnetic potential ν and ϕ are fixed by (3.22) and (3.23), this also means that Therefore, the square norm of the Killing vector is V = (2Sy − 1)/y 2 . In order to more easily compare with [13], we introduce the function V ≡ 1 2Sy − 1 . (4.11) Using this notation, it is immediate to show that the metric has the form whereas (3.17) and (3.24) reduce to This matches precisely the structure described in [13,20]. 7 Thus, the entire solution is described by the solution to a single partial differential equation. More geometrically, requiring the gauge field to be anti-self-dual forces the U(1) stress-energy tensor in (2.2) to vanish (one uses the Schouten identity), so the metric is Einstein, and the Weyl tensor JHEP10(2019)252 of (4.12) is anti-self-dual as well. For reference, four-dimensional self-dual Einstein manifolds are considered the four-dimensional analogues of higher-dimensional quaternionic Kähler manifolds, and hence are sometimes referred to as such.
In terms of the metric function V, we may rewrite which we use to determine whether at the fixed point of the isometry the spinor has positive or negative chirality. As in [13,21], we restrict to supersymmetric solutions where the spacetime has the topology of R 4 with a nut at the origin. As proved in the original papers, given a generic toric Killing vector field the metric is regular everywhere outside the nut provided b 1 /b 2 > 0 (in which case the nut is at a finite radial coordinate y = y NUT = 1/(b 1 + b 2 )), or b 1 = −b 2 (in which case the radial coordinate diverges at the location of the nut). In the first case, if ρ 2 denotes the geodesic distance from the nut, near the nut we have V ∼ ρ −2 (as required in order to have a smooth metric), so equation (4.15) tells us that the fixed point is a nut − . The value of the on-shell action given by our formula (1.1) matches precisely that computed in [13, eq. (1. 2)] If, instead, b 1 = −b 2 , in order to have a smooth metric near the nut we need V ∼ ρ 2 , so (4.15) gives that the spinor at the fixed point has positive chirality. The on-shell action in this case is given by which again matches the result of [13].

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• for κ = 0, g = 1 and Σ 1 = T 2 σ 1 = sin τ dϑ + cos τ dφ , σ 2 = − cos τ dϑ + sin τ dφ , • for κ = −1, g > 1 and Σ g a Riemann surface obtained by compactifying H 2 σ 1 = sin τ dϑ + cos τ sinh ϑ dφ , σ 2 = − cos τ dϑ + sin τ sinh ϑ dφ , The function Ω(r) has the form and is required to be positive. In order to write down the expression for the Killing spinor, we introduce a frame (4.24) The Killing spinor satisfying (2.4) with our choice of Γ matrices (4.5) and in our frame is where r 1,2,3,4 are the four roots of Ω and χ (0) is a complex constant which we set to √ s to simplify expressions (recall that we may always renormalize the Killing spinor by a complex constant without affecting the result). Since the frame (4.24) introduced above is only locally defined, so is the expression (4.25) for the spinor: a more detailed discussion of the global regularity of the solution can be found in the appendices to [11,15].
The supersymmetric Killing vector obtained as a bilinear from (4.25) is ξ = ∂ τ , and it is clear by looking at the form of the metric (4.19) that the norm of the supersymmetric Killing vector vanishes at the roots of Ω. We have a conformal boundary as r → ∞ and the metric is complete if it collapses smoothly at the largest root of Ω. If Q is such that Ω has a double root, that is Q = ± 1 2 (4s 2 − κ), then necessarily this is at r = s, we are only JHEP10(2019)252 allowed to consider the g = 0 case, and we reduce to the self-dual Taub-NUT-AdS solution, which is covered by the discussion in the previous subsection [23]. However, generically the solution is not self-dual, and considering a neighbourhood of the simple largest root r 0 shows that the fixed point locus of ξ is a two-dimensional bolt Σ g . In order to have a smooth collapse of the plane perpendicular to the bolt, we need to impose This shows concretely that the spacetime has the topology of an O(−p) fibration over the bolt Σ g . In particular, the coordinate τ parametrizes the polar angle direction in the complex line fibre, having period 4π|g − 1|/p when g = 1, and period 4π/p when g = 1 [11,15]. Imposing the regularity condition (4.26), together with some algebra, implies that there are two branches of solutions with different largest root of Ω and different value for Q; we refer to them as positive and negative branches and label the bolts as Σ ± g (note that here ± does not refer to the chirality of the spinor at the bolt, although see the discussion further below). Moreover, for different values of the integer p, each branch will only exist for certain ranges of the deformation parameter s. The moduli space of solutions is quite intricate and we would not do justice to it here, so we refer the interested reader to [11] and [15] for a more extensive discussion.

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At this point, we should fix the gauge choices c ϕ , c σ : to do so, we additionally require that the functions satisfy the relations (3.23) and (3.54), characteristic of supersymmetric solutions in the supersymmetric gauge. This fixes By performing standard holographic renormalization, we readily see that the contribution from conformal infinity to the on-shell action vanishes for the choice (4.33), consistently with the fact that in the supersymmetric gauge the contribution from conformal infinity is zero (3.46). Now we can finally check the validity of our computation near the fixed point locus: near the bolt in the positive/negative branch, the spinor (4.25) has negative/positive chirality, so the bolt Σ ± g is a bolt ∓ . Computing the flux of the gauge field through the bolt, this confirms the relation between gauge bundle and geometry (3.74), since where T Σ g ∼ = O(2 − 2g) and N Σ g ∼ = O(−p) (recall that in the notation of (3.74), Σ ± g is a bolt Σ ∓ !). Moreover, this concretely shows that the gauge field is generically a connection on a virtual unitary line bundle, making the spinor a spin c spinor -only for even p is A a connection on an honest U(1) bundle.
It is then easy to find that the only non-vanishing skew-eigenvalue of dξ is the surface gravity of the bolt κ = − p 2 (in the normalization of (3.65)), and that consistently with (3.66), at leading order we have S = |κ|/2. We can then apply (1.1) to obtain the value of the on-shell action Notice that the analysis of the supersymmetric structure performed here clarifies further the appearance of the branches of solutions, which appeared in the original literature out of considering the smoothness of the metric, and justifies their different on-shell action.

Non-self-dual 1/2 BPS
In addition to the solutions considered in the previous section that preserve 1/4 of the supersymmetries, solutions preserving 1/2 of the supersymmetries have been found in [11]. The ansatz has SU(2) × U(1) isometry, and the local form of the metric and gauge field is very similar to (4.19) but now σ i are the SU(2) left-invariant one-forms σ 1 + iσ 2 = e −iτ (dϑ + i sin ϑ dφ) , σ 3 = dτ + cos ϑ dφ , (4.37) and the function Ω reads Because the solution has the same local form (at least formally, Ω being different), we choose the same vierbein as (4.24). In that frame, the spinor satisfying (2.4) has the form where r i are the roots of Ω, and where γ ≡ i(2s + √ 4s 2 − 1) and (p, q) ∈ C 2 \ {0}. The supersymmetric Killing vector field constructed with this spinor according to (3.5) is (4.41) Apart from an irrelevant overall normalization factor, this agrees with [13, eq. (5.23)]. Notice that the supersymmetric Killing vector does not simply correspond to the Killing vector ∂ τ generating the Hopf fibration. Since the form of the metric is the same as in the previous subsection, the solution has spherical bolts for ∂ τ at the largest root of Ω, as was the case in the 1/4 BPS solutions. These bolts correspond to the base spaces of the fibration that determines the topology of spacetime: for the self-dual case, the largest root of Ω is r = s and the solution is just Taub-NUT-AdS, whereas in general the topology is that of a bundle O(−p) → S 2 . In this sense, these solutions are referred to as "bolt" solutions in the literature. However, we are interested in the fixed points of the isometry generated by the supersymmetric Killing vector, so in the nomenclature of the current paper they should be referred to as "nut" solutions. Indeed, ξ vanishes at the two poles of the S 2 when one of the two parameters p, q is chosen to be zero. In other words, for

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(p, q) = (1, 0) or (0, 1), the supersymmetric Killing vector has nuts at the two poles of the S 2 bolt of the Killing vector ∂ τ . Regularity of the metric near the largest root of Ω again imposes a constraint on Q analogous to (4.26). As in the previous case, there are two branches of solutions, labelled positive and negative, and an intricate moduli space of their existence depending on the value of the deformation parameter s and the self-intersection number p. Moreover, the moduli spaces of the 1/4 BPS and 1/2 BPS supersymmetric solutions intersect non-trivially, making the problem of matching the value of the on-shell action particularly interesting. As before, we refer the interested readers to the original paper [11] for more details.
Examining the Killing spinor near the poles, we see that for the choice (p, q) = (1, 0) we have a nut of ± type near the north/south pole for the positive/negative branch of solutions, and for the choice (p, q) = (0, 1) we have a nut of ∓ type near the north/south pole for the positive/negative branch of solutions, but the value of the on-shell action does not depend on the choice of spinor (within a branch).
In the (p, q) = (1, 0) case, the weights of the Killing vector near the north pole are for both positive and negative branch of solutions, and near the south pole again for both branches. Applying (1.1) then leads to which matches [11, eq. (4.29)]. Similarly, in the (p, q) = (0, 1) case, the weights of the Killing vector near the north pole are and near the south pole Again, applying (1.1) leads to (4.44) (the weights are exchanged between the two poles, but so is the chirality of the spinor near the nuts). action of ξ on M , together with the chirality data (determining certain signs) at the fixed points of ξ. In this section we compute the action for any supersymmetric solution on M = O(−p) → S 2 , assuming the solution exists, and show that the 1/4 BPS and 1/2 BPS results in sections 4.3 and 4.4 arise as special cases. As well as recovering known results very simply, we are then also able to give the actions of solutions that have not (yet) been found in closed form, but of course we do need to assume the solutions actually exist. We discuss this further in section 5. Four-manifolds with a U(1) 2 torus action have been classified in [24]. In fact the latter results were used more recently, in a related context, in [25], where a brief review may be found. In the case of M = O(−p) → S 2 the obvious U(1) 2 action is moreover compatible with a symplectic (and indeed Kähler) structure. Using the notation of sections 4.3 and 4.4, we let ∂ φ be the lift of the vector field that rotates the S 2 zero section, fixing the north and south poles at ϑ = 0, π, and 2 p ∂ τ be the vector field that rotates the complex line fibre with weight one. 8 We then introduce the following basis for the U(1) 2 action: Geometrically, µ(M ) = P ⊂ R 2 is a non-compact, convex polytope. The preimage µ −1 (p) for p in the interior P int of P is a copy of T 2 = U(1) 2 , and indeed µ −1 (P int ) ∼ = T 2 × P int is a dense open subset of M . However, along the boundary ∂P different U(1) subgroups degenerate. Specifically, the pre-image under µ of each edge of the polytope is a fixed point set of the U(1) ⊂ U(1) 2 specified by the normal vector v a ∈ Z 2 to the edge -this is a key property of the moment map image for symplectic toric manifolds. The finite edge 8 Note that correspondingly p 2 τ has period 2π. 9 Of course any SL(2, Z) transformation of this basis will also suffice. However, notice that the shift in the expression for ∂ ψ 1 by the half-integer p/2 when p is odd is required because in this case a single orbit of ∂ φ does not in fact close on M . In physical language, this is because for odd p the complex line bundle O(−p) is a half-integer spin representation, with p = 1 in particular being the chiral spin bundle of S 2 . In this case, a single rotation of the base only induces a half rotation of the fibre.  Geometrically, these weights are simply the primitive outward pointing edge vectors of P at each vertex, respectively. With this notation in hand, we may now write down a general toric Killing vector as ξ = a 1 ∂ ψ 1 + a 2 ∂ ψ 2 = (a 1 , a 2 ) , (4.50) Assuming that such a supersymmetric solution exists on M = O(−p) → S 2 , with supersymmetric Killing vector given by (4.49), the action of such a solution given by (1.1) also depends on the chiralities associated to the two vertices. We denote these as κ 1 , κ 2 ∈ {±1}, respectively. Then for generic a 1 , a 2 ∈ R the fixed points of ξ are precisely the two vertices, labelled by i = 1, 2, and so from (1.1) we may write down the action where we have defined the homogeneous cubic polynomial From this general result, we may immediately recover both the 1/4 BPS and 1/2 BPS results in the previous two subsections. Notice first that the 1/4 BPS solution is a degenerate case of the above analysis, where the entire S 2 zero section of M = O(−p) → S 2 is fixed by ξ. This immediately requires us to take κ 1 = κ 2 , since these are precisely the chiralities at the two poles of the S 2 zero section, which must be the same since the spinor is now chiral over the entire S 2 . Setting κ 1 = κ 2 = κ, the action simplifies to .
This correctly reproduces the 1/4 BPS bolt action I ± in (4.35), where recall we should set κ = ∓1 and the genus g = 0 for S 2 . Notice we have recovered this formula as a limit of the general nut fixed point in the first line of (4.51), in the limit where the Killing vector ξ develops an S 2 bolt, rather than two nuts. Conversely, we may regard (4.53) as the 1/4 BPS action with generic choice of toric Killing vector, specified by a 1 /a 2 and the choice of chirality κ, while the explicitly known solution has a 1 = 0. To date such a solution is not known explicitly, or even known to exist, but assuming it does exist, its action is given by (4.53). Notice that such a solution will necessarily have only U(1) 2 as isometry, rather than the SU(2) × U(1) isometry of the 1/4 BPS solution with a 1 = 0. Next we may recover the 1/2 BPS solution result in section 4.4. Recall this had a nut − and a nut + , so we now set κ 1 = −κ 2 = κ. Using the general form of the Killing vector ξ in that section, with the choice (p, q) = (1, 0), it is straightforward to read off the weights a 1 , a 2 in (4.49), where recall the basis is defined by (4.47). One finds From (4.51) we then compute (4.56) This precisely agrees with the 1/2 BPS action I ± in (4.44) on setting κ = ∓1 for the two branches, respectively.

More general topologies
It is straightforward to generalize the computation in the above subsection to any fourmanifold M with a T 2 action. Specifically, one can use the description of such fourmanifolds in [24], and reviewed in [25]. Provided M is simply-connected, which notice we

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have assumed already in our supergravity analysis, the quotient space M/T 2 is topologically a polygon. As in the previous subsection, the edges of this polygon are labelled by a coprime pair of integers v a = (m a , n a ) ∈ Z 2 , specifying the circle subgroup U(1) ⊂ T 2 that fixes the corresponding T 2 -invariant two-manifold in M . In particular, vertices of the polygon corresponds to points of M that are fixed under the T 2 action, with finite edges between a pair of vertices corresponding to T 2 -invariant two-spheres. However, in this general setting there is not necessarily any convexity property of the polygon, while as mentioned in the previous subsection when there is a compatible symplectic structure P = M/T 2 is naturally a convex polytope, with normal vectors to the edges of P given precisely by the v a . Rather than attempt a general analysis, in this subsection we present some further simple examples, and also make some general comments on properties of the action formula (1.1).
For the M = O(−p) → S 2 examples in the previous subsection, the conformal boundary is a Lens space M 3 = ∂M = L(p, 1). There are various ways to see this, but one method again uses some standard toric geometry. Consider the linear map that sends Here v 1 and v 3 are normals to the non-compact edges of the polytope P , which geometrically correspond to the complex line fibres C over the north and poles of the S 2 zero section. The linear map (4.57) sends Z 2 → Z 2 , and the kernel of the induced map of tori Blowing down the zero section, with normal vector v 2 , then gives the singular space C 2 /Z p , where the Z p action is C 2 (z 1 , z 2 ) → (ω p z 1 , ω p z 2 ), with ω p = e 2πi/p a primitive pth root of unity.
We can instead consider fillings of different Lens spaces where p and q are coprime integers with p > q > 0, and we identify S 3 as the unit sphere in C 2 with coordinates (z 1 , z 2 ). The L(p, q) are toric three-manifolds, in the sense that the Z p quotient commutes with the standard T 2 action on C 2 ⊃ S 3 . The minimal resolution of the corresponding complex singularity C 2 /Z p is well-known, and the toric data of the polygon P referred to above is closely related to a continued fraction expansion of q/psee, for example, [25]. Here we present the simplest example, namely L (3,2).

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In this case the vectors v a for the (Kähler) resolution are given by v 1 = (−2, −1), v 2 = (−1, −1), v 3 = (0, −1), v 4 = (1, −1). The kernel of the map of tori is this time generated by ( 1 3 , 2 3 ), identifying the boundary three-manifold as L (3,2). Notice that although L(3, 1) and L(3, 2) are homeomorphic, via the map which complex conjugates the second factor in C ⊕ C = C 2 (so z 2 →z 2 ), this also changes the complex structure of the transversely holomorphic foliation generated by the supersymmetric Killing vector ξ on M 3 = ∂M . There are three vertices of the polytope, corresponding to fixed points of the T 2 action on M , with weights (outward pointing edge vectors) Weights at vertex 1 : u  There are two finite edges of the polytope P , with normal vectors v 2 and v 3 , which correspond to two T 2 -invariant two-spheres which intersect at a point (corresponding to vertex 2). Again writing the supersymmetric Killing vector as it is straightforward to compute the action of a supersymmetric solution on this fourmanifold, provided it exists of course. We take the chiralities of the vertices to be all equal, so κ 1 = κ 2 = κ 3 = κ ∈ {±1}. Then for generic a 1 , a 2 ∈ R we may use (1.1) to write down the action Of course, it would be remarkable to reproduce these formulae from a dual localization calculation in SCFT -we discuss this further in section 5.
Another interesting question to address is the general behaviour of the action (1.1) under blowing up. Recall that topologically this means replacing a neighbourhood of the origin in R 4 by O(−1) → S 2 , where both have boundary given by S 3 . Moreover, this blowing up is compatible with the obvious T 2 action, which fixes the origin of R 4 ∼ = C ⊕ C.

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In terms of the "toric" description of M in [24], we may then blow up the vertices of the polygon, where the blow-up simply replaces the vertex by a finite edge. Thus, let p be a vertex, with neighbouring edges that meet at that vertex having labels v = (m, n), v = (m , n ) ∈ Z 2 . Then the blow-up introduces a new edge with label v 0 = (m + m , n + n ) .   given by (4.17). Indeed, the genus g = 0 1/4 BPS result (4.35) for the positive branch solution gives I + = 1 − 1 4 π 2G 4 , which is the value obtained by blowing up Euclidean AdS 4 , viewed as a κ = −1 solution. As pointed out in [15], this solution then has lower action than Euclidean AdS 4 , and is thus a more dominant saddle point for M 3 = S 3 boundary. Interestingly, both saddle points can be seen in the dual field theory calculation, although this is currently poorly understood, as pointed out in [15]. Note that if one were able to repeatedly blow up a κ = −1 vertex the action could be made arbitrarily negative, so presumably there is an obstruction to doing this in terms of solving the supergravity equations. Indeed, a key assumption above is that a solution actually exists! This is clearly a crucial question, and again we return to discuss this briefly in section 5.

Supersymmetric black holes
The explicit solutions considered in sections 4.3 and 4.4 involve a non-trivial fibration over a base surface, which in some cases (for example, choosing a 1 = 0 in (4.49)) is a bolt for the supersymmetric Killing vector. However, there are also known solutions where the fibration is trivial and the topology is that of M = R 2 × Σ g (with a warped metric). One simple class of such solutions that preserve 1/4 of the supersymmetry can be obtained by Wick rotation of the dyonic static solutions studied in [26][27][28] 10 The two-dimensional metric in round brackets in (4.68) is that on H 2 , and quotienting by discrete subgroups of SO(1, 2) we may find Riemann surfaces with any genus g > 1. The gauge field and its curvature are given by where χ (0) is a complex constant which we set to 1/2 to simplify some expressions, and r ± are the following roots of V (r) The solution is regular as long as V (r) > 0. If we denote the largest root of V by r 0 and assume that Q = 0, then a local analysis near r 0 shows that, to avoid conical singularities in the space orthogonal to the bolt, the period of τ should satisfy the constraint If Q = 0, instead, V (r 0 ) = 0, so near r = 1/ √ 2 we introduce the coordinate ρ = r − 1/ √ 2 and we see that the metric approaches that of H 2 × Σ g with an infinite throat as ρ → 0. Therefore, we have a family of solutions depending on a parameter Q: as long as Q = 0, we have a bolt at r = r 0 > 1/ √ 2 for ∂ τ at finite distance, whereas in the case Q = 0 the "bolt" has effectively receded to infinite distance. As we shall see, this limit is especially interesting in Lorentzian signature, and we will come back to it after computing the action of these solutions.
Using the spinor (4.73), we can immediately see that the supersymmetric Killing vector is ξ = ∂ τ . We may then compute the functions appearing the three-dimensional reduction of section 2: in the supersymmetric gauge, where ϕ and σ satisfy (3.23) and (3.54), we have One can perform the holographic renormalization according to the procedure outlined in subsection 3.3 and see that indeed in this gauge, the contribution to the on-shell action from the conformal infinity is vanishing, and the value is determined by the bolt contribution. Turning instead to our main formula (1.1), at the fixed point set cos θ = sgn(Q), so the distinction bolt ± only depends on the charge Q. However, this does not affect the value of the on-shell action, as the chirality label in (1.1) only appears in front of the self-intersection number of the bolt, which is zero for the trivial fibration as in this case. Therefore, we Notice that this corresponds to the p = 0 case of (4.35), since the on-shell action only depends on the topological data of the solution. Indeed, the action is manifestly independent of Q, as it had to be. The fact that (4.78) agrees with the purely magnetically charged Q = 0 black hole action in [14] then really follows only because the Q = 0 deformation with a bolt exists: as soon as one knows this deformation exists, the action is given by the topological formula (1.1), which is independent of the deformation parameter. In this way, one can compute the action of solutions with an infinite throat, provided one knows an appropriate deformation of it exists that is closed in the interior. Notice that a similar regularization of the action of a solution with an infinite throat, by deforming away from extremality but preserving supersymmetry, was used in various dimensions in [29,30]. Notice also that the relation between gauge field and geometry fixed by (3.74) is satisfied: the magnetic charge is in this case proportional to the Euler characteristic of the surface, since the normal bundle to the bolt is trivial. In Lorentzian signature (obtained via t = iτ and q e = −iQ), the solutions with Q = 0 describe dyonic naked singularities, whereas the case Q = 0 is an extremal magnetically charged black hole with horizon homeomorphic to a Riemann surface. As observed in [14], the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the black hole is directly reproduced by the Euclidean on-shell action (note that indeed the entropy is positive for genus g > 1) 11 and thus, via the AdS/CFT dictionary, the entropy of the black hole can be connected to the large N limit of the partition function of the boundary SCFT, leading to the relation originally advocated in [31] S BH = log Z . Moreover, the fact that the formula for the on-shell action factorizes as the action for AdS 4 , multiplied by the Euler number of the surface, can be interpreted as the manifestation of the boundary universal twist [14,32,33].

Conclusions
Inspired by the analysis in [19], in this paper we presented a formula (1.1) for the onshell action of supersymmetric asymptotically locally Euclidean AdS solutions to fourdimensional minimal gauged supergravity in terms of contributions only from the fixed point locus of a canonical supersymmetric Killing vector. The formula is such that it may 11 Note the difference with the deformation of the extremal case considered in [14]: there, the authors consider non-supersymmetric magnetically charged solutions, whereas we have to preserve supersymmetry in order to apply our methods, so we consider dyons. Again, we thank Chiara Toldo for remarks on this solution.

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be evaluated knowing only the topology of the four-manifold M and the action generated by the vector field, together with certain signs that are determined by chirality data. We have shown that (1.1) straightforwardly reproduces the actions of explicitly known solutions in the literature, but also that it may be used to simply write down the actions of solutions, assuming they exist.
Recall that the standard holographic dictionary connects the on-shell action to the partition function of a dual field theory defined the boundary manifold M 3 = ∂M , at least in an appropriate strong coupling limit. We may make this more precise in the current setting by embedding the construction into string/M-theory, where recall that minimal N = 2 gauged supergravity is a consistent truncation of 11-dimensional supergravity on any Sasaki-Einstein 7-manifold Y 7 [8]. Thus, at least locally, any bulk solution on a fourmanifold M uplifts to an 11-dimensional solution that is the total space of a fibration of Y 7 → M . As discussed in [11,15], globally there are some restrictions on which Y 7 may be fibred, depending on the topology of M and the spin c gauge bundle defined by the Abelian gauge field. However, there are by now large classes of Sasaki-Einstein Y 7 for which the dual three-dimensional superconformal field theories on M 3 = ∂M are known explicitly, starting with the seminal work of [34] for Y 7 = S 7 /Z k . These are typically Chern-Simons-matter theories, with the supergravity saddle point limit corresponding to a limit of large rank N of the gauge group. As mentioned already, many of the expressions for the on-shell action reviewed in the paper have already been matched to such corresponding field theory calculations, showing agreement. However, thanks to (1.1) we now have much more general expressions. For example, (4.53) gives the action of solutions with topology M = O(−p) → S 2 with a general choice of supersymmetric Killing vector, which are continuously connected to the explicit 1/4 BPS solution of [11] with this topology, which has a particular fixed supersymmetric Killing vector. The formula (4.53) is hence a prediction for the large N limit of appropriate classes of Chern-Simons-matter theories on the Lens space L(p, 1) = S 3 /Z p , as discussed in section 4.5. The field theory computation required to check this prediction is a generalization of that appearing in [15], which reproduces the 1/4 BPS result (4.35).
However, one can go much further. One could start with any Lens space M 3 = L(p, q), as discussed in section 4.6, with any choice of toric supersymmetric Killing vector (4.61). This defines a rigid supersymmetric three-manifold background [16], and moreover there are now techniques to compute the partition functions of supersymmetric Chern-Simonsmatter theories on any such three-manifold [35,36] (for rational a 1 /a 2 ∈ Q). One can then take the appropriate large N limit to compare to the supergravity saddle point result (1.1). In [15], both of the 1/4 BPS bolt ± solutions with action (4.35) were seen quite explicitly in the field theory analysis, despite the fact that it is the upper sign branch solution that has the least action. Indeed, for p = 1 this action is also smaller than the action for the solution with topology R 4 , which corresponds to yet another large N saddle point solution in field theory. This issue is discussed at length in [15]. It is natural to conjecture that the field theory computation in fact "sees" the various supergravity fillings of a given M 3 , where different supergravity fillings can have different topology, but also different chirality JHEP10(2019)252 data, determining the signs in (1.1). 12 Since it is known how to perform these field theory computations, this is perhaps the most immediate and interesting direction to pursue given the results of this work. For example, an immediate problem is to reproduce the L(3, 2) filling action in (4.62). Moreover, one might ask if there is in a precise sense a gravity dual of the Seifert fibering operators of [36], that change the topology of the Seifert threemanifold boundary M 3 , and correspondingly lead to a change in the filling four-manifold and action (1.1).
In the absence of explicit solutions, application of (1.1) also requires us to assume such a supergravity solution actually exists, which leads naturally to the question of existence and uniqueness of solutions. We note this is similar to the situation in [37], where the volumes of (toric) Sasaki-Einstein manifolds could be computed explicitly, again assuming that the Einstein equation actually has a solution. In this setting, reference [38] subsequently proved that such solutions do indeed always exist. This is in general a problem in geometric analysis. However, we also note that one might more simply address this existence problem for self-dual solutions, as briefly summarized in section (4.2), since the PDE (4.14) in this case is integrable. Indeed, formally infinite families of solutions to this equation may be written down, where M has a T 2 isometry, as summarized in section 5.4 of [13], following [39]. Given that local solutions satisfying the supergravity equations are trivial to construct within this ansatz, this is likely the best place to begin to answer these (global) existence questions.
Of course, in the context of holographic approaches to quantum gravity, it would also be very interesting to consider the subleading corrections in the rank of the gauge group of the boundary theory, as done for instance in [40][41][42][43]. In particular, we notice that in the latter reference the corrections have been computed for the minimal gauged supergravity considered here, for the black hole solution (4.68), even though there it was seen in the context of a reduction from 7-dimensional supergravity with a view to holography and the 3d/3d correspondence.
In a different direction, a natural generalization of this work would consider different, less simple, supergravity theories. This is particularly motivated by holographic computations of the entropy of black holes. For instance, in agreement with [14], we found in section 4.7 a relation between the on-shell action and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the Lorentzian black hole. A priori, the standard gauge/gravity dictionary relates the bulk on-shell action to the boundary partition function. However, in models where gravity is coupled to vector multiplets (namely the STU model), a relation, involving a Legendre transform, between the black hole entropy and the supersymmetric partition function computed via localization has been originally advocated in [32], and then shown to be a consequence of the BPS relation [44,45]. It would be interesting to see if there is a generalization of the structure underlying supersymmetric solutions that we have found here, see e.g. [14,32,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54].
Finally, as already remarked in the introduction, supersymmetric localization for field theories on curved backgrounds has allowed for spectacular improvements in our under-

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standing of quantum field theories at strong coupling, and the duality relations that appear in that regime. Here we have presented a formula (1.1) that suggests that a localization similar in spirit already happens in classical supergravity. It is interesting to speculate whether there is a more precise connection between the boundary and bulk computations, and indeed whether the formula (1.1) can be understood directly from a large N field theory computation on the boundary three-manifold M 3 = ∂M .