Partition Functions with spin in AdS_2 via Quasinormal Mode Methods

We extend the results of arXiv:1401.7016, computing one loop partition functions for massive fields with spin half in AdS_2 using the quasinormal mode method proposed by Denef, Hartnoll, and Sachdev in arXiv:0908.2657. We find the finite representations of SO(2,1) for spin zero and spin half, consisting of a highest weight state |h\rangle and descendants with non-unitary values of h. These finite representations capture the poles and zeroes of the one loop determinants. Together with the asymptotic behavior of the partition functions (which can be easily computed using a large mass heat kernel expansion), these are sufficient to determine the full answer for the one loop determinants. We also discuss extensions to higher dimensional AdS_{2n} and higher spins.

One well-studied method for computing these one loop determinants is the heat kernel [20]. The heat kernel can be expanded at large mass for any spacetime (and many operators) in terms of a set of local curvature scalars. However, in order to compute the full one loop determinant, we need to know the spectra of all fluctuating fields present, as well as their eigenfunctions. This method is well-established but becomes unwieldy for high numbers of fields or non-minimal couplings, because those cases involve complicated diagonalization of the mass matrices. Simplifications can be made if the group theory structure of the field content is well-understood [21,22]. Recently, [23][24][25] worked towards streamlining the calculation of determinants relying on the on-shell spectrum but still using the heat kernel method.
In [2], Denef, Hartnoll, and Sachdev developed a fundamentally different approach for calculating the one loop determinant, by studying it in the complex mass plane. Instead of computing the partition function Z(∆) for a given mass set by the conformal dimension ∆, they treat Z(∆) as a function on the complex ∆ plane. If Z(∆) is a meromorphic function in the complex ∆ plane -which we will see is a reasonable assumption for our purposes -one can determine the function from the location and multiplicities of its poles and zeros, up to a polynomial function of ∆. We fix the polynomial part by studying the large mass behavior of Z(∆) via the local curvature expansion of the heat kernel method.
In [1], we used this quasinormal mode method to compute partition functions for scalars in even dimensional AdS 2n spaces. In this note, we apply this method to massive fields with spin half, spin one, and spin two in the context of AdS 2 . 1 We connect the modes responsible for the poles or zeroes in the one loop determinant to finite representations of SO (2,1). This connection further simplifies calculation of the one loop determinant.
In Sec. 2 we review the quasinormal mode method of Denef, Hartnoll, and Sachdev (hereafter DHS) [2] and the results of [1] for massive scalars in AdS 2 . In Sec. 3, we compute the modes responsible for partition function poles of the massive scalar field via finite representations of SO(2, 1), efficiently reproducing the modes previously found in [1]. In Sec. 4, we extend this algebraic method to effortlessly compute the relevant spin half (Dirac spinor) modes and reproduce known results in the literature. In Sec. 5, we discuss how to use the algebraic method to generalize the computations to spin one and two in AdS 2 . Along the way, we also discuss generalizations of the spin zero and spin half (Dirac spinor) in higher even-dimensional AdS 2n , with details given in Appendix A.

Computing zero modes
In this section we review the DHS method [2] for computing one loop determinants and partition functions. We will focus on a complex scalar field in AdS 2 (with AdS length ℓ A ) as a guiding example, following the computation in [1].
The central idea of the DHS method is to consider the one loop determinant as a function of a mass parameter, and then continue that mass parameter to the complex plane. Considering the determinant as a function of a complex mass parameter allows us to use the power of complex analysis, in particular Weierstrass's factorization theorem. This theorem states that any meromorphic function on the complex plane can be determined from its zeroes and poles. 2 We are specifically interested in computing one loop determinants, whose zeroes and poles in the complex mass plane can be found from the kinetic operator's spectrum. Hence Weierstrass's theorem provides a shortcut for calculating one loop determinants, provided we assume they are meromorphic.
Let us consider the example of the complex scalar field in AdS 2 . At one loop, its partition function is proportional to the inverse determinant of the massive Klein-Gordon operator, . (2.1) The conformal dimension ∆ can be expressed in terms of the mass m of the complex scalar via Since the boundary conditions in AdS spaces are usually defined in terms of the conformal dimension ∆, we will continue this parameter (rather than m) to the complex plane.
By inspection of Eq. (2.1) we see that the partition function Z is a function of ∆ with no zeroes and with poles located at ∆ = ∆ ⋆ , where ∆ ⋆ is a particular value of the conformal dimension for which there exists a φ ⋆ satisfying That is, φ ⋆ is a zero mode of the Klein-Gordon operator with mass set by the conformal dimension ∆ ⋆ . In order for ∆ ⋆ to indicate a pole in Z(∆), its associated solution φ ⋆ must be single-valued and contain only the "normalizable" behavior at the conformal boundary of AdS 2 . In global coordinates the boundary and single-valued conditions on the solutions φ ⋆ become For AdS 2 , the explicit solutions φ ⋆ are given in [1]: These φ ⋆ solve Eq. (2.3) under the boundary conditions (2.5), with ∆ ⋆ = h.
There are −2h + 1 solutions φ ⋆ for each value of h = ∆ ⋆ , we denote this degeneracy by D h .
The partition function Z(∆) is then given by Here h is an index labelling the distinct poles ∆ ⋆ = h of Z(∆), with the product running over all nonpositive integers h ∈ Z ≤0 . Pol(∆) is an as-yet undetermined function; it must be polynomial in ∆ since it cannot contribute any new poles or zeros to Z(∆).
Rather than continue to work with an infinite product, we take the logarithm of Z(∆): where in the second line we have treated the infinite sum via zeta function regularization. 3 ζ(s, x) is the Hurwitz zeta function, found by the analytic continuation of ζ(s, x) = ∞ k=0 (x + k) −s , and ζ ′ (s, x) = ∂ s ζ(s, x).
The only undetermined part of the partition function Z(∆) at this point is the polynomial Pol(∆). This polynomial encodes the behavior of Z(∆) at large ∆, which can be computed from a large mass heat kernel expansion, where ∆ and m are related by (2.2). The heat kernel expansion of Z(∆) at large m (and thus large ∆) for a generic spacetime of dimension d + 1 is given by [20], The coefficients a k encode information about the operator in the one loop determinant as well as the manifold geometry and background fields; they are given by combinations of curvature invariants such as R, R µν , etc. 4 In our current example, with d + 1 = 2 and the Klein-Gordon operator, the 3 Pol(∆) is sufficient to account for any zeta function regularization ambiguities in the cases we study; we expect this behavior to be generic. 4 In the presence of a background gauge field the a k would also have insertions of the field strength Fµν .
nonzero coefficients are 5 (2.12) The integrals over the manifold yield factors of the regularized volume of AdS 2 , since R = − 2 The trace in the definition of the a k sums over the Lorentz index structure of the fields, which is trivial for a scalar. With these coefficients, and using the regulated Vol AdS 2 = −2πℓ 2 A , the heat kernel expansion for a scalar in AdS 2 is (2.13) Evaluating this integral with cutoff ǫ = e −γ Λ −2 determines the large mass, or large ∆, behavior of Z(∆). As shown explicitly in [1], requiring Eq. (2.10) to match this large ∆ behavior fixes Pol(∆): (2.14) And we now have an expression for the partition function at any ∆: It is important to note that we only needed the large mass expansion (2.11), instead of the full heat kernel.
In summary, we have outlined in this section the zero-mode or DHS method [2] for computing partition functions. We have also reviewed the specific case of the AdS 2 scalar partition function, as computed in [1] for the broader case of AdS 2n , by following the prescription: • Find all zero modes φ ⋆ as well as their conformal dimensions ∆ ⋆ and degeneracies D ⋆ .
• Use zeta function regularization to write the logarithm of the partition function.
• Match the asymptotic behavior of Z(∆) with that of the heat kernel curvature expansion to find Pol(∆).
The evaluation of one loop determinants for other fields follows the prescription outlined here for the scalar field.

An algebraic approach to scalar zero modes
In [1], we found the modes φ ⋆ that solve (2.3) by explicitly solving the equation of motion and finding values of ∆ ⋆ for which φ ⋆ had the desired boundary behavior. In this section, we will show 5 For an even dimensional spacetime with no boundary contribution all the odd k coefficients are zero.
that these same modes can be produced from studying the highest weight representations for the SO(2, 1) isometry group of AdS 2 , even though these representations will not be unitary under the L 2 norm. We then explain how to generalize this algebraic method to higher dimensional AdS 2n .

The SL(2, R) algebra
We will find it useful to consider the SL(2, R) algebra which is isomorphic to the isometry group SO(2, 1) of AdS 2 . The algebra is generated by L 0 , L ±1 , and satisfies the commutation relations where we have abbreviated L ±1 = L ± . The quadratic Casimir for this algebra is L 2 0 − L 0 − L − L + . States with well-defined conformal dimension ∆ are also eigenstates of the Casimir, with eigenvalue ∆(∆ − 1).
Since we want to find the specific values ∆ ⋆ at which (2.3) has a solution φ ⋆ , we consider states with a well-defined ∆. Since these are Casimir eigenstates, we use ∆ to label the representations we study. A particular state can be specified by its L 0 eigenvalue ℓ 0 combined with ∆. Note L ± act as lowering/raising operators on the eigenvalue ℓ 0 . Additionally, since the quasinormal mode method will only work when the degeneracy of the states φ ⋆ is finite, we will insist that the representations have finite length.
If a representation labelled by ∆ has finite length, then it must have a highest weight state where h here labels both the L 0 eigenvalue and the value of ∆. Since we want a finite length representation, we also require (L − ) p+1 |h = 0, (L − ) p |h = 0, where p + 1 is the length of the representation, and p ∈ Z ≥0 . We can then use the commutator algebra to deduce In other words, 2h must be a non-positive integer, and the dimension of the representation with highest weight state |h is given by p + 1 = 2(−h) + 1.
We will also need expressions for the symmetry generators in specific coordinates. These are the Killing vectors of AdS 2 . We present these as vectors; the generators themselves are Lie derivatives acting in these directions. For the coordinates in Eq. (2.4), we have In Poincaré coordinates, with metric they are The Killing vectors L µ i ∂ µ (with i = 0, +, −) act on a scalar through their Lie derivatives, i.e. they act on a scalar function φ as For notational simplicity, we denote this action as L i φ.

The scalar finite representations on AdS 2
In order to study which values of h and thus ∆ ⋆ are actually exhibited in the scalar case, we use Poincaré coordinates. A highest weight state must solve Eq. (3.2); for a scalar function φ h (t, z) of weight h these become Solving these equations we find where we have ignored overall normalization since it is irrelevant for our analysis. Consider now where p + 1 is the length of the representation, and p ∈ Z ≥0 . Since L p − φ h is an eigenfunction of L 0 with eigenvalue h + p, it must be of the form The fact that φ h is highest weight implies that L p+1 where we have used the fact that h = −p/2 (with 2h a non-positive integer) from Eq. (3.4). If p is a non-negative even integer, this equality is trivial since (1 + t 2 ) p/2 is a polynomial of degree p, and is thus annihilated by a p + 1 derivative. If p is instead a positive odd integer, then (1 + t 2 ) p/2 is some positive integer power of √ 1 + t 2 and is not annihilated by any positive number of t-derivatives.
Thus, p must be a non-negative even integer, so h = −p/2 must be a non-positive integer. In short, we find that on AdS 2 , the finite scalar representations consist of where h ∈ Z ≤0 . Since these are the zero modes, with ∆ ⋆ = h and degeneracy D h = −2h + 1, we have the same locations and degeneracies for the poles in Eq. (2.8). Consequently, this algebraic method recovers the same answer for the partition function of the AdS 2 scalar as found previously in [1].

Matching these scalar states to those from [1]
In the previous section, we did not impose boundary conditions on the functional form of the scalar states. Instead, we simply insisted that the states in which we are interested should be in finite representations labelled by a fixed value of ∆. These restrictions resulted in the same number of states for each ∆ as we found via boundary conditions in [1], shown here in Eq. (2.7).
We now show that these two sets of states are related to each other via linear combination; consequently, the algebraic conditions do also impose the boundary conditions in Eq. (2.5). The lowest case, when h = 0, is actually quite trivial; both functions are just constants and thus equivalent up to overall normalization.
The next case, case h = −1, requires a bit more work. In terms of the φ hl defined in Eq. (2.7), the highest weight state φ −1 becomes This can be checked two ways: first, via the (complicated) coordinate transformation between (2.4) and (3.7), and secondly by checking that the linear combination on the right hand side is a highest weight state, using the explicit expressions for L 0 , L ± in (3.5, 3.6).
More generally, the highest weight state is proportional to Similarly, the descendants of these highest weight states can also be written as linear combinations of the φ h,l . We can find the exact linear combination by noticing that L − − L + is an eigenoperator for φ h,l : It is additionally useful to recall that L + φ h = 0, and L 0 φ h = hφ h . Using these facts, we can write explicit expressions for L k − φ h as linear combinations of the φ h,l , and each linear combination is unique; however the general expressions are not particularly illuminating so we do not reproduce them here.
Instead, we now move on to discuss the boundary conditions. Since the highest weight states

Generalization to higher dimensional AdS 2n
In [1] for AdS 2n , the zero modes were obtained to be with degeneracy where d+1 = 2n. The algebraic method of finding finite dimensional representation of SO(d+1, 1), for 2n = d + 1, is most efficiently phrased in terms of finding the zero-eigenvalues of the innerproduct matrix at each level. This calculation, though fairly straightforward, is extremely tedious at higher-levels. In Appendix A.1, we have diagonalized the inner-product matrix for the case of

Lie derivatives and spinors
The definition of a Lie derivative acting on a spinor along a Killing vector V = V µ ∂ µ is [28] Highest weight states are eigenstates of L L 0 that are annihilated by L L + , so the highest weight spinors ψ must solve 2) We work in Poincaré coordinates as in Eq. (3.7) and choose the gamma matrices γâ = {γt, γẑ}, where hatted indices refer to frame indices, to be The SL(2, R) generators in Poincaré coordinates are given in Eq.
At this point it is already clear why Poincaré coordinates are advantageous: for V = L + , we have Moreover, the action of L L i on a two component spinor ψ with upper component φ 1 and lower component φ 2 is In Poincaré coordinates, the action of the SL(2, R) generators L 0 , L ± on ψ becomes Since L 0 and L + act independently on the top and bottom components of the spinor, the problem of finding spin half highest weight states is quite similar to the problem of finding scalar highest weight states.
As one acts repeatedly with L − to find all states in a finite representation there is a departure from the scalar case due to the extra terms in the expression of L L − ψ. We will see that this departure manifests itself mainly in the number of states in the finite representations, which is to be expected for a representation with a different spin.

Finite representations
We consider a highest weight state ψ h such that The condition L + ψ h = 0 requires both components of ψ h to be independent of time, The condition L 0 ψ h = hψ h requires ψ h to be of the form where c 1 , c 2 are constants. As shown in Eq. (3.4), these conditions together with the commutation relations require h = −p/2, for p ∈ Z ≥0 . We find the same result since by definition the Lie derivatives satisfy the same commutation relations; however, we now show that the functional form of the spinor modes imposes further restrictions on the values that h can take.
The state L − p ψ h is an eigenstate of L 0 with eigenvalue h + p, so L − p ψ h must be of the form where G(t/z), G * (t/z) are functions of the combination t/z. We can solve the condition L − p+1 ψ h = 0 to find and G * (t/z) must be its complex conjugate.
The state L + p+1 L − p ψ h vanishes, since L + ψ h = 0. Thus, we find For clarity let us analyze the real and imaginary parts separately: In order to be killed by p + 1 derivatives, the function of t must to be a polynomial of degree p or lower. If p is even, is not polynomial and in fact is not killed by (∂ t ) p+1 . Hence p must be an odd number, in which case [1 + (t/z) 2 ] p−1 2
We already knew from the commutation relations that 2h must be a nonpositive integer; we have now shown that the functional form of the spinor modes additionally requires that 2h is odd, If we consider each chirality separately, then for a given p, we have 2(−h) + 1 = 2(p + 1) states: with L 0 eigenvalues ranging from h = −1/2 − p to −h = 1/2 + p. The states with L 0 eigenvalues greater than −h are annihilated in analogy with the scalar case; the principal difference with respect to the spin zero representations is the number of states.

Sum over modes
In this section, we consider the partition function for a Dirac fermion. We take the spin half modes found previously (4.17) and sum over them by adapting the formula (2.9). In the derivation of (2.9) we remarked that the partition function had only poles (see Eq. (2.1)). This time we are computing a fermionic determinant, The states we found are at −h = −∆ ⋆ = p + 1 2 , p = 0, 1, 2, . . ., with degeneracies 4(p + 1), where 2(p + 1) modes are coming from each chirality. However, only one chirality should be accounted to match the spinor representations of the conformal group [29][30][31]. We insert those values in (4.19) and take the log, where we have again used the Hurwitz zeta function to regularize the sum. We now proceed to find the asymptotics of log Z and evaluate Pol(∆). First we rewrite log Z in terms of the mass m = ∆ − 1 2 and expand around large m, (4.21) To compute Pol(m) we match our expression for large m with the heat kernel curvature expansion of a free spin-half field in AdS 2 [20], The relevant Seeley-DeWitt coefficients are a 0 = 1 and a 2 = − R 12 . We introduced the cutoff e −γ Λ −2 , where Λ is a quantity with dimensions of mass, and γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. The overall minus sign is due to the fact that we are computing a fermionic determinant.
The Ricci scalar of AdS 2 with unit radius is R = −2 and the regularized AdS 2 volume is −2π.
We drop the m-independent term and insert the values for R and the volume of AdS 2 into the heat kernel expansion, obtaining In the last step we rewrote Pol in terms of the conformal dimension ∆. Now that we found Pol, we insert its expression in the formula for the partition function (4.20) completing our computation, This is the partition function of a free Dirac fermion in AdS 2 .
We close this section providing a explicit check with results previously computed by other methods. In [17], Banerjee, Gupta, and Sen compute the heat kernel density for a free Dirac fermion on AdS 2 ; their result is We integrate each term of the heat kernel (4.26) after inserting the mass factor e −tm 2 , where the factor of the regularized volume of AdS 2 arises because Ref. [17] computes a heat kernel density K(t). Expanding around small ǫ, the result is In the second step we have set ǫ = e −γ Λ −2 as in our computation. Comparison of (4.29) with (4.21) shows that the logarithmic terms agree. Moreover, insertion of the polynomial terms (4.24) in (4.21) yields agreement between the polynomial terms computed by [17] as well.
In conclusion, the partition function (4.25) we computed agrees in the large mass limit with the previous results of [17].

Generalization to AdS 4
Similarly to the scalar case (as discussed in 3. In fact, we can use these results alone to recover the logarithmic portion of the spinor one loop effective action in the existing literature. We first use Eq. (2.9) with −h = −∆ ⋆ = p + 1 2 , p = 0, 1, 2, . . . and degeneracies D(p) = 2 3 (p + 1)(p + 2)(p + 3) to find In the large mass expansion, using ∆ = 2 + m and expanding around large m gives which reproduces the log m 2 terms in Ref. [32] upon regularizing the volume of AdS 4 to be (4π 2 )/3.

Massive spin-one and spin-two finite representations
In this section, we will show that finite representations for spin-one and spin-two fields on AdS 2 are directly related to the scalar finite representations on AdS 2 .
The spin one and spin two fields we consider are massive, since the quasinormal mode method relies on treating the partition function as a function of a complex mass parameter. Accordingly, the fields we consider have no gauge symmetry; in order to apply these results to the massless case, we would need to perform gauge-fixing and separately treat the contributions of the associated ghosts on their own.
To start, let us take φ h to be a scalar highest weight mode, i.e. L 0 φ h = hφ h and L + φ h = 0, with representation length D h . We will consider spin one and spin two separately in the following subsections.

Spin one
Let A ≡ A µ dx µ be a one-form. In differential form notation, for an arbitrary vector ξ µ ∂ µ , the Lie derivative acts on φ h and a one-form A by the usual rule: where i ξ is the interior product/contraction.
Next, define the one-form Then i.e. A h is an highest weight spin one field. Furthermore, since if φ h is the scalar highest weight state for a finite representation with dimension D h , then A h is a spin-one highest weight state for a finite representation with the same dimension D h .
On the other hand, consider then since we have that as well as On the other hand, from Ref. [17], in computing the logarithm of partition function for a real massless spin-one field using the heat kernel method, one observes that there is a subtlety coming from extra square-integrable "zero-eigenvalue" modes. This effect accounts for the difference between the vector heat kernel and twice the scalar heat kernel. In fact, from the heat kernel of the massless case, one can easily compute the massive spin-one one-loop determinant. The correction from the zero-eigenvalues modes translates into a log ∆ term which is exactly the same as the contribution h = 0 zero modes we mentioned in the previous paragraph. 7 It is interesting that although the two methods reproduce the same subtle corrections, the origin of this term in our method has to do with removing some modes from the scalar case (much like the S 2 zero-eigenvalue mode's removal which is discussed around Eq. 3.1.10 of Ref. [17]), whereas in Ref. [17] this term comes from additional square integrable zero-eigenvalues.

Spin two
Similarly to the strategy in the spin one case, since a symmetric two-tensor h µν has 3 independent components in AdS 2 and the highest weight conditions are first order, it is sufficient to show that there are 3 independent solutions, each of which is in one-to-one correspondence with the scalar highest weight.
First, consider h = 0 and let A h as well as (Ã h ) be the two highest-weight spin-one fields considered in the previous subsection. Then the two spin-two highest-weight modes can be obtained from the following form of h µν : where g µν is the AdS 2 metric. A short computation shows that where we have used L L 0 g µν = 0 and the fact that This shows that these highest weight spin-two modes are in one-to-one correspondence with the spin one highest weight (which in turn is in bijection with two copies of the scalar highest weight).
Furthermore, we can explicitly check that they are two independent spin-one highest weight modes, so we get two independent spin-two highest weight modes here, each with degeneracy D h . 7 We thank the referee for pointing out this subtle effect which enabled us to do a more careful analysis on the non-existence of the h = 0 spin-one zero mode.
Finally the third highest-weight mode comes from considering h µν = φ h g µν .
(5.11) By Leibniz's rule and the fact that L L 0 g µν = L L + g µν = L L − g µν = 0, we obtain Thus, this spin-two highest weight solution is in one-to-one correspondence with the scalar modes.
For h = 0, the mode proportional to the metric (i.e. φ h g µν ) still exists while the modes L A h g µν and LÃ h g µν vanish and thus they are not non-trivial zero modes. One can in fact demonstrate that for h = 0 the only finite-dimensional representation is given by the φ h g µν mode using explicitly the highest-weight equations on AdS 2 .
In short, for h = 0 we have exhibited three independent highest-weight spin-two modes, and they all come from scalar highest-weight modes. For h = 0, however, we only have one highest-weight mode. Similar to the spin-one case in the previous section, this implies that the log of partition function of a massive spin-two is given by three times the scalar one up to a log mass-squared correction. It would be interesting to compare this to the difference between the spin-two heat kernel and the scalar one, which possibly originates from zero-eigenvalue square-integrable modes, similar to the phenomenon observed for the spin-one case in Ref. [17].
transformations K µ and the SO(d)-rotation subalgebra M µν . 8 They satisfy the algebra with the rest of the commutators being zero. In radial quantization, the hermitian conjugate † acts as Using this algebra, we will study finite representations for a scalar highest weight state as well as a (Dirac) spinor highest weight state.

A.1 Scalar
Consider the highest weight representations of the conformal group with the highest weight scalar state |h satisfying Descendants of the form P µ 1 . . . P µ k |h generate a complete set of states with D = h + k. We call these state level k descendants of |h . At generic values of h, no finite-dimensional representations exist. However, at special (non-unitary) values of h, one might encounter a highest weight state (or null state). This means that we should quotient out (or set to zero within this representation) those null states and their descendants, which results in a finite representation. This representation is called a short/finite representation. We aim to study these representations.
To do so, one turns to the computation of the inner-product matrix at each level. As an illustrative example, we shall first first work out the case for d = 1 and then go on to the case of d = 3 and d = 5.
A.1.1 d = 1 For d = 1, we only have one raising operator P ≡ P 1 and one lowering operator K ≡ K 1 and there are no M µν 's. The inner-product at level k is given by implying that We see that for h = −p/2, p = 0, 1, 2, . . ., the states up to and including level p have non-zero norm whereas M (k) = 0 for k > p. Thus, we have a finite representation whenever h = −p/2 with dimension (p + 1) = 2(−h) + 1 .
A.1.2 d = 3 and d = 5 For d > 1, this inner-product is not diagonal, so we have to diagonalize the inner-product matrix At low levels, one can calculate this rather straightforwardly. For example where we have normalized h|h = 1. Inner-product matrices of higher level can be obtained straightforwardly with longer expressions in terms of products of delta functions. The explicit expressions are long and not enlightening. We diagonalize them using Mathematica for dimension d = 3 and d = 5 with levels up to level 4, and get the following eigenvalues: 9 • For d = 3: k Eigenvalues Multiplicity (A.8) 9 We are not displaying the zero eigenvalues due to antisymmetric states (for example, at level 2, (PiPj −PjPi) |h = 0) since they are irrelevant. Furthermore, we have dropped any overall h-independent prefactor. With these data, we observe that for h being a non-positive integer, the representation is shortened The pattern seems to be that for h = −p, the dimension is 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + . . . + (p + 1)(p + 2)/2 + . . . + 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 The pattern seems to be that for h = −p, the dimension is In summary, we have obtained some evidence suggesting that for a general AdS d+1 , the finite representation with a scalar highest weight h is given by h = −p, p = 0, 1, 2, . . . with dimension of the representation given by 2p + d d p + d − 1 d − 1 . (A.14) These values of h (and the dimension of their representations) coincide with the zero modes obtained in [1]. It will be interesting to relate the results in this section (or the zero-modes) to the rational representations of conformal blocks [33][34][35].

A.2 Spinor
Consider the highest weight representation of the conformal group with the highest weight spinor state |h, a (with a being an index in the spinor representation of the SO(2n)) satisfying D |h, a = h |h, a , K µ |h, a = 0, M µν |h, a = − We follow the conventions in Chapter 3.1 of [36] for Euclidean γ µ . The convention for Σ µν is such that it satisfies the same algebra as M µν in Eq. (A.1).
In particular, for d = 3 (or n = 1), we have 2-component spinors and 2 × 2 gamma matrices chosen as γ 1 = σ 1 = 0 1 1 0 where σ i 's are the Pauli matrices. The rest of the structures (e.g. how to build descendants and etc) are the same as in the scalar case, except we now have to keep track of the degeneracy in the a index. In principle, we could perform the analysis for any n. However, due to the time-consuming nature of such analysis at higher dimensions and higher levels, here we shall only deal with the case of AdS 4 (i.e. d = 3 or n = 1).