Lepton universality violation with lepton flavor conservation in B-meson decays

Anomalies in semileptonic B-meson decays present interesting patterns that might be revealing the shape of the new physics to come. Under the assumption that neutrino and charged lepton mass terms are the only sources of flavor violation and given the hierarchy between the two, we find that charged lepton universality violation without charged lepton flavor violation naturally arises. This can account for a deficit of B+ → K+μμ over B+ → K+ee decays with new physics coupled predominantly to muons and a new physics scale of a few TeV. A generic prediction of this scenario is a large enhacement of tauonic B decay rates that, in particular, could accommodate an excess in B → D(∗)τ ν. For the most part, the study is carried out in an effective field theory framework with an underlying SU(2)L × U(1)Y symmetry that emphasizes the model-independent correlations between low- and high-energy observables. As an example, a connection between B-decays and top physics is pointed out. To complement the discussion, all possible (spin 0 and 1) leptoquark models are matched to the low-energy field theory so that the effective analysis can be used to survey these candidates for new physics.


Introduction
Flavor processes have long been known to be a sensitive indirect probe into new physics (NP) reaching as high in energies as thousands of TeVs. In fact, in the absence of direct evidence of new particles, flavor physics may well spearhead the discovery of whatever theory lays beyond the Standard Model (SM). The main body of flavor data presents an overwhelming agreement with the SM, although a few anomalies have started to surface in B-meson decays. Individually, none of these tensions with the SM is statistically significant JHEP10(2015)184 2 The high-and low-energy effective theories

The low-energy effective Lagrangians
Flavor-changing neutral currents are induced at the quantum level and are GIM [51] suppressed in the SM. In particular, ∆B = 1 decays are described by the effective Lagrangian [52][53][54]: where Fermi's constant is, in terms of the electroweak vev, G F = 1/( √ 2v 2 ), v = 246GeV, the chiral projectors are defined as usual, P R,L = (1 ± γ 5 )/2, λ pi = V pb V * pi with i running through s and d quarks, and where the C 1...10 are the Wilson coefficients of the effective theory. The O p 1,2 and O 3−6 are the "current-current" and "QCD penguin" four-quark operators; O 7 and O 8 encapsulate the effects of the "electromagnetic" and "chromo-magnetic" penguins [53]. Finally, O 9 , O 10 and O ν are semi-leptonic operators involving either charged leptons or neutrinos and will be the relevant ones for our study. These are defined as: where b is the bottom quark field, d i stands for the strange and down quarks, d i = s, d, and l, ν are the charged lepton and neutrino, respectively. Chirally-flipped (b L(R) → b R(L) ) versions of all these operators are negligible in the SM, although they need not be so in NP scenarios. In addition, NP can generate scalar and tensor operators [2], where σ µν = i [γ µ , γ ν ]/2. The flavor index for leptons has been omitted, but we bear in mind that there is an operator for every lepton flavor choice. The charged current Lagrangian will also be necessary for our study. To leading order in G F , the most general elementary charged-current Lagrangian mediating semileptonic decays reads [55,56]: where V is the CKM matrix, u i runs through u, c, and t quarks, U stands for the PMNS matrix, lepton indices have not been made explicit for briefness and the Wilson coefficients JHEP10(2015)184 quantify deviations from the SM. The Lagrangian in eq. (2.5) together with that in eq. (2.1) with the addition of the operators in eqs. (2.3)-(2.4) constitute the most general low energy Lagrangian that describes B-meson (semi-)leptonic decays with left-handed neutrinos. 1

The SM effective field theory
If the relevant mass scale of NP, Λ, is larger than the electroweak vev, we can integrate out the new particles in the unbroken phase and obtain operators explicitly invariant under the SM gauge group: SU(3) c × SU(2) L × U(1) Y . The effective field theory built with the most general set of operators will be referred to as the Effective Field Theory of the Standard Model (SMEFT) and relies on the expansion on the ratio of the weak scale v over the high energy scale Λ. The first terms in this expansion are dimension five [57] and dimension six operators [58,59]. A particular advantage of the SMEFT is that it allows to treat a wide variety of phenomena spanning different energy regimes, from Higgs physics to kaon decays, in a systematic and model-independent fashion. In the following, we assume that the electro-weak symmetry breaking is linearly realized, meaning that the Higgs doublet is treated as an elementary set of scalar fields. The non-linear realization would imply a larger set of operators at leading order [60], breaking the SU(2) L × U(1) Y relations of [30].
The contributions that preserve lepton number are, at leading order, operators of dimension six, L NP = 1 Λ 2 i C i Q i , and the operators contributing to (semi-)leptonic processes at low energies are of the Higgs-current times fermion-current or four-fermion type [59]. Those containing a Higgs current nonetheless induce, at the B-meson scale and for neutral-current decays either QFV or LUV but not both in the same operator at leading order, so we will neglect them here. The four-fermion operators inducing B-meson (semi-)leptonic rare decays are: where color and weak-isospin indices are omitted, τ I stand for the Pauli matrices in SU(2) Lspace, q and are the quark and lepton doublets respectively, q = (u L , d L ) and = (ν L , l L ) and e R and d R are the right-handed charged leptons and down-type quarks. Contributions to charged-current or up-quark flavor-neutral decays can also be generated by: where u R stands for up-type right-handed quarks and flavor indices have also been omitted for brevity. In general we will use greek letters for lepton flavor indices and latin letters JHEP10(2015)184 for quark flavor indices, using the notation: (Q . Each operator appears in the Lagrangian with a coefficient C i /Λ 2 , such that at low energy one cannot tell the scale Λ from the dimensionless coefficient C i . However we will not consider arbitrary values of the two parameters for a fixed value of the ratio; we will consider only perturbative coefficients, in particular C ≤ 4π. An illustration of the implication of this limit on the couplings of specific models will be presented in section 6. In order to connect to the effective Lagrangians at low energies, we transform from the interaction basis to the mass basis. In our convention this implies q L,i → ((V † u L ) i , d L,i ), α → ((U ν) α , l α ) and the right-handed fermions need not be rotated. Please note that this choice does not imply a loss of generality.
The connection between the Lagrangians in eq. (2.1) and that built with the operators of eq. (2.6) is (for complete expressions see [30,61]), where C edq corresponds to the hermitian of the operator Q edq for the flavor entry ji = bs. Note that as discussed in ref. [30], not all operators in eqs. (2.2)-(2.4) are generated or independent; in our particular case only 6 of the 10 operators are independent. The operator Q q also contributes to L c.c. , where we have omitted lepton-flavor indices. Note that contributions to ij R up to O(v 2 /Λ 2 ) can only be generated by one of the Higgs-current operators, iH † D µ Hūγ µ d R , after integrating out the W boson and, therefore, it respects lepton universality [55]. Contributions to left-handed charged quark currents coupled to anomalous lepton charged currents via the exchange of a W boson have a negligible effect in meson decays due to the experimental constraints on the relevant W lν couplings that can be derived from the weak boson decays [23,62]. 2 A corollary of this is that not only for the neutral-current but also for the charged-current B decays, any NP effect violating lepton universality at O(v 2 /Λ 2 ) must originate from the four-fermion operators of the SMEFT Lagrangian.
All the expressions included in this section describe the tree-level matching between the low-and high-energy EFT. A full analysis connecting the EFT to the parameters of 2 There is a notable exception in the W ν couplings as LEP data contains a few-percent excess, at ∼ 2.5σ, of tauonic decays with respect to electronic or muonic. However, this is difficult to understand in the light of the per-mille-level lepton-universality tests done with the purely leptonic τ decays (see [63] for a comprehensive analysis).

Lepton Universality Violation without Flavor Violation
Symmetry considerations offer insight and robust arguments in particle physics. They explain the absence of certain effects or their suppression with respect to others. It seems therefore a good idea to pose the question of LUV and LFV in terms of symmetries: Is there any symmetry that allows lepton universality violation but conserves lepton flavor? Yes, lepton family number: U(1) τ × U(1) µ × U(1) e . This symmetry conserves tau, muon and electron number, although it allows for their respective couplings to differ from one another. Since this is the central point of this discussion, let us be more precise about the definition of the symmetry.
The gauge interactions of the SM respect a global flavor symmetry which in the case of leptons is U(3) × U(3) e . The symmetry transformation is a unitary rotation in generationspace for each SM lepton having different quantum numbers, explicitly: where we have grouped the global U(1) symmetries into a vector rotation U(1) L , which is the customary Lepton Number, and an axial rotation U(1) e− . The Yukawa interactions break this symmetry, leaving aside for a moment neutrino masses, they read: where we have separated the Yukawa couplings into an overall flavor blind complex parameter, ε ψ , and a normalized matrix that determines the flavor structure along the lines of ref. [68]. The relation to the usual notation is In particular this normalization sets |ε e | 2 = y 2 e + y 2 µ + y 2 τ . For leptons, at this level, the presence of a Yukawa term breaks the symmetry although not completely. Indeed one can use a unitary transformation in flavor space, which does not affect the rest of the Lagrangian, to make Y e diagonal: whereÛ ,e stand for special-unitary matrices, θ e, are global phases, and note that ε e only transforms under U(1) −e . In this basis, is easy to see that there is an unbroken flavor symmetry:

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This is the definition of the symmetry referred to at the beginning of the section, and requires the introduction of the mass basis for charged leptons as discussed above; it has been, indeed, long ago identified in the SM. Any other source of lepton-flavor symmetry breaking beyond the SM will be, in general, non-diagonal in the charged-lepton mass basis.
In this case, we have the breakdown of the leptonic flavor symmetry down to (possibly) U(1) L and both, LUV and LFV, would ensue, as recently pointed out [35]. On the other hand, if the NP explicitly respects the U(1) τ × U(1) µ × U(1) e symmetry to an approximate degree, then there can be universality violation but flavor transitions between different generations are suppressed for charged leptons.
This assumption has to be nonetheless confronted with two potential problems: i) the fact that neutrinos are massive making the symmetry not exact and, ii) at a more theoretical level, why would the NP flavor structure align with the charged lepton mass basis.
The presence of neutrino masses breaks the symmetry since angles in the mixing matrix connect different generations; in other words, the conservation of this symmetry would require the charged lepton and neutrino masses to be simultaneously diagonalizable and hence a trivial mixing matrix. Our assumption requires that this source of breaking be negligible in the observables of interest and these involve charged leptons. This seems most natural by looking at values of charged lepton vs neutrino masses (m e /m ν 10 6 ) and it also follows in specific models, e.g., the generic type I seesaw. There are particular models for which our hypothesis does not hold [69]; these are examples of conventional MLFV, [68,70,71], where the best phenomenological probes are charged LFV processes. Also note that, since these effects are negligible in our scheme, we do not have to specify the mechanism for neutrino mass generation, avoiding the ambiguities it entails.
As for the second point, even if there is nothing a priori unsustainable about assuming that the NP aligns withŶ e , see e.g. ref. [72], there is a simple and furthermore predictive explanation: the source of flavor in the NP is the charged lepton Yukawa coupling. The assumption thatŶ e and ε e control the flavor structure of new physics follows in Minimal Flavor Violation (MFV) [68,70,71,73,74]. The implementation of MFV is simply demanding the formal restoration of the flavor symmetry treating the Yukawas as spurions. This procedure assigns transformation properties to Yukawa couplings so as to preserve the symmetry in the Yukawa interactions of eq. (3.2); in particular for leptons and with the definitions of eq. (3.4), we haveŶ e ∼ (3,3) 0,0 and ε ∼ (1, 1) 0,−2 where the lepton symmetry is that of eq. (3.1). Similarly, preserving the lepton flavor symmetry in the Lagrangian built with the operators of eq. (2.6) requires Yukawa insertions as follows: where we have assumed a perturbative expansion in Yukawas, omitting the zeroth term since we are focusing on flavor effects. 3 We will consider the general case in the following

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sections. It is also worth remarking that only the operator Q edq is affected by an axial U(1) e− phase rotation and therefore requires one power of ε e . If we, in addition, assume MFV in the quark sector, the number of operators that induce QFV reduces and the predictivity in quark flavor space increases: where with our normalization |ε d | 2 = y 2 d + y 2 s + y 2 b and |ε u | 2 = y 2 u + y 2 c + y 2 t . Note that the symmetry argument dictating insertions of ε ψ naturally suppresses scalar operators with respect to the current-current type of 4 fermion operators. On the other hand note that the operator's Q ed , Q d contributions to b → s transitions, whose quark-flavor coefficients would beŶ † dŶ uŶ † uŶd , are suppressed with respect to operators with left-handed quark currents by a factor m s /m b . Finally we shall also note that the operators Q q do induce neutrino flavor violation, this however is much less constrained than charged lepton flavor violation, specially for a four fermion operator that involves the b quark.

Experimental data
We describe in this section the experimental data that is useful for the discussion of the scenarios with LUV in the MFV benchmarks described above.
The LHCb measured the following lepton-universality ratio of the B + → K + decay in the bin q 2 ∈ [1, 6] GeV 2 , The hadronic matrix elements cancel almost exactly in this ratio and R K is predicted to be approximately equal to 1 in the SM [2]. Therefore, a confirmation of this observation, which currently poses a 2.6σ discrepancy with the SM, would imply a clear manifestation of NP and LUV. Different theoretical analyses show that this effect must be contained in the semileptonic operators O ( ) 9,10 of the low-energy Lagrangian [30][31][32][33][34]. In the context of the SMEFT, the (pseudo)scalar ones are ruled out by the branching fraction of B s → (see below) while tensor operators of dimension 6 mediating down-type quark transitions are forbidden by the SU(2) L × U(1) Y symmetry [30].
In the absence of the (pseudo)scalar and tensor contributions and neglecting, for the sake of clarity, m 2 /q 2 , q 2 /m 2 B and m 2 K /m 2 B , the differential decay rate of B → K is, where f + is a (q 2 -dependent) hadronic form factor and T K is a q 2 -dependent function accounting for the (lepton universal) contribution of a virtual photon to the decay [2,76].

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Taking into account that C SM 9 (m b ) = 4.24 −C SM 10 , inspection of eq. (4.2) shows that the R K anomaly requires any suitable combination of the scenarios: is a four body decay with a rich kinematic structure that offers excellent opportunities to search for NP (see e.g. [4,[77][78][79][80] and references therein). In fact, a complete angular analysis of (1 fb −1 ) data collected by the LHCb in the muonic channel showed a 3.7σ discrepancy with the SM in an angular observable called P 5 [9]. Potential discrepancies have also been noted in other observables and different global analyses agree that the tensions can be ascribed to a negative NP contribution to C µ 9 [27,28,34,81,82], or within a (left-handed) scenario where [34], Note that these modifications are compatible with the possible scenarios to accommodate R K in eq. (4.3) and also discard alternatives based on large values of the Wilson coefficients, C SM 9,10 + δC 9,10 = −C SM 9,10 . Indeed, complementarity of these NP interpretations with the measurements of R K and B s → µµ can be found in [30][31][32][33][34]. Interestingly, a recent angular analysis of the full 3 fb −1 data set collected by the LHCb ratifies the discrepancy with the SM [83,84]. It is important to stress, though, that it is not clear yet if the tensions can be accommodated in the SM by means of a not-fully-understood hadronic effect (see for recent discussions [4][5][6][7][8]).

Observation of B d,s → µµ
An important constraint on the b → sµµ operators comes from the observation of B s → µµ [85], which has a branching fraction smaller but in good agreement (compatible at 1.2σ) with the SM prediction [86]: These modes are chirally suppressed and they induce strong bounds on the (pseudo)scalar operators [30]. There is a contribution from the operators O ( ) 10 which reads where y s = τ Bs ∆Γ s /2, A µµ ∆Γ is the mass eigenstate rate asymmetry [87] and where we have explicitly indicated the lepton-flavor dependence of the Wilson coefficients. Taking into account that C SM 10 = −4.31, a contribution as large as: δC µ 10 − δC µ 10 0.5 0 (4.8)

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improves the agreement with the measurement. A similar constraint on the b → dµµ operators stems from the observation, with a significance of 3.2σ, of the B d → µµ decay [85]: which shows an excess of 2.2σ with respect to the SM prediction. Generalizing the formulae introduced above for B s → µµ and having already discarded (pseudo)scalar operators, this measurement allows for contributions of the same order and sign as the SM one: where the Wilson coefficient corresponds to a different quark-flavor transition as those in eq. (4.8). However, the two sets can be connected by flavor symmetries, like for instance through the ratio [85]: which is at 2.3σ above the SM and the MFV prediction, R MFV = R SM = 0.0295 +0.0028 −0.0025 [86]. The MFV prediction follows in particular if one uses MFV in the quark sector to accommodate the anomaly in R K .

Tauonic decays
The rare b → sτ τ transitions are poorly constrained (see [88] for a comprehensive analysis). We focus here on the current experimental limits in the B s → τ τ and B → Kτ τ decays which give the best bounds on the underlying semileptonic operators [88]: where the experimental limits are at 90% C.L. As described in [88], this leads to constraints on C τ 9,10 not better than C τ 9,10 2 × 10 3 .

Rare exclusive b → sνν decays
The exclusive decays into neutrinos have been searched for in the B-factories leading to stringent experimental limits (90% C.L.): which are an order of magnitude larger than the SM predictions [61]. This is better expressed normalizing the decay rate with respect to the SM: 14) JHEP10 (2015)184 so that (4.13) implies [61]: at 90% C.L. These bounds are translated into constraints of the Wilson coefficients. For instance, assuming for simplicity that C ν = 0 we have: where C SM ν −6.35. (For the slightly more involved expressions including C ν see [61]).

Semi-leptonic B-meson and top quark decays
If the spectrum of the decay B → D ( * ) µν is measured, the decay B → D ( * ) τ ν can be predicted with reduced theoretical input [16,17,21,22]. In particular, the ratio of the two decay rates, can be given accurately in the SM [21,22]: Measurement of these modes have been reported by the BaBaR [20] and Belle [18,19] collaborations and an average of the experimental results gives [46]: which amounts to a combined 3.5σ discrepancy with the SM. A possible explanation of this signal is a LUV contribution to the V − A coupling: although not by an equivalent LUV Wilson coefficient from V + A quark currents, cb R , as these can only arise, at leading order, from Higgs-current type of operator in the SMEFT. Finally, it is interesting to note that LUV is not required to explain the signal because contributions from cb s L ,s R or cb T interfere with the SM proportional to m [22].

The B → τ ν decay
The branching fraction of this decay in the SM is given by:  [93] while for the latter we use the value resulting from the unitarity-triangle fit performed by the CKM-fitter collaboration, |V ub | CKM = 3.55(16) × 10 −3 . With this, we obtain: where we have added the errors of f B and |V ub | in quadratures. The current average of the experimental measurements is [23]: which is compatible (the tension is 1.5σ) with the SM. The measurement however leaves room for NP contributions of the type: although a LUV combination ub,τ s R ,s L is also allowed. In any case we want to emphasize that this tension depends crucially on the value of |V ub | and that one needs to bear in mind the long-standing discrepancy between the determinations from the inclusive B → X u + ν and exclusiveB → M ν [23] decays, |V ub | inc = 4.13(49) × 10 −3 [94] and |V ub | exc = 3.28(29) × 10 −3 respectively. In fact, using the inclusive value one obtains

The t → τ νq decay
An important constraint in the NP scenarios discussed below could come from measurements of the semileptonic decay rates of the top quarks into τ . These have been obseved by CDF, with 2 candidate events where the SM expectation is 1.00 ± 0.06 ± 0.16, with 1.29 ± 0.14 ± 0.21 events of expected background [95]. This allows to set a bound on the ratio: namely, R tτ < 5.2 at 95% C.L., or Finally, note that this bound is obtained at energy scales of the order of the top-quark mass, so that the Wilson coefficient needs to be run down to µ = m b in order to study the consequences in B-meson decays. Nonetheless, the one-loop anomalous dimensions of the vector and axial currents are zero in QCD and we neglect the effects of the electroweak contributions.

Model-independent discussion
As discussed in the previous section, the R K anomaly can only be accommodated by LUV contributions to the semileptonic operators O Scenarios with right-handed quark currents are disfavored because they worsen the agreement with the measured branching ratio of B s → µ + µ − , eq. (4.8). Scenarios with righthanded lepton currents do not produce any sizable effect in R K [31].
It is important to keep in mind that the tension in B s → µ + µ − is not statistically very significant and it is not clear yet if the anomalies in B → K * µ + µ − could be caused by uncontrolled hadronic effects. Thus, the measurement of R K can be explained, alternatively, by a NP scenario coupled predominantly to electrons. The b → see decays are far less constrained experimentally than their b → sµµ siblings and all combinations that could be derived from (4.3) are in principle possible.
Nevertheless, for reasons that will become apparent shortly, in this work we focus on NP interpretations of R K where the coupling to electrons is not altered. The required lefthanded-left-handed contributions to b → sµµ can only be generated by the operators Q q induces LUV effects in charged-current decays, eq. (2.9). For muon and electrons the experimental data from rare B decays render these effects negligible; however rare decays to τ leptons are poorly constrained and the loop-suppression factor characteristic of the neutral-current transitions in the SM could compensated by a strong flavor hierarchy. This was illustrated in ref. [36], where the R K and R D ( * ) anomalies were connected assuming a Q (3) q contribution coupled exclusively to third generation of quarks and leptons (in the interaction basis) and generic assumptions on the unitary flavor mixing matrices. In fact, this mechanism had been introduced earlier in ref. [35] to argue that violation of lepton universality would necessarily lead to lepton-flavor violation in b → s (semi)leptonic transitions (see also recently [40]).

MLFV
Given the MFV assumption for the lepton sector and generalizing eq. (3.6) to all orders in the Yukawa expansion (see ref. [96] for a discussion of the quark case), the operators singled out above, Q whereŶ e is the charged lepton Yukawa normalized as in eq. (3.3) and C (1,3) q are generic 3 × 3 hermitian matrices in quark flavor space. F (x) is a general regular function whose zeroth order we neglect, F (0) = 0, since we are interested in non-trivial flavor effects, and it is normalized such that F (0) = 1 which can always be done redefining C same structure in lepton-flavor space. Nonetheless, the same conclusions would follow from the more general case.
In the present MLFV set-up, the unitary rotation that takes to the mass basis also diagonalizes the flavor structure of the NP operators, generating LUV effects governed by the normalized leptonic Yukawa couplings and without introducing LFV in the process. Thus, the above Lagrangian produces the contributions to C α 9 : where f ≡ F (1), α denotes the lepton flavor index, which is expanded as an array in the second line, and the subindex sb denotes the entry in the C (1,3) q matrices. In this case, the b → s anomalies would be explained by NP coupled predominantly to muons: where we have applied the scenario in eq. (5.1) which, for Wilson coefficients of order one, yields an effective NP scale of Λ 2 TeV. In order to discuss the consequences of this ansatz in the physics of the tauonic B-meson decays, we first study the simplest case introduced in section 3 in which F (Ŷ eŶ † e ) =Ŷ eŶ † e or, equivalently, f = 1. The most striking consequence of this scenario is the large enhancement produced in the tauonic transitions as the corresponding operators are multiplied by a large factor. For instance, for the rare B s → τ τ and B → Kτ − τ + decays one is led to: These are still an order of magnitude below the bounds obtained from the experimental limits in eqs. (4.12), although the predicted boost of ∼ 10 3 in these decay rates with respect to the SM should be testable in a next round of experiments at Belle II. A similar enhancement is produced in other operators. In particular, b → sν kνl , where the neutrinos are in the mass basis, receives a contribution, Unlike b → sτ τ , this decay is well constrained experimentally; according to eq. (4.13) we have that, in combination with eq. (5.5), gives q . Although eq. (5.9) seems to impose a fine-tuning, we will see in section 6 how the relation C can arise in a specific model from the quantum numbers for the new particles.
There is another modification in the charged-current effective Lagrangian, eq. (2.9). Neglecting for simplicity the k = 1 flavor entry one finds that all these decays are modified by the combination: The first term is the same entering in R K , eq. (5.5), once the constraint from b → sνν, eq. (5.9), is taken into account. The second term is double-CKM suppressed and if (C q ) bb is of the same order of magnitude as (C A first strategy to solve this problem is to introduce a hierarchy in the quark flavor structure such that −V cb (C In this case one can neglect the contribution from (C (3) q ) bb and explain simultaneously the b → s and tauonic B-decay anomalies without demanding any hierarchy among the effective parameters. Note that in this scenario the constraint obtained from the decays into neutrinos, eq. (5.9), and the prediction of the strong enhancement of the tauonic decay rates in eq. (5.6) hold. 4 In figures 1 we show the contour plots given by the different experimental results in the parameter space of these two scenarios. On the left panel we have the case in which f = 1 and where we have chosen Λ = 1 TeV as the effective NP mass. As we can see, all the measurements discussed above can be accommodated, although at the price of making (C  R K is loop-suppressed with respect to the charged-current, tree-level ones, B → D ( * ) τ ν and B − → τ −ν . In our scenario, the difference between the apparent NP effective scales in these processes is explained by the hierarchy in the couplings introduced by the different lepton masses, with α e /π ∼ (m µ /m τ ) 2 .
Finally, let us discuss the case in which MFV is imposed also in the quark sector. Let us assume for simplicity the scenario in eq. (3.8). In this case, the b → s anomalies are explained with where the flavor structure in the quark sector is given by λ ts . Note that in this case, there is no CKM suppression of the SM contribution with respect to the nonstandard one, so that: Therefore, the effective mass should be close to the electroweak scale, and perturbative couplings c q are only possible for a new physics scale below 1.5 TeV. In this approach one obtains the same predictions for the tauonic channels presented in eq. (5.6) and the constraint c q after considering the decays into neutrinos. However, using eqs. (2.9), (3.8) we find that the contributions to the charge-current B decays now are: Finally, in figure 2 we graphically display the correlation between R K and B → Kτ τ for f = 1, that is, the case in which we keep the leading term only in the expansion in the leptonic Yukawas. In this case there is only one NP parameter controlling both processes, a variation of which produces the curve shown. Allowed experimental values at 90% CL correspond to the white region, and one can see that accommodating R K leads to a B(B → Kτ τ ) that is a few ×10 3 larger than the SM value. If the effect is produced by a leptoquark, then CMS bounds rule out part of the line, see the section 6 for details.

A leptoquark model
The leptoquark particles that couple to SM fermions via operators of dimension d ≤ 4 are either spin-0 or spin-1 bosons and they can be sorted out in terms of their quantum numbers (see [43][44][45][46] and the appendix for details). There is a total of 5 scalars and 5 vector bosons as shown in tables 1 and 2. Assuming that their masses are above the electro-weak scale, we compute their contribution to the 4-fermion operators of the SMEFT in table 3. In this table one can see that only 5 of the scalar and 3 of the vector boson leptoquarks contribute to B-physics and the coefficients they produce for the operators in the low-energy Lagrangian of eqs. The number of independent operators that enter neutral-current B (semi-)leptonic decays is, after imposing the full SU(2) L × U(1) Y symmetry, 6, whereas there are 4 charged JHEP10(2015)184 current operators in eq. (2.5) which receive contributions from leptoquark models. There is therefore a priori enough potential experimental inputs to non-trivially test the hypothesis of a leptoquark in B-physics.
The crucial test for these models however would be the detection of the leptoquark resonances. Since they carry color, the LHC is a powerful tool in the search for leptoquarks, which has however yielded only bounds so far, pushing the mass scale to the TeV range [97,98].
Using table 4 and the previous EFT study of the experimental data, it is straightforward to select the leptoquark model that would better fit the data: a hyper-charge 2/3, SU(2) L -singlet, color-fundamental vector boson. The Lagrangian reads: where gauge and flavor indices have been omitted. Note that this model avoids the contributions to C ν since the SU(2) L contraction only couples up quarks to neutrinos and down quarks to electronsq L L =ū L ν L +d L e L , hence C q . Also note that this model generates the chiral structure for the semi-leptonic operators suggested by data.
The flavor structure is the decisive part of the model and the focus of this work. We will use the MFV hypothesis, which was studied in the context of leptoquarks in ref. [99]. Here we will implement our hypothesis in two ways: • Minimal Lepton Flavor Violation.
If we formally impose only the flavor symmetry of the leptons, SU(3) × SU(3) e × U(1) L × U(1) e− , we have that g q V −2/3 should transform as a (3, 1) 1,−1 and g ed V −2/3 as (1, 3) 1,1 . MLFV prescribes that g q ,ed should be built out of Yukawas, in this case Y e = ε eŶe . Triality, which is the conservation of fundamental indices modulo 3 [100], prevents building a (3, 1) or (1, 3) representation from any number of Yukawas (3,3). 5 This means that we have to assign flavor to V −2/3 , the simplest choice being a fundamental of either SU(3) flavor group. Of the possible choices, the one that yields unsuppressed LUV in the Q q operators is: where g q,d have a quark flavor index but no lepton index and we neglect higher powers in Yukawas. There is an interesting alternative to this scenario that however leads to the same low energy Lagrangian. Indeed, one might object that the above model inserts Yukawa couplings as prescribed by MFV but does not justify how those Yukawas got there in the first place, and is in this sense incomplete. A solution to this is the gauge flavor symmetry scenario [101].
Note that the coupling toē R γ µ d R requires an irrelevant operator. If M 2 is negligible with respect to Y e , a case in which all operators would be marginal and the theory classically conformal, the effective operator Q e , just as in eq. (3.6). Such a model however faces the more pressing question of renormalizability, due to the presence of massive vector bosons. In this sense one can postulate a strong sector in the spirit of QCD that yields as a composite state the vector boson V µ −2/3 as a "ρ" particle, whereas the flavor structure is dictated by the short distance physics of a gauged flavor symmetry model. Also note that a scalar leptoquark would yield a renormalizable theory.
In both cases, at low energy the coefficients of the operators are, neglecting the coupling g d ε e : α e π λ ts δC 9 where g i is i-th component of the quark-family vector g q , we have already made the rotation to the down-type quark mass basis and δC 10 = −δC 9 . The modification to the charged current Lagrangian is: (6.5) In figure 3 we show the experimental constraints on the plane of the (real) leptoquark couplings g s q and g b q and using M = 0.75 TeV. The gray band corresponds to the perturbativity bound g i q = √ 4π. Finally, this model has to confront direct searches at the LHC. Searches for vector leptoquarks decaying to a b quark and a τ lepton have been done by CMS, setting a limit on the mass M > 600GeV [97,98]. 6 • Quark and Lepton Minimal Flavor Violation.
If we now consider the whole flavor group for both quarks and leptons, the number of free parameters decreases since the quark flavor structure is now dictated by the up type Yukawas. Like in the previous case, triality implies that V µ 2/3 has to transform under the flavor group. We will write the quark flavor group as U (3) The choice of flavor transformations that yields the operator Q q with QFV and LUV is: JHEP10(2015)184 where now g, g are overall flavorless constants and note that the U(1) charge assignment is consistent with hypercharge. This dictates that the coefficients of the operators are, neglecting g ε * e ε d : and δC 10 = −δC 9 . Note that the sign of the contribution is fixed and g ∼ 1 implies M ∼ 600 GeV, which is around the current experimental CMS limit. The MLFV prediction in figure 2 depends on the combination g/M for this model. The points marked as α = g 2 /(4π) = 0.1, 0.3, 1 correspond to a mass M = 600 GeV. The red dashed part of the line has α ≥ 1 and we consider it excluded.

Conclusions
We have analyzed various anomalies in the neutral-and charged-current (semi)leptonic B-meson decays that suggest the presence of new interactions violating lepton universality. Although this leads to the expectation of sizable lepton flavor violation in B decays (as discussed recently and abundantly in the literature), we have shown that this is not the case in a general class of new-physics scenarios with minimal flavor violation. Namely, in case one can neglect flavor effects from the neutrino mass generation mechanism, one finds that charged-lepton flavor is preserved but universality is not, with the violation of the latter being controlled by charged-lepton masses. In these scenarios, the skewed ratio R K found experimentally is explained by new physics coupled more strongly to muons than to electrons. Furthermore, the tauonic B-decays receive a strong enhancement due to the relative factor (m τ /m µ ) 2 in the corresponding couplings to the leptons.

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We have first explored the phenomenological consequences of this hypothesis at the level of the effective operators of the standard model effective field theory and have selected a linear combination of them involving only SU(2) L doublets as the most plausible explanation for all the anomalies. Accommodating R K in this scenario implies an O(10 3 ) boost, with respect to the standard model, of the B s → τ τ , B → K ( * ) τ τ and B → Kνν decay rates. The predicted rates to charged τ leptons are an order of magnitude below the current experimental limits and they could be tested in future experiments at B factories. The decay into neutrinos, which is much better measured, poses a strong constraint on the new physics that can be accounted for naturally if it does not couple neutrinos and down-type quarks. As for charged current decays, the enhancement for tauonic decays is approximately the same enhancement that the standard model presents due to charged current decays occurring at tree level as opposed to 1-loop rare decays. In fact, a remarkable outcome is that R K , R D ( * ) and B − → τ −ν anomalies can be explained simultaneously and naturally with new-physics effective mass in the multi-TeV range. A manifest advantage of using an effective field theory setup is that it shows a model-independent interplay between the B-decays of interest and top-physics, with the t → qντ turning to be a complementary and powerful way to test these scenarios.
Finally, as an illustration of our hypothesis in model building, we have surveyed the contributions of all possible spin-0 and spin-1 leptoquark particle models to B-decays. We have first projected their contributions into the effective operators of the standard model effective field theory, integrating the leptoquark fields out, and then we have applied the conclusions of our study to select a unique model that is better suited to fit the data (even if there is room for other possibilities): an SU(2) L singlet, color-fundamental vector boson of hypercharge 2/3. It was shown how the assumed flavor structure of minimal lepton flavor violation could arise from a Lagrangian with operators of dimension ≤ 4, and a particular case was presented in which the flavor structure arose from the vev of scalar fields.

A Leptoquark bosons
For the new leptoquark boson to couple to SM particles through dimension ≤ 4 operators its spin must be 0 or 1, and the interactions with SM fields described by: JHEP10 (2015)184  where SU(2) L and flavor indices have been omitted, each leptoquark is labeled by its hypercharge and ∆ and V denote scalars and vector boson respectively. The SM charge assignments corresponding to each case are displayed in tables 1 and 2.
All the bosons should be fundamentals of the color group and therefore its mass high enough not to have been produced and detected at the LHC. As for the hyper-charges we note that the "coincidences" in tables 1 and 2 are not so but follow from the fact that Yukawa terms in the SM can be build for quarks and leptons with the same hyper-charge 1/2 scalar.
We shall write the Lagrangian for the bosons, respectively, as: where J and J µ are the bilinears in tables 1 and 2, D 2 = D µ D µ is the covariant derivative containing the SM gauge bosons, M 2 > 0 and flavor indices have been omitted for clarity. The way the Lagrangian is written is useful for the integration of the heavy bosons; the term in parenthesis equated to zero is the E.O.M. and vanishes on-shell.

A.1 Contributions to low energy processes
Integrating out the leptoquark bosons in eq. (A.3) yields formally the following effective Lagrangian, g αj,A eq (g βb,A eq ) * g αj,A eq (g βb,A eq ) * /M 2 has been factored out and A is an internal leptoquark index summed over.

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