On some 1/4 BPS Wilson-’t Hooft loops

In this paper, we investigate the 1/4 BPS Wilson-’t Hooft loops in N=4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$\end{document} supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We use the bulk D3-brane solutions with both electric and magnetic charges on its world-volume to describe some of 1/4 BPS Wilson-’t Hooft loops. The D3-brane supersymmetric solutions are derived form requiring κ-symmetry. We find the two consistent constraints for Killing spinors and calculate the conserved charges of straight 1/4 BPS Wilson-’t Hooft loops and expectation values of circular 1/4 BPS Wilson-’t Hooft loops separately.


Introduction
Wilson loop operators are interesting observables in gauge field theories. These operators can be viewed as the worldlines of a very massive quark with the electric charge. In N =4 SYM, the Wilson loops have the general form where x i is the parametrization of the loop C and θ i is a unit vector in R 6 . The A µ are the gauge fields and Φ i are the six scalars in the adjoint representation. According to the AdS/CF T correspondence, the expectation values of fundamental representation Wilson loops are calculated on the AdS side as fundamental string action bounded by the curve C at the boundary [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]: where the S[X] is the string action. For large λ, the expectation value of the Wilson loop is given by the area A of the minimal surface bounded by C as

JHEP10(2015)102
These fundamental strings sweep out a worldsheet in AdS side. There are two simple 1/2 BPS Wilson loops: the infinitely straight line and circular Wilson loop.
For the infinitely straight line Wilson loop, its expectation value is simple The infinitely straight line Wilson loop preserves half of the supersymmetries. For the circular Wilson loop which also preserves half the supersymmetries, its expectation value is (1.5) The circular Wilson loop can be calculated in perturbation theory by reducing the calculation of the rainbow/ladder diagrams to matrix model [8] (1. 6) The leading behavior at large N, it is where I 1 (x) is the Bessel function. For Wilson loops with high rank representation of gauge group, we must consider the interaction between strings. These stings can blow up to D3-branes and/or D5-branes configurations corresponding to symmetric and anti-symmetric representation separately [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] analogous to the gaint gravitons [23][24][25][26]. The expectation value of 1/2 BPS circular Wilson loop in the symmetric representation described by D3-brane is . The expectation value of BPS circular Wilson loop in the Anti-symmetric representation described by D5-brane is where θ k is related to k by (1.10) The N =4 SYM and the type IIB string theory have the electric-magnetic duality SL (2, Z). Under S-duality, the electric charge is replaced with the magnetic charge. We need consider another important loops known as Wilson-'t Hooft loops. The Wilson-'t Hooft loops are the dyon worldlines wich carry both the electric and magnetic charges in gauge theory [27,28]. In purely electric case, they reduce to the Wilson loops. They are classified by a pair of weights (electric and magnetic) for the gauge group and its magnetic dual, modulo the action of the Weyl group. From the string theory, the Wilson-'t Hooft JHEP10(2015)102 loops are the (F 1, D1) bound states ending on the worldvolume of D3-branes [29]. For a (n, m)-string, the string tension is which is invariant under S-duality: (n, m, g s , α ′ ) ↔ (−m, n, g −1 s , α ′ g s ). The 1/2 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops have been discussed in [30]. The expectation value of 1/2 circular BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop is the same as (1.8) with where the Yang-Mills coupling τ is related to the string coupling as following In this paper, we study the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops using D-branes description. We consider 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops in symmetric representation. Similar to the F 1's, these can be studed by using the D3-branes configuration. The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we study the Wilson-'t Hooft loops with insertions using D3-brane description and conserved charges. In section 3, we discuss the 1/4 BPS circular Wilson-'t Hooft loops. We end with the conclusions and discussions.

Review of the straight 1/4 BPS Wilson loops
The 1/4 BPS Wilson loops can be constructed by Wilson loops with two insertions [31]. These deformations of Wilson loop are related to a certain spin-chain systems and can be solved by Bethe ansatz. Without the local insertions, these supersymmetric Wilson loops preserve half the supersymmetries of the vacuum. Considering 1/2 BPS local insertions, we can construct the the 1/4 BPS Wilson loops on R × S 3 Where Z = Φ 1 + iΦ 2 is a half-BPS complex scalar. The angle 0 and π are two points on S 3 . In the dual string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 , the 1/4 BPS Wilson loops in supergravity extend to the two lines on the boundary which one line run up and another line run down at antipodal point on the R × S 3 boundary with one of the insertions to the infinite past and the other one to future infinity in global Lorentzian AdS 5 .

JHEP10(2015)102
It is convenient to use the following global coordinates for AdS 5 : ds 2 L 2 = − cosh 2 ρdt 2 + dρ 2 + sinh 2 ρ(dχ 2 + sin 2 χ(dϑ 2 + sin 2 ϑdϕ 2 )) + dθ 2 + sin 2 θdφ 2 . (2.2) Where L 4 = λα ′2 is the radius of AdS 5 and S 5 . The Green-Schwarz string action is Adopting a periodic ansatz the equations of motion are The solution to the string equations of motion is This solution satisfies the correct boundary condition. The surface approaches the boundary of AdS 5 and get to the north-pole of S 2 associated to the scalar Φ 3 at σ = 0. As σ → ∞, the string comes close to the center of AdS 5 and rotates around the equator of S 2 carrying the angular momentum related to Z J . There are two parts to the sting: at χ = 0 and at χ = π. They are continuously connected to each other beyond ρ = 0. Using the supersymmetry analysis, the string solution preserves 1/4 of the supersymmetries. The κ-symmetry projector associated with a fundamental string is Where K acts on spinors by complex conjugation. γ µ = e a µ Γ a and Γ a are constant tangent space gamma-matrices. Γ ⋆ = Γ 0 Γ 1 Γ 2 Γ 3 Γ 4 is the product of all gamma matrices in the AdS 5 direction. The number of supersymmetries preserved by the string is the number of the independent solutions to the equation Γǫ = ǫ. The dependence of the Killing spinors on the relevant coordinates is written as Where ǫ 0 is a constant chiral complex 16-component spinor. This satisfies the Killing spinor equation and inserting the string solution (2.5) into the expression (2.6), it is easy to obtain two consistent condition Thus the string solution preserves 1/4 of the supersymmetries. The total angular momentum carried by the string is given After concrete calculation, the energy carried by the string is These solutions satisfy the BPS condition. The string and some D3-brane solutions for 1/4 BPS Wilson loops can be found from the supersymmetry conditions [32]. Following the same steps, we study the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops using D3-branes with both electric and magnetic charges on its world-volume.

D3-brane solution
The Wilson-'t Hooft loops have different representation of the gauge group. In the bulk description, the existence of the D-string of the Wilson-'t Hooft loop makes the general representation difficulty to study. We will consider the case that the F 1 strings and D1 stings are in the symmetric representation. The F 1's and D1's form a simple bound state. We will find a D3-brane solutions associated to this Wilson-'t Hooft loops. The Wilson-'t Hooft loop that we consider is localized in the time direction and preserves an SO(3)×SO(3) symmetry. These SO(3) × SO(3) are the isometry of AdS 5 and S 5 separately. It is convenient to use the metric (2.2) and fix a static gauge for D3-brane with worldvolume coordinates (t, ρ, ϑ, ϕ). Then the D3-brane hypersurface in AdS 5 × S 5 is characterized by the equations (2.13) The D3-brane action includes three parts: the Dirac-Born-Infeld action (DBI), Wess-Zumio action (WZ) and boundary term (2.14) The tension of the D3-brane is ] is the pullback of the Ramond-Ramond 4-form potential to the worldvolume of D3brane. With the ansatz (2.13), the DBI action is of the form(absorb a factor of 2πα ′ L 2 in the definition of F tρ , F ϑϕ )

JHEP10(2015)102
Where F tρ is the elecric field and F ϑϕ is the magnetic field on D3-brane. The ′ denotes a derivative with respect to ρ. The Wess-Zumino term is given by It is difficult to solve the equations of motion from this action. We will discuss the supersymmetry equations of the D3-brane from requiring kappa symmetry. These are first-order equations and can be solved easily. These solutions can be checked to satisfy the equations of motion derived from the action. The κ symmetry of D-branes is defined as [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] where the operations I and K act on spinors as Iψ = −iψ and Kψ = ψ * , and the notation Γ (n) is defined as Where Γ i 1 ···in is the pullback of the target space gamma matrice The κ symmetry of D3-brane with electric and magnetic field on its world-volume is The projectors Γ (4) , Γ (2) andΓ (2) are and the ansatz (2.13), the projectors Γ (4) , Γ (2) andΓ (2) are written as The Killing spinor for the metric (2.2) is Putting the φ = t in the expression (2.30), the Killing spinors can be rewritten as We note that the ǫ 0 and M ǫ 0 satisfy the same constraints. The differential equations for the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops come from the projection relation Γǫ = ǫ. (2.34) After moving the matrix e − i 2 ρΓ * Γ 1 e − i 2 θΓ * Γ 5 e 1 2 χΓ 12 to the left of the projector and applying the constrains (2.31), we obtain the 8 differential equations for the θ, χ, F tρ and F ϑϕ These 8 differential equations have 3 independent differential equations θ ′ = − tan θ tanh ρ, (2.36) (2.40)

JHEP10(2015)102
Where the C 1 and C 2 are two constants. The C 1 is related to the angular momentum carried by the D3-brane. The C 2 is related to the electric and magnetic charge of D3brane. The electric and magnetic field F tρ ,F ϑϕ can be solved from the equation (2.38). We can obtain two equations from this complex equation (2.38) by making the real part and imaginary part equal separately. Finally, we get the results When cos α = 0, the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops become the magnetic 't Hooft loops.

Conserved charges
The are two constants C 1 , C 2 in the solutions. The C 1 is related to the angular momentum J around the S 2 in the S 5 . The C 2 is related to the electric and magnetic charge carried by the D3-brane. The electric charge k is the conjugate momentum to the electric field The integer charge k corresponds to the number of coincident F1 stings. We also have the magnetic charge m m = 1 2π The integer magnetic charge m is the number of D1-branes immersed in the D3-branes. From equations (2.42) and (2.43), we obtain the k and m satisfy the following relation Using the dual coupling constantλ = 16π 2 N 2 λ , the C 2 can be rewritten as We then discuss the energy and angular momentum relation. The angular momentum J is The energy contribution from DBI action and the Wess-Zumino term is The other energy term comes from the the electric and magnetic field. That is Using the above expressions, it is easy to find J + E D.W + E L.T. = 0. This is consistent with the BPS condition.

Review of the 1/4 BPS circular Wilson loop
In this section, we will discuss 1/4 BPS circular Wilson-'t Hooft loop. We first give a briefly review of the BPS circular Wilson loop [41][42][43]. The 1/4 BPS circular Wilson loop can be parameterized by on the boundary of AdS 5 . It couples to a linear combination scalar with an arbitrary fixed θ 0 . The loop may be written as (in Euclidean signature) The Wilson loop will be given by the sum of all non-interacting diagrams which is written in terms of a 0-dimensional Hermitian Gaussian matrix model. The expectation value of this Wilson loop is given by the matrix model as Where L 1 N −1 is a Laguerre polynomial and λ ′ = λ cos 2 θ 0 . In planar limit, the expectation value is given by Where I 1 is a modified Bessel function.

JHEP10(2015)102
The metric has Lorentzian signature. The Lorentzian can be used for the supersymmetry analysis.
We will turn on the magnetic flux on the D3-brane worldvolume to find a 1/4 BPS circular Wilson-'t Hooft loop with D3-brane description in the symmetric representation.
These equations are consistent with each other. We obtain three independent equations θ ′ = A cos 2 χ cos θ , χ ′ = A sin χ cos χ sin θ, Where A = sinh ρ cos θ sin θ 0 − cosh ρ sin θ cos θ 0 (cos 2 χ − sin 2 θ) sinh ρ cos θ 0 + cosh ρ sin θ cos θ sin θ 0 . (3.35) The electric field F ρψ and magnetic fieldF σϕ can be solved from the equation (3.34) by taking the real part and imaginary part equal separately. Then we then get the result F ρψ = −i cos χ cos θ cos θ 0 (A cosh ρ sin θ − sinh ρ) cos γ,F σϕ = − cos θ sin χ cos θ 0 sin γ. The solution not to be singular at the point ρ = 0 require the D satisfying the relation where the +, − signs correspond to taking θ = 0 or θ = π at ρ = 0 respectively. These solutions in Lorentzian space are unphysical. From these solutions we know that the expectation value of the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop for the fixed θ 0 depends on the C, γ value.

The 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop expectation value
We now discuss the expectation value of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop W W H θ 0 (C, γ) . We don't know how to calculate it from Super-Yang-Mills theory since we have to work in a background with magnetic monopole. The SL(2, Z) duality permits us to get the answer. Thanks to the AdS/CFT duality, we can calculate the expectation value of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop using the D3-brane action. We first point out that the expectation value is independent of the γ value. Then we use the 1/4 BPS Wilson loop result to obtain the expectation value of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop.

The expression of expectation value
The total on-shell D3-brane action of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop S W H θ 0 (C, γ) includes four terms: the DBI action S DBI , the Wess-Zumino action S W Z , the boundary term S F comes from the Legendre transform of the gauge field and the other boundary term S θ comes from the Legendre transform of the scalar field θ ′ S W H θ 0 (C, γ) = S DBI + S W Z + S F + S θ , (3.40) where the DBI action is is independent of γ. The S W Z term also is independent of γ.
We finally only consider the S θ term Where P θ is the conjugate momentum of θ. The S θ is independent of γ from above expression.
From the above analysis, we conclude that the total on-shell D3-brane action of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loop is independent the γ. This is to say that we can let the γ = 0. As we know that the γ = 0 corresponds to the Wilson loop case. We have the relation We can use the Wilson loop result to obtain the Wilson-'t Hooft loop expectation value, but the C has different physical meaning. The expectation value of 1/4 BPS Wilson loop has been calculated in [32]. The D3brane solutions (3.37), (3.38) and (3.35) are unphysical in Lorentzian space. So we analytically continue those solutions to Euclidean signature by taking the Wick rotation χ = iu, σ = iϑ. (3.48) After this Wick rotation, the Euclidean version of metric (3.6) is ds 2 L 2 = du 2 + cosh 2 u(dρ 2 + sinh 2 ρdψ 2 ) + sinh 2 u(dϑ 2 + sin 2 ϑdϕ 2 ) + dθ 2 + sin 2 θdφ 2 . Using this expression, the solutions can be written as function of θ instead of ρ. The world-volume is parameterized by {θ, ψ, ϑ, ϕ}. The ρ = ρ(θ) and u = u(θ) are given by the solutions above. The 1/4 BPS Wilson loop has been discussed in [32] in this coordinates. The total D3-brane action of the 1/4 BPS Wilson loop is given by

The physical meaning of c
The D3-brane DBI action with electric and magnetic field on its world-volume is given by The integer magnetic charge m is the number of D1-branes immersed in the D3-branes. From the above two expressions, we find (3.60) Using the dual coupling constantλ = 16π 2 N 2 λ , c can be written as Without considering the axion field, the expression does not manifest the SL(2, Z) symmetry.

The SL(2, Z) symmetry
To restore the full SL(2, Z) duality, we must consider the effect of a nonzero axion field C 0 . For a non-zero constant axion background, the D3-brane action has additional Wess-Zumino term S axion = µ 3 (2πα) 2 C 0 F ρψ F σϕ . (3.62) For the nonvanishing axion field, the supersymmetry analysis still holds because the kappa projection operator dosen't involve the any RR filed. All the calculations are the same as the zero axion case with a replacement k → k + mC 0 . (3.63) From the AdS/CFT duality, the axion in the bulk could be identified with the θ parameter in the Yang-Mills theory

Conclusions and discussions
In this paper, we investigate the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops in N =4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We use the bulk D3-brane solutions with both electric and magnetic charges to describe some of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops. We consider 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops with both the F 1's and D1's in symmetric representation. Similar to the F 1's, this can be studed by using the D3-branes configuration. We calculate the conserved charges for straight 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops and expectation value for circular 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops. In our paper, we mainly discuss the 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops in symmetry representation. It would be interesting to discuss the general representation of 1/4 BPS Wilson-'t Hooft loops. Similar to the case of Wilson loops, another interesting problem is the 1/4 BPS Wilson surface in six-dimensional field theory in the framework of AdS 7 /CF T 6 correspondence [1, [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] using the κ symmetry.